环境中的医药品与个人护理品

医药品与个人护理品(PPCPs)作为一类大量使用和具有潜在生理效应的"新型"化学物质,近年来受到科学界和社会的普遍关注.环境中的PPCPs主要来源于污水处理厂不完全处理导致的排放和人类农业或畜牧业活动的直接排放.PPCPs连续性输入使得它们在环境中呈现出一种"持久"存在的状态,进而可能对生态系统和人类健康产生危害.本文综述了PPCPs的环境分析方法研究进展、在水处理过程中的行为变化和目前在各种不同环境中的浓度水平,介绍了当前PPCPs的毒性研究结果及初步的风险评价工作,并对PPCPs类物质未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

植物中27种典型药品及个人护理品多残留检测方法的建立及其在芽苗菜中迁移规律的分析

建立了一种基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测植物体内27种典型药品及个人护理品(PPCPs)残留的分析方法,经HLB萃取小柱对植物体内PPCPs富集净化,以BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7μm)分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,电喷雾电离质谱正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式下分析。方法学考察表明,植物体中27种PPCPs的检出限为0.01～0.30μg/kg;定量限为0.03～0.98μg/kg;在各自的检测范围内有良好的线性关系(r²>0.99),平均回收率为80.8%～122.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.0%～9.9%。使用本方法检测生长在不同含量PPCPs培养基中的芽苗菜,结果发现在低含量PPCPs培养基中生长的芽苗菜体内检出了10种PPCPs;在中含量PPCPs培养基中生长的芽苗菜体内检出13种PPCPs;在高含量PPCPs培养基中生长的芽苗菜体内检出19种PPCPs。结果表明在有PPCPs污染的水体中生长的植物或是用含有被PPCPs污染的水源灌溉的植物会吸收并积累PPCPs,且植物对PPCPs的吸收种...     

手性PPCPs环境行为与效应的对映体选择性

新型环境有机污染物——药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)中大部分是手性物质,以外消旋体形式或单一对映体形式使用,经过一系列生物转化过程对映体组分会发生改变。复杂环境介质中手性PPCPs分离分析难度大从而限制了相关研究,手性PPCPs生物降解的立体选择性和毒理效应的立体选择性使潜在的环境行为和风险更加复杂。欧美、日本等发达国家已逐渐关注环境中手性PPCPs的立体选择性,并开展了一系列手性药物环境行为和效应的对映体选择性研究。相比之下,我国环境中手性PPCPs研究尚欠缺,亟待开展广泛深入的研究。本文综述了PPCPs的手性特征、分析方法、手性PPCP环境行为和效应选择性,分析了对映体选择性特征在污染源解析中的潜在应用,讨论了目前手性PPCPs环境行为和效应研究的局限性,并展望了研究趋势。     

含钆对比剂的环境污染现状、毒性及分析方法

随着医疗技术的发展,药品和个人护理产品(PPCPs)因其在全世界范围内的大量使用,受到了越来越多的关注,含钆对比剂(GBCAs)可归属于这类化学品.许多造影剂在医疗诊断中被广泛使用以提高医学成像质量,大量的造影剂经生产、使用等过程释放至环境,成为新型环境污染物,对环境及生态造成影响,其中含钆对比剂便是其中一大类.GBC...     

深共熔溶剂-高效液相色谱联用提取测定环境水样中的3种药品和个人护理品

建立了深共熔溶剂-高效液相色谱联用提取测定环境水样中3种药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)的方法。通过优化前处理条件,3种PPCPs(氯霉素、氯苯甘醚和萘普生)利用氯化胆碱-乙二醇深共熔溶剂为提取剂,经超声功率120 W下超声波提取5 min,离心转速9000 r/min下离心10 min富集提取。采用外标法定量分析,在5.0~200.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r≥0.9998。3种环境水样中PPCPs的回收率为81.4%~94.8%,相对标准偏差分别为1.5%,0.4%和0.3%。氯霉素、氯苯甘醚和萘普生的方法检出限(LODs)分别为0.9,3.3,1.6 mg/L,定量限(LOQs)分别为3.1,12.2,5.0 mg/L。方法能够满足环境水样中3种PPCPs的检测需求。     

基于超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱技术的水中112种药品和个人护理用品的高通量筛查和定量方法

采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法（UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS）,建立了水中112种药品和个人护理用品类污染物（PPCPs）的快速筛查及定量分析方法。水样分别在酸性及碱性条件下提取,分别经SPE柱净化,以UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS进行分离检测,采用全扫描/数据依赖二级扫描（Full MS/dd-MS²）模式进行扫描,实现了水中112种PPCPs的定性筛查,并基于一级母离子峰面积对其含量进行了定量检测。112种PPCPs的定量限为0.002~0.8 μg/L,在各自的线性范围内均呈良好的线性关系（r²≥0.9901）; 3个水平（0.2、0.4、0.8 μg/L）下的添加回收率为60.1%~129.5%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~17.8%（n=6）。将所建立的方法用于来自大连市7个区的水样中PPCPs的筛查,共筛查出16种污染物,并对其进行了定量分析。本方法简单快速,灵敏度高,筛查范围广,为水质的管理和环境风险监测提供了一种有力的技术手段。     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水中11大类145种药品和个人护理品

