Trimethylsilylethynyl ketones as surrogates for ethynyl ketones in the double Michael reaction

Trimethylsilylethynyl ketones can be desilylated in the presence of a tethered carbon diacid and induced to undergo a double Michael reaction in situ. The trimethylsilylethynyl ketones can serve as surrogates of ethynyl ketones that are difficult to prepare or isolate.     

Scope and limitations of the Julia-Kocienski reaction with fluorinated sulfonylesters

The study of the Julia-Kocienski reaction between fluorinated arylsulfone and ketones is described. The corresponding fluoroalkenes were isolated in moderate to good yields from β- and δ-substituted cyclic ketones. From acyclic ketones and α-substituted cyclic ketones a decarbethoxylation reaction of the sulfonylesters occurred. This decarbethoxylation reaction opened a new route for the preparation of a variety of fluoroalkylsulfones as potential building blocks for the preparation of fluoroalkenes.     

Practical one-pot preparation of ketones from aryl and alkyl bromides with aldehydes and DIH via Grignard reagents

Various diaryl ketones, alkyl aryl ketones, and dialkyl ketones were efficiently prepared in good yields by the reactions of the Grignard reagents derived from aryl or alkyl bromides, followed by the reactions with aromatic or aliphatic aldehydes and the subsequent treatment with 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin and K₂CO₃, in a one-pot method. The same treatment of aromatic bromides bearing electron-withdrawing groups, such as ester, nitrile, ketone, and nitro groups with i-PrMgCl·LiCl or PhMgCl instead of Mg, also provided the corresponding diaryl and alkyl aryl ketones in good yields. The above methods are simple and practical transition-metal-free methods for the preparation of various diaryl ketones and alkyl aryl ketones bearing electron-rich aromatic groups and electron-deficient aromatic groups, as well as dialkyl ketones.     

Chiral [RuCl2(dipyridylphosphane)(1,2‐diamine)] Catalysts: Applications in Asymmetric Hydrogenation of a Wide Range of Simple Ketones

The dipyridylphosphane/diamine–Ru complex combined with tBuOK in 2propanol acts as a very effective catalyst system for the enantioselective hydrogenation of a diverse range of simple ketones including heteroaromatic ketones, substituted benzophenones, alkenyl ketones, and cyclopropyl ketones. The combination of desirable features, such as quantitative chemical yields within hours, broad substrate scope, excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 %), and high substrate‐to‐catalyst ratios, among others, makes the present catalyst system of high practical interest.     

Oxidative iodination of carbonyl compounds using ammonium iodide and oxone®

A simple, efficient, mild, and regioselective method for oxyiodination of carbonyl compounds has been reported by using NH₄I as the source of iodine and Oxone® as an oxidant. Various carbonyl compounds such as aralkyl ketones, aliphatic ketones (acyclic and cyclic), and β-keto esters proceeded to the respective α-monoiodinated products in moderate to excellent yields. Unsymmetrical aliphatic ketones reacted smoothly yielding a mixture of 1-iodo and 3-iodo ketones with the predominant formation of 1-iodoproduct.     

Synthesis of cyclopentenyl and cyclohexenyl ketones via [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] annulations of 1,2-allenic ketones简

In this paper, an efficient synthesis of cyclopentenyl ketones and cyclohexenyl ketones through tertiary phosphine catalyzed [3 ＋ 2] and [4 ＋ 2] annulations of 1,2-allenic ketones with activated alkenes has been developed. Compared with published synthetic methods on cyclopentenyl ketones and cyclohexenyl ketones, the protocols developed in this paper have the advantages such as readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions and high efficiency.     

Two classes of enzymes of opposite stereochemistry in an organism: one for fluorinated and another for nonfluorinated substrates

Reduction of methyl ketones by dried cells of Geotrichum candidum (APG4) afforded (S)-alcohols in excellent enantiomeric excess (ee), whereas the reduction of trifluoromethyl ketones gave the corresponding alcohols of the opposite configuration also in excellent ee. The replacement of the methyl moiety with a trifluoromethyl group alters both the bulkiness and the electronic properties, the effect of which on the stereoselectivity was examined. No inversion in stereochemistry was observed in the reduction of hindered ketones such as isopropyl ketone, while the stereoselectivity was inverted in the reduction of ketones with electron-withdrawing atoms such as chlorine. The mechanism for the inversion in stereochemistry was investigated by enzymatic studies. Several enzymes with different stereoselectivities were isolated; one of them catalyzed the reduction of methyl ketones, and another with the opposite stereoselectivity catalyzed the reduction of trifluoromethyl ketones. Furthermore, both APG4 and the isolated enzyme were applied to the reduction of fluorinated ketones on a preparative scale, which resulted in the synthesis of chiral fluorinated alcohols with excellent ee.     

