非对称环硫乙烷的区域选择性亲核开环反应

环硫乙烷与它的氧类似物环氧乙烷和氮类似物氮杂环丙烷一样,是一类重要的有机合成中间体,在医药和农用化学品工业领域也得到广泛应用。通过开环和异构化反应,还广泛用于制备硫醇和硫醚等含硫化合物。本文总结了常用亲核试剂对非对称环硫乙烷的亲核开环反应及其区域选择性。环硫乙烷的亲核开环反应通常只受空间效应影响,亲核试剂进攻非对称环硫乙烷位阻小的碳原子,对于烯基取代的环硫乙烷有时可以进攻烯基的β碳原子发生SN2’开环反应。强亲核性的亲核试剂容易致使环硫乙烷脱硫生成烯烃,而亲核性相对较弱的亲核试剂容易发生多聚反应生成多硫醚。在Lewis酸存在下,电子效应会对开环反应的区域选择性产生影响,甚至起主导作用。虽然烷基取代环硫乙烷在Lewis酸存在下的开环仍然主要发生在其取代基少的碳原子上(位阻控制),但受电子效应影响,芳基和烯基取代环硫乙烷的亲核开环,其亲核试剂一般倾向于进攻环硫乙烷的芳甲位和烯丙位碳原子(电子效应控制)。     

非对称环氧乙烷的区域选择性亲核开环反应

本文总结了常用亲核试剂对非对称环氧乙烷的亲核开环反应及其区域选择性。强亲核性的亲核试剂通常只受空间效应影响,进攻非对称环氧乙烷位阻小的碳原子,对于烯基取代环氧乙烷还可以进攻烯基的β-碳原子发生S_N2'开环反应,其他亲核试剂同时受空间效应和电子效应的影响,对于烷基环氧乙烷通常进攻其取代少的碳原子, 空间效应起主导作用,而对芳基和烯基取代环氧乙烷开环反应通常发生在环氧乙烷芳甲位和烯丙位的碳原子上, 电子效应起主导作用。在质子酸或强Lewis酸存在下,虽然单烷基环氧乙烷的开环仍然发生在其取代少的碳原子上,但对于芳基、烯基和同碳双取代环氧乙烷,亲核开环反应将主要受电子效应控制,一般亲核试剂倾向于进攻环氧乙烷的芳甲位、烯丙位或多取代的碳原子。分子内的亲核开环反应主要受成环时环大小的控制, 成环时的倾向是五元环> 六元环> 七元环。环氧乙烷亲核开环的区域选择性是环氧乙烷和亲核试剂空间效应和电子效应平衡的结果。     

非对称氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环反应及其区域选择性

本文系统地总结了各类亲核试剂对非对称氮杂环丙烷(吖丙啶)的亲核开环反应及开环的区域选择性.氮杂环丙烷亲核开环的区域选择性是一种空间效应和电子效应平衡的结果,非芳基和非烯基取代的氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环通常发生在氮杂环丙烷取代少的碳原子上,空间效应起主导作用;而芳基和烯基取代的氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环通常发生在氮杂环丙烷芳甲位和烯丙位的碳原子上,电子效应起主导作用,烯基取代的氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环还可以发生在烯基的β-碳原子上;分子内的亲核开环反应主要受成环时环大小的控制,成环时的倾向是五元环>六元环>七元环.对于亲核试剂,一般的亲核试剂也同时受电子效应和空间效应的影响; 而亲核性强的亲核试剂通常只受空间效应的影响.容易生成稳定自由基的亲核试剂容易发生单电子转移机理的开环反应,生成相当于亲核试剂进攻氮杂环丙烷中取代多的碳原子得到的开环产物.     

Preparation and characterization of cellulose acetate complexes

Summary Metal chelates of secondary cellulose acetate (SCA) with chromium(III), copper(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II) and UO ₂ ²⁺ were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic moments and spectral studies. SCA acts as a uninegatively charged bidentate ligand and reacts with the metal ion via the oxygen atom of the secondary unacetylated hydroxyl group in the glucose subunit of the polymer, plus the oxygen atom of the vicinal ester group, to form a five-membered chelate ring.     