药品和个人护理品(PPCPs)在水环境中频繁检出，是一类受到国内外环保部门普遍关注的新污染物。准确掌握水环境中PPCPs存在的种类及浓度水平，获取水环境中各类PPCPs的基础污染数据，是环境管理部门进行新污染物管控的重要基础。为此，必须开发准确灵敏、方便快捷且能实现高通量筛查及定量分析的检测方法。本研究采用大体积直接进样-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定水环境中11大类(抗生素、降压药、降糖药、抗病毒药、β-受体激动剂、硝基咪唑类药物、H₂受体拮抗剂、精神麻醉类药物、降血脂药、非甾体抗炎药及其他类药物和杀菌剂类个人护理品)145种PPCPs。水样经0.22μm的再生纤维素滤膜过滤，加入乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na₂EDTA)并调节pH值至6.0～8.0,加入内标混匀后，采用Phenomenex Kinetex C18柱(50 mm×3 mm, 2.6μm)进行色谱分离，以含5 mmol/L甲酸铵的0.1%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为正离子扫描模式下的流动相、5 mmol/L甲酸铵水溶液-乙腈为负离子扫描模式下的流动相，分别进行梯度洗脱，质谱智能化分时间段...     

在线固相萃取-液质联用检测饮用水中9种PPCPsEI北大核心CSCD

建立了在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱质谱联用测定饮用水中克霉唑、特比萘芬、咪康唑、乙胺嗪、左旋咪唑、奥芬达唑、吡喹酮、甲苯噻嗪、溴己新等9种PPCPs污染物的方法。采用HLB柱在线富集,BEH C18进行分析检测,正离子多反应监测(M RM)模式,外标法定量。在线富集后水样中PPCPs污染物的定量限达到0.1~0.2 ng/L,线性回归方程的相关系数R2>0.99,以空白水样为基质进行的三水平加标实验的回收率范围65.0%~119.4%,相对标准偏差<10%。方法适用水样中多种PPCPs污染物高灵敏度的分析。     

在线固相萃取-液质联用检测饮用水中9种PPCPs

建立了在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱质谱联用测定饮用水中克霉唑、特比萘芬、咪康唑、乙胺嗪、左旋咪唑、奥芬达唑、吡喹酮、甲苯噻嗪、溴己新等9种PPCPs污染物的方法。采用HLB柱在线富集,BEH C18进行分析检测,正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式,外标法定量。在线富集后水样中PPCPs污染物的定量限达到0.1～0.2 ng/L,线性回归方程的相关系数R~20.99,以空白水样为基质进行的三水平加标实验的回收率范围65.0%～119.4%,相对标准偏差10%。方法适用水样中多种PPCPs污染物高灵敏度的分析。     

硫酸改性聚(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)固相微萃取涂层-高效液相色谱检测水中4种药品及个人护理用品

多巴胺修饰的不锈钢丝表面原位合成得到聚(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)(poly(GMA-EGDMA))材料,经硫酸改性后作为固相微萃取涂层,建立检测水样中4种药品及个人护理用品(PPCPs)的固相微萃取-液相色谱联用分析方法。在优化实验条件下取3 mL水样调节至pH 5.5,在30℃下,搅拌萃取60 min,乙腈-0.1%甲酸(25∶75,V/V)解吸30 min后,HPLC进样分析,实验结果表明,该涂层材料对4种PPCPs具有较好的萃取效果,2~200μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.997,方法检出限(S/N=3)范围为0.5~5.0μg/L,相对标准偏差在4.1%~11.9%之间;加标实验回收率为70.6%~105.5%。本方法前处理简单、绿色环保、回收率高、精密度好,可用于实际水样中4种PPCPs的检测。     

Multi-residue analytical methods for the determination of pesticides and PPCPs in water by LC-MS/MS: a review

Residues of pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are contaminants of world-wide concern. Consequently, there is a growing need to develop reliable analytical methods, which enable rapid, sensitive and selective determination of these pollutants in environmental samples, at trace levels. In this paper, a review of the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based methods for the determination of pesticides and PPCPs in the environment is presented. Advanced aspects of current LC-MS/MS methodology, including sample preparation and matrix effects, are discussed.     