The Formation of Methyl Ketones during Lipid Oxidation at Elevated Temperatures

Lipid oxidation and the resulting volatile organic compounds are the main reasons for a loss of food quality. In addition to typical compounds, such as alkanes, aldehydes and alcohols, methyl ketones like heptan-2-one, are repeatedly described as aroma-active substances in various foods. However, it is not yet clear from which precursors methyl ketones are formed and what influence amino compounds have on the formation mechanism. In this study, the formation of methyl ketones in selected food-relevant fats and oils, as well as in model systems with linoleic acid or pure secondary degradation products (alka-2,4-dienals, alken-2-als, hexanal, and 2-butyloct-2-enal), has been investigated. Elevated temperatures were chosen for simulating processing conditions such as baking, frying, or deep-frying. Up to seven methyl ketones in milk fat, vegetable oils, and selected model systems have been determined using static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This study showed that methyl ketones are tertiary lipid oxidation products, as they are derived from secondary degradation products such as deca-2,4-dienal and oct-2-enal. The study further showed that the position of the double bond in the precursor compound determines the chain length of the methyl ketone and that amino compounds promote the formation of methyl ketones to a different degree. These compounds influence the profile of the products formed. As food naturally contains lipids as well as amino compounds, the proposed pathways are relevant for the formation of aroma-active methyl ketones in food.     

Enantioselective synthesis of 2,2-disubstituted terminal epoxides via catalytic asymmetric Corey-Chaykovsky epoxidation of ketones

Catalytic asymmetric Corey-Chaykovsky epoxidation of various ketones with dimethyloxosulfonium methylide using a heterobimetallic La-Li(3)-BINOL complex (LLB) is described. The reaction proceeded smoothly at room temperature in the presence of achiral phosphine oxide additives, and 2,2-disubstituted terminal epoxides were obtained in high enantioselectivity (97%-91% ee) and yield ( > 99%-88%) from a broad range of methyl ketones with 1-5 mol% catalyst loading. Enantioselectivity was strongly dependent on the steric hindrance, and other ketones, such as ethyl ketones and propyl ketones resulted in slightly lower enantioselectivity (88%-67% ee).     

The Mg-oppenauer oxidation as a mild method for the synthesis of aryl and metallocenyl ketones

Magnesium alkoxides undergo a hydride-transfer oxidation with benzaldehyde as the oxidant. This magnesium variant of the Oppenauer oxidation was used for the synthesis of polyfunctional biaryl ketones. LiCl was found to promote this reaction by enhancing the solubility of magnesium alkoxides. This mild oxidation method was especially useful for preparing ketones bearing a metallocenyl unit as well as various new ferrocenyl ketones and tricarbonylchromium complexes. This last class of ketones was reduced with the CBS catalyst (CBS=Corey-Bakshi-Shibata, diphenyl oxazaborolidine) to chiral benzhydrol complexes with high enantioselectivity enabling an asymmetric synthesis of electron-rich or -poor benzhydryl alcohols (up to 94 % ee).     

Easy α-alkylation of ketones with alcohols through a hydrogen autotransfer process catalyzed by RuCl2(DMSO)4

The electrophilic α-alkylation of ketones with alcohols is accomplished by a hydrogen autotransfer process catalyzed by RuCl₂(DMSO)₄. The reaction can produce either simple alkylated ketones or α,β-unsaturated ketones just by choosing the appropriate starting ketones (methyl ketones or bicyclic methylenic ketones, respectively), as well as quinolines (by using 2-aminobenzyl alcohol derivatives) or the corresponding alcohol derivatives by the addition of an extra equivalent of the initial alcohol. In the last case, after the above alkylation process reduction of the carbonyl compound takes place. A mechanistic study seems to indicate that the process goes through the oxidation of the alcohols with ruthenium (after a previous deprotonation) to yield the corresponding aldehyde and a ruthenium hydride intermediate. In turn, the aldehyde suffers a classical aldol reaction with the starting ketone to form the corresponding α,β-unsaturated ketone, which finally is reduced through a Michael-type addition by the aforementioned ruthenium hydride intermediate.     

氨基磺酸做催化剂催化多组分反应合成β-Acetamido Ketones

氨基磺酸作为一种可回收、绿色催化剂在室温下能高效地催化合成β-乙酰氨基酮.反应产物通过红外、~1HNMR和~(13)CNMR表征,其结果证明为合成的目标分子. 特别值得强调的是二元官能团的β-乙酰氨基酮也可通过乙酰氯、苯乙酮、间苯二甲醛和腈类化合物交联得到. 而且二元官能团的β-乙酰氨基酮的催化合成很少见报导. 在氨基磺酸催化的酮、芳醛、乙酰氯和乙腈参与的多组分反应体系中,反应有条件温和、产率较高、催化剂用量少、催化剂可以回收再利用等优势.     