Heterobimetallische Komplexe mit Chelatliganden aus mehrzähnigen Aminen und 1,1-Bis(diphenylphosphan)ethen

Heterobimetallic Complexes with Chelate Ligands from Multidentate Amines and 1,1-Bis(diphenylphosphine)ethene By an addition reaction of bidentate amines Me₂N(CH₂)_nNH₂ (n = 2, as-4C2N; 3, as-5C2N) and vinylidene derivatives with an activated double bond CH₂ = C(PPh₂)₂M(CO)₄ (M = Cr, Mo, W) were synthesized in dichlormethane unsymmetrical chelate ligands of the type as-4C2N (or as-5C2N)PPM(CO)₄. They gave with divalent salts M′Y₂ (Y = ac, M′ = Cu, Ni. Y = Cl, M′ = Zn, Cd, Hg) the coloured bimetallic complexes M′Y(as-4C2N) (or as-5C2N)PPM(CO)₄ which were characterized by means of IR-, UV/VIS spectroscopic and ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR measurements. The molecular structures of the complexes Cuac₂(as-5C2N)PPCr(CO)₄, I and that of CdCl₂(as-4C2N)PPCr(CO)₄, II , were acertained by results of single crystal X-ray determinations. In the crystals of I—II , the coordination polyhedron of each chromium(0) central atom containing two phosphorous donor atoms in a four-membered chelate ring and four terminal CO ligands is octahedrally distorted. This coordination sphere is connected at the carbon ring atom via a methylen chain group (spacer) with the bidentate amine ligand, which has a secondary and a tertiary nitrogen donor atom. Both nitrogen atoms are coordinated with the Cuac₂ under formation of a new kind of [4 + 2]-coordination in a trischelate complex. The six-membered diamine chelat ring in I has a chair-like conformation. The chromium-cadmium complex II is dimer from which the Cd central atoms obtain the rare coordination number of five. The related five-membered diamine chelate ring has δ conformation.     

Catalytic Synthesis of 8-Membered Ring Compounds via Cobalt(III)-Carbene Radicals

The metalloradical activation of o-aryl aldehydes with tosylhydrazide and a cobalt(II) porphyrin catalyst produces cobalt(III)-carbene radical intermediates, providing a new and powerful strategy for the synthesis of medium-sized ring structures. Herein we make use of the intrinsic radical-type reactivity of cobalt(III)-carbene radical intermediates in the [Co^II(TPP)]-catalyzed (TPP=tetraphenylporphyrin) synthesis of two types of 8-membered ring compounds; novel dibenzocyclooctenes and unprecedented monobenzocyclooctadienes. The method was successfully applied to afford a variety of 8-membered ring compounds in good yields and with excellent substituent tolerance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results suggest that the reactions proceed via hydrogen atom transfer from the bis-allylic/benzallylic C−H bond to the carbene radical, followed by two divergent processes for ring-closure to the two different types of 8-membered ring products. While the dibenzocyclooctenes are most likely formed by dissociation of o-quinodimethanes (o-QDMs) which undergo a non-catalyzed 8π-cyclization, DFT calculations suggest that ring-closure to the monobenzocyclooctadienes involves a radical-rebound step in the coordination sphere of cobalt. The latter mechanism implies that unprecedented enantioselective ring-closure reactions to chiral monobenzocyclooctadienes should be possible, as was confirmed for reactions mediated by a chiral cobalt-porphyrin catalyst.     