Progress in the analytical research methods of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one species of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with strong carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. They can be widely found in the environment, which cause great harm to the ecological environment. In addition, they endanger human health by polluting food from the natural environment and food processing. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately detect PAHs in various sample matrices, which requires the accurate, practical and rapid detection methods. This review aims to investigate the progress of research methods for PAHs, including pretreatment methods and detection methods. A summary analysis of different methods is performed by searching the literature on numerous methods for detecting PAHs published in various journals. There are many pretreatment methods for PAHs, such as solid phase extraction (SPE), cloud point extraction (CPE) and so on. The most commonly used methods for detecting PAHs are high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Spectrophotometry, chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry have been used more frequently owing to their accuracy and convenience. At the same time, some immunological methods, such as immunosensormethods, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), immunofluorescence, etc. are also widely used.     

干果类食品的样品前处理与分析检测方法研究进展

坚果、果脯等干果类食品含有丰富的营养成分,深受国内外广大消费者的喜爱。但这些食品在果实生产、加工、储运时会使用农药或产生霉变等,造成干果中农药、重金属、霉菌毒素或添加剂等有害成分残留,甚至超过国家限量要求,带来严重的食品安全问题。因此,加强干果类食品的质量监督具有重要的经济和社会意义。但干果类食品基质复杂,有害物质种类多,结构和性质差异大,含量低,其分析检测需要快速高效的样品前处理技术和准确灵敏的分析检测方法。该文主要综述了近十年来干果类食品中有害物质的样品前处理及分析检测方法研究进展。其中样品前处理方法主要包括各种场辅助萃取法、相分离法和衍生化萃取方法等。场辅助萃取法主要是借助超声波和微波场等外场(协同)作用加快干果中有害物质的溶出速度,提高其萃取效率。相分离法,包括固相(微)萃取、分散固相萃取和液相(微)萃取法等,具有溶剂消耗少、分离富集效率高的优势,是干果样品分析中较常使用的前处理方法。该文还重点介绍了干果中各类有害成分分析检测技术,主要包括色谱、原子光谱、无机质谱、电化学分析等常规实验室方法,以及一些适用于现场分析的快速检测技术,并以此为基础,展望了干果类食品中有害物质分析检测技术的发展趋势。     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用同时检测环境水体中22种典型药品及个人护理用品

应用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用仪(UPLC-MS/MS)建立了环境水体中22种典型药品及个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs)的分析方法。通过对固相萃取柱、淋洗液、色谱流动相等的优化,确定以Oasis HLB小柱为固相萃取柱、甲醇为淋洗液、水(0.1%甲酸)-甲醇(7:3, v/v)为流动相进行水样预处理和色谱分离。在最优条件下,目标物在水中的回收率为73%~125%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为8.8%~17.5%。各目标物的线性范围均为2~2000 μg/L,线性相关系数(R²)不小于0.997。该方法具有检出限低、回收率高等优点,经实际样品测试,适用于环境水体中22种典型PPCPs的同时检测,可为微量有机物引起的水环境风险评价和控制的相关研究提供支持。     

冷冻干燥技术在环境水样有机新污染物前处理中的应用进展

有机新污染物是一类在先进分析技术帮助下新鉴定的、现有法规未管制的、人为源的有机污染物.有机新污染物主要包括药品与个人护理、农药、全氟化合物、内分泌干扰物等,其会产生内分泌干扰效应、诱发抗性基因传播,还对人类和野生生物的生存与发展构成潜在威胁,因此检测环境样品中的有机新污染物浓度对生态环境和人体健康具有重大意义.由于环境...     

Validation of an accelerated solvent extraction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for Pacific ciguatoxin-1 in fish flesh and comparison with the mouse neuroblastoma assay

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a global foodborne illness caused by consumption of seafood containing ciguatoxins (CTXs) originating from dinoflagellates such as Gambierdiscus toxicus. P-CTX-1 has been suggested to be the most toxic CTX, causing ciguatera at 0.1 μg/kg in the flesh of carnivorous fish. CTXs are structurally complex and difficult to quantify, but there is a need for analytical methods for CFP toxins in coral reef fishes to protect human health. In this paper, we describe a sensitive and rapid extraction method using accelerated solvent extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the detection and quantification of P-CTX-1 in fish flesh. By the use of a more sensitive MS system (5500 QTRAP), the validated method has a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 μg/kg, linearity correlation coefficients above 0.99 for both solvent- and matrix-based standard solutions as well as matrix spike recoveries ranging from 49% to 85% in 17 coral reef fish species. Compared with previous methods, this method has better overall recovery, extraction efficiency and LOQ. Fish flesh from 12 blue-spotted groupers (Cephalopholis argus) was assessed for the presence of CTXs using HPLC-MS/MS analysis and the commonly used mouse neuroblastoma assay, and the results of the two methods were strongly correlated. This method is capable of detecting low concentrations of P-CTX-1 in fish at levels that are relevant to human health, making it suitable for monitoring of suspected ciguateric fish both in the environment and in the marketplace.     