Asymmetric synthesis of α-chiral ketones by the reduction of enones with baker's yeast

Baker's yeast-mediated asymmetric reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones (enones) having a pyridyl ring affords the corresponding optically active α-substituted ketones (α-chiral ketones) with excellent stereoselectivity. The position of the heteroatom, as well as the bulk of the α-substituent, plays an important role in governing the stereoselectivity in the reduction of a carboncarbon double bond.     

Reduction of Delta2-isoxazolines to beta-hydroxy ketones with iron and ammonium chloride as reducing agent

A detailed study of a procedure for the selective reduction of Delta(2)-isoxazolines to the corresponding beta-hydroxy ketones is reported. The use of iron and ammonium chloride as the reducing agent in the presence of water results in a facile and chemoselective protocol for the preparation of beta-hydroxy ketones, including the conjugated beta-hydroxy ketones.     

Cu(I)-catalyzed α-alkylation of ketones with styrene derivatives

α-Alkylation of ketones with styrene derivatives was developed using a mesitylcopper-dppp complex as a soft Brønsted base catalyst. No waste derived from the alkylating reagent was produced in this catalytic alkylation reaction. The bisphosphine ligand structure, as well as the reaction solvent, had profound effects on catalyst activity. The reaction proceeded under mild conditions from a range of ketones and styrene derivatives. The present catalysis is especially useful for the selective mono-alkylation of ketones.     

玉米秸秆纤维素在亚/超临界乙醇中液化生成酮类化合物的机理探讨

利用间歇式高压反应釜,在反应温度320℃、反应时间60 min条件下,研究乙醇用量对玉米秸秆纤维素液化生成酮类化合物的作用。当乙醇添加量为0时,酮类化合物的产率仅为1.25%。随着乙醇用量由0增加到160 mL,生物油产率不断的升高,酮类化合物产率增加至18.38%,乙醇促进了纤维素液化生成酮类化合物。利用GC/MS和FT-IR对生物油进行了定性分析,结果表明,在亚/超临界乙醇中,酮类化合物主要通过三条路径形成,纤维素脱水形成了含-C=O的活性纤维素,活性纤维素按逆Diels-Alder机理进行开环、脱水、异构化形成了4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮等脂肪族酮类化合物;在乙醇自由基作用下,活性纤维素中C-O-C、C-C等键断裂、开环,形成环戊烯酮等脂环族酮类化合物,环戊烯酮与多种中间产物发生缩合、酯化形成2-甲酸基-1-苯基乙酮等芳香族酮类化合物;在高浓度乙醇自由基作用下,芳香族酮类化合物进一步发生裂解形成酸类、酮类等化合物。根据对酮类化合物生成机理的分析,建立了纤维素在亚/超临界乙醇中液化生成酮类化合物的反应网络。     

General Synthesis of 1‐Substituted 2‐Methylbenzimidazoles from Ketones and 2‐Aminoacetanilide

A novel method for preparation of 1‐substituted benzimidazoles via reductive amination of ketones with N‐differentiated 1,2‐diaminobenzenes is described. The method appears to be general in application to acyclic and cyclic ketones, as well as heteroatom‐substituted cyclic ketones.     

Enantioselective De Novo Synthesis of α,α-Diaryl Ketones from Alkynes

Chiral α,α-diaryl ketones are structural motifs commonly present in bioactive molecules, and they are also valuable building blocks in synthetic organic chemistry. However, catalytic asymmetric synthesis of α,α-diaryl ketones bearing a tertiary stereogenic center remains largely unsolved. Herein, we report a catalytic de novo enantioselective synthesis of α,α-diaryl ketones from simple alkynes via chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalysis. A broad range of enolizable α,α-diaryl ketones are prepared in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities. The described protocol also serves as an efficient deuteration method for the preparation of enantiomerically enriched deuterated α,α-diaryl ketones. Using the methodology reported, bioactive molecules, including one of the best-selling anti-breast cancer drugs, tamoxifen, are readily synthesized.     

A general copper-BINAP-catalyzed asymmetric propargylation of ketones with propargyl boronates

An operationally simple copper-BINAP-catalyzed, highly enantioselective propargylation of ketones is presented. The methodology was developed as an enantioselective process for methyl ethyl ketone and shown to be applicable to a wide variety of prochiral ketones. The resulting homopropargyl adducts are versatile latent carbonyls from which γ-butyrolactones, β-hydroxy methyl ketones, and β-hydroxycarboxylates are readily obtained.     

Solubilization chromatography : Ketones

The elution of ketones through ion-exchange resins with aqueous solutions of acetic acid or the lower alcohols as eluents has been studied. A mixture of seven ketones, the highest being undecanone-2, was separated by this technique. The elution of ketones with aqueous solutions of a salting-in salt was also studied.