Catalytic Synthesis of 8‐Membered Ring Compounds via Cobalt(III)‐Carbene Radicals

The metalloradical activation of o‐aryl aldehydes with tosylhydrazide and a cobalt(II) porphyrin catalyst produces cobalt(III)‐carbene radical intermediates, providing a new and powerful strategy for the synthesis of medium‐sized ring structures. Herein we make use of the intrinsic radical‐type reactivity of cobalt(III)‐carbene radical intermediates in the [Co^II(TPP)]‐catalyzed (TPP=tetraphenylporphyrin) synthesis of two types of 8‐membered ring compounds; novel dibenzocyclooctenes and unprecedented monobenzocyclooctadienes. The method was successfully applied to afford a variety of 8‐membered ring compounds in good yields and with excellent substituent tolerance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental results suggest that the reactions proceed via hydrogen atom transfer from the bis‐allylic/benzallylic C?H bond to the carbene radical, followed by two divergent processes for ring‐closure to the two different types of 8‐membered ring products. While the dibenzocyclooctenes are most likely formed by dissociation of o‐quinodimethanes (o‐QDMs) which undergo a non‐catalyzed 8π‐cyclization, DFT calculations suggest that ring‐closure to the monobenzocyclooctadienes involves a radical‐rebound step in the coordination sphere of cobalt. The latter mechanism implies that unprecedented enantioselective ring‐closure reactions to chiral monobenzocyclooctadienes should be possible, as was confirmed for reactions mediated by a chiral cobalt‐porphyrin catalyst.     

Synthesis and cationic polymerization of substituted 2,3-dihydrofurans

Cationic polymerization of substituted 2,3-dihydrofurans has been performed to investigate the substituent effect on the ring-opening polymerization. 2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydrofuran ( III ), 2-methoxy-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydrofuran ( V _a), and 2-ethoxy-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydrofuran ( V _b) were synthesized and polymerized with BF₃ etherate and AlCl₃ as acid catalysts. V _a and V _b ring-opening polymerized well to give the polymers with benzoyl as pendant group which were formed via cationic rearrangement during the ring-opening process, while III polymerized via simple opening of ethylenic double bond to form a polymer with the retention of tetrahydrofuran ring in the main chain. The nature of substituted cyclic vinyl ethers depending on substituents was also discussed.     

Ab initio study of the mechanism of forming a spiro‐heterocyclic ring compound involving Si and Ge from dichlorosilylene germylidene(Cl2SiGe:) and formaldehyde

The mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction between singlet dichlorosilylene germylidene (Cl₂Si?Ge:) and formaldehyde has been investigated with the CCSD(T)//MP2/6‐31G* method. From the potential energy profile, it could be predicted that the reaction has one dominant reaction pathway. The reaction rule presented is that the two reactants first form a four‐membered Si‐heterocyclic ring germylene through the [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Because of the 4p unoccupied orbital of Ge atom in the four‐membered Si‐heterocyclic ring germylene and the π orbital of formaldehyde forming a π→p donor–acceptor bond, the four‐membered Si‐heterocyclic ring germylene further combines with formaldehyde to form an intermediate. Because the Ge atom in intermediate undergoes sp3 hybridization after transition state, then, the intermediate isomerizes to a spiro‐heterocyclic ring compound involving Si and Ge via a transition state. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Unexpected regioselectivity in the palladium‐catalyzed reaction of silacyclobutanes with aryl iodides

The reaction of aryl iodides with 1,1‐diphenyl‐silacyclobutane in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh₃)₄ affords unexpected ring‐opening adducts, 1‐ and 2‐propenyl(triaryl)‐silanes, in good yields. On the other hand, the PdCl₂(PhCN)₂‐catalyzed reaction of 1,1‐diphenylsilacyclobutanes with aryl halides gives ­unexpected products, triarylsilanols, after ­hydrolysis in moderate yields. The catalysis involves the reaction of aryl–palladium intermediates with silacyclobutanes along with ­regioselective aryl–silicon bond formation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二(三苯基膦)乙基黄原酸金属配合物的晶体结构和谱学表征

0IntroductionTheincreasingcommercialvalueoftransitionmetalcomplexesofxanthateshasarousedconsiderableinterestingintheirchemistry.Whiletheiranalyticalapplicationsarewellknown犤1犦,theyarenowfindingextensiveuseinvulcanizationofrubber,frothfloatationprocessforconcentrationofsulphideores,asantioxi-dants,lubricants犤2,3犦,andhavebeenfoundtopossessfungicidalandinsecticidalactivity犤4犦.Inrecentyears,therehasbeengrowinginterestinthestudyofd10metalcomplexes,whichexhibitrichphotophysicalandpho-tochemica…     

Ab initio study of mechanism of forming a spiro-heterocyclic ring compound involving Si from dichlorosilylenesilylene (Cl2Si=Si:)→Cl2Si=Si: and aldehyde

The mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction between singlet dichlorosilylenesilylene (Cl₂Si=Si:)→Cl₂Si=Si: and aldehyde has been investigated with the CCSD(T)//MP2/6-31G* method. From the potential energy profile, it could be predicted that the reaction has one dominant reaction pathway. The reaction rules presented is that the two reactants firstly form a four-membered ring silylene through the [2+2] cycloaddition reaction. Because of the 3p unoccupied orbital of Si: atom in the four-membered ring silylene and the π orbital of aldehyde forming a π → p donor–acceptor bond, the four-membered ring silylene further combines with aldehyde to form an intermediate. Because the Si: atom in the intermediate happens sp ³ hybridization after transition state, then the intermediate isomerizes to a spiro-heterocyclic ring compound involving Si via a transition state.     

[Bis(2‐diphenylphosphinoethyl) sulfide‐κ3P,S,P′](triphenylphosphine‐κP)platinum(II) diperchlorate acetone solvate

In the title compound, [Pt(C₁₈H₁₅P)(C₂₈H₂₈P₂S)]­(ClO₄)₂·­C₃H₆O or [Pt(PPh₃)(PSP)](ClO₄)₂·CH₃COCH₃, where PSP is the potentially tridentate chelate ligand bis(2‐di­phenyl­phosphinoethyl) sulfide, all three donor groups of the PSP ligand are coordinated to the central Pt atom, with Pt—P = 2.310 (1) Å and Pt—S = 2.343 (1) Å. The fourth coordination site is occupied by the P donor of the tri­phenyl­phosphine ligand [Pt—P = 2.289 (1) Å]. The complex cation has exact mirror symmetry, with the S atom, the Pt atom and the P atom of the PPh₃ ligand in the mirror plane. The Pt atom has a distorted square‐planar coordination geometry. A π–π interaction is present between the phenyl rings of the PPh₃ ligand and the terminal –PPh₂ group of the PSP chelate.     

Observedtrans influence of donor atoms in monocharged bidentate ligands: Crystal structure of the acetone solvate of 2-carboxyquinolinatocarbonyltriphenylphosphinerhodium(I)

Summary 2-Carboxyquinolinatocarbonyltriphenylphosphinerhodium(I), [Rh(Quin)(CO)(PPh₃)], was prepared by replacement of CO by PPh₃ in the corresponding dicarbonyl. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group Åb=17.168(6) Å,c=9.254(5) Å, =101.49(5)°, =95.74(4)°, =98.41(4)°, d_cxp=1.45g cm^–3 and Z=2. The crystal structure was dermined from 3496 observed reflections. The final R value was 0.061. This structure determination indicates that the nitrogen atom of the chelate ring has the largesttrans influence since the carbonyl grouptrans to this atom was substituted by the PPh₃ ligand. The effects of different donor atoms in bidentate ligands, as well as the ring size of the chelate ring, on the relativetrans influence of the donor atoms are discussed.     

Synthesis and Basic Coordination Properties of Side‐chain Functionalized Bis‐phosphonio‐benzophospholides

Salts containing bis‐phosphonio‐benzophospholide cations 2 a – d with an additional donor site in one of the phosphonio‐moieties were synthesized either via quaternisation of the Ph₂P moiety in the neutral phosphonio‐benzophospholide 3 , or via ring‐closure of the functionalized bis‐phosphonium ion 6 . The Ph₂P‐substituted cation 2 d formed chelate complexes [M(k²P,P′‐ 2 d )(CO)_n]⁺ with M(CO)_n = Ni(CO)₂, Fe(CO)₃, Cr(CO)₄. In the latter case, competition between formation of the chelate and a complex [Cr(kP‐ 2 d )₂(CO)₄]²⁺ was observed, and interpreted as a consequence of antagonism between the stabilizing chelate effect and destabilizing ligand–ligand repulsions. The formation of stable Pd^II and Pt^II complexes of 2 d suggests that the chelate effect may also overcome the kinetic inhibition which so far prevented isolation of complexes of these metals with bis‐phosphonio‐benzophospholides. The newly synthesized ligands and complexes were characterized by spectroscopic data, and an X‐ray crystal structure analysis of 2 a [Br]. The reactivity of chelate complexes towards Ph₃P indicates that the ring phosphorus atom is a weaker donor than the pendant Ph₂P‐group.     

Syntheses,Structures and Characterization of Cobalt(II) and Cobalt(III) Complexes with N-Benzylated Polyamines and a Terminal Azido Ligand

Mononuclear cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) complexes, [Co(trenb)(N₃)]Cl (1) and [Co(dienb)(N₃)₂(OAc)] (2) (trenb = tris[2-(benzylamino)ethyl]amine, dienb = 1,9-diphenyl-2,5,8-triazanonane) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR and electronic spectra. Their crystal structures were also determined by X-ray diffraction analyses. In Complex 1, cobalt(II) is five-coordinate trigonal bipyramidal with one azido nitrogen atom and four nitrogen donors of the tripodal ligand; the chloride interacts weakly with one of the secondary amino groups of trenb via a hydrogen bond. In Complex 2, cobalt(III) is in a distorted octahedral coordination environment, consisting of three nitrogen atoms of the amine ligand, two azide nitrogen atoms and an oxygen atom of the acetate ion; a six-membered ring involving the hydrogen bond may stabilize the complex, which maintains its solid geometry in DMF as indicated by the electronic spectrum.     

[Bis(tetrahydrofuran–O)–bis(1,3–dialkyl–2–diphenylphosphanyl–1,3–diazaallyl)calcium] – Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Calcium Bis[phospha(III)guanidinates] and Investigations of Catalytic Activity

The reaction of [(thf)₄Ca(PPh₂)₂] ( 1 ) with diisopropyl– and dicyclohexylcarbodiimides yields the phospha(III)guanidinates [(thf)₂Ca{RNC(PPh₂)NR}₂] with R = isopropyl ( 2 ) and cyclohexyl ( 3 ). The metathesis reaction of K{RNC(PPh₂)NR} with anhydrous CaI₂ also allows the synthesis of these phospha(III)guanidinate complexes 2 and 3 . For 2 a cis arrangement is observed whereas 3 crystallizes as trans isomer. The phospha(III)guanidinates act as bidentate chelate bases with an average Ca–N distance of 242.5 pm. The C–P bond length between the PPh₂ fragment and the 1,3–diazaallyl unit is with values above 190 pm very large. The complexes 2 and 3 show a moderate catalytic activity in hydrophosphanylation reactions of dialkylcarbodiimides with diphenylphosphane.     

Radical Cyclization of Alkene‐Tethered Ketones Initiated by Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer

An unprecedented C?C coupling reaction between alkenes and ketones by hydrogen‐atom transfer, using Fe(acac)₃ and PhSiH₃ in EtOH, is described. This mild protocol features high site selectivity and allows the construction of sterically congested structures containing tertiary alcohols and quaternary centers. The overall process introduces a novel strategic bond disconnection for ring‐closing reactions.     

Regiodivergent and Stereospecific Aziridine Opening by Copper-Catalyzed Addition of Silicon Grignard Reagents

A stereospecific ring opening of various 2-aryl-substituted aziridines with silicon Grignard reagents under copper catalysis is reported. The regiochemical outcome is governed by the steric demand of the silicon nucleophile. The LiCl introduced with the magnesium reagent R₃SiMgX⋅2 LiCl is shown to enhance the S_N2-type displacement of the carbon-nitrogen bond by coordination to the aziridine nitrogen atom.     

Regarding