基于敞开式直接电离质谱技术的尿液中毒品检测北大核心CSCD

尿液作为一种易于获取的体内毒品检材,在吸毒人员快速筛查中被广泛应用。针对传统快速筛查技术存在假阳性率高、定量能力不足以及实验室质谱技术在快速检测中存在前处理复杂、检测耗时长、使用环境苛刻等问题,该文提出了一种基于敞开式直接电离质谱技术的生物样本快速检测方法。该研究采用探针式电喷雾离子源与便携式质谱仪联用快速检测平台,优化了喷雾电压和质谱入口毛细管温度,开发了高效快速的前处理技术。基于该平台和前处理技术,5种常规毒品(甲基苯丙胺、氯胺酮、可卡因、O^(6)-单乙酰吗啡和3,4-亚甲双氧甲基苯丙胺)的尿液加标溶液的检出限为0.5~30 ng/mL,且其中4种毒品定量检测的线性相关系数大于0.99。除此之外,5种常规毒品在3个不同水平下的加标回收率为56.1%~103.7%,多次检测结果的相对标准偏差为9.0%~27.8%,说明联用检测平台与前处理方法结合可以达到良好的准确度。为了进一步检验该联用仪器的实战能力,测试了某社区戒毒康复中心40份阳性和110份阴性实际尿液样本,总体检测的准确率接近99%,且通过一次进样在20 s内可同时检测多种毒品。该研究成果有利于推动快速检测技术的发展,促进敞开式直接电离质谱仪技术的推广应用,提升一线执法服务水平。     

Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds

This article reviews recent literature on the analysis of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and brominated natural compounds (BNCs). The main literature sources are reviews from the last five years and research articles reporting new analytical developments published between 2003 and 2006. Sample pretreatment, extraction, clean-up and fractionation, injection techniques, chromatographic separation, detection methods, quality control and method validation are discussed. Only few new techniques, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), have been investigated for their ability of combining the extraction and clean-up steps. With respect to the separation of BFRs, the most important developments were the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and the growing tendency for liquid-chromatographic techniques for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) stereoisomers and of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A). At the detection stage, mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed as well-established and reliable technology in the identification and quantification of BFRs. A growing attention has been paid to quality assurance. Interlaboratory exercises directed towards BFRs have grown in popularity and have enabled laboratories to validate analytical methods and to guarantee the quality of their results. The analytical procedures used for the identification and characterization of several classes of BNCs, such as methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) (also metabolites of PBDEs), halogenated methyl or dimethyl bipyrroles (DBPs), are reviewed here for the first time. These compounds were generally identified during the routine analysis of BFRs and have received little attention until recently. For each topic, an overview is presented of its current status.     

A concise review of bioanalytical methods of small molecule immuno‐oncology drugs in cancer therapy

Immuno‐oncology (IO) is an emerging option to treat cancer malignancies. In the last two years, IO has accounted for more than 90% of the new active drugs in various therapeutic indications of oncology drug development. Bioanalytical methods used for the quantitation of various IO small molecule drugs have been summarized in this review. The most commonly used are HPLC and LC–MS/MS methods. Determination of IO drugs from biological matrices involves drug extraction from the biological matrix, which is mostly achieved by simple protein precipitation, liquid–liquid extraction and solid‐phase extraction. Subsequently, quantitation is usually achieved by LC–MS/MS, but HPLC–UV has also been employed. The bioanalytical methods reported for each drug are briefly discussed and tabulated for easy access. Our review indicates that LC–MS/MS is a versatile and reliable tool for the sensitive, rapid and robust quantitation of IO drugs.     

Determination of pharmaceutical and personal care products in wastewater by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) offers a fast and cost-effective alternative analytical technique to LC-MS/MS for separation and quantitation of many PPCP compounds in wastewater. In this study, we have developed a method that can simultaneously analyze eight different PPCP compounds in untreated wastewater (ibuprofen, triclosan, carbamazepine, caffeine, acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and lincomycin), using capillary electrophoresis with UV detection (CE-UV). The method detection limit (MDL) ranged from 1.6 to 68.7 ppb through solid phase extraction. The standard limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.63 to 7.72 ppm. Factors affecting separation and quantification of PPCPs, such as pH, electrophoretic potential, buffer strength, buffer type, and additives, were investigated and optimized. Water samples from two different wastewater treatment plants were collected and analyzed. The results obtained were comparable with those of LC-MS/MS. The technique developed in this study provides a low cost, simple, fast, and relatively sensitive method for determination of various PPCPs in wastewater samples for PPCP screening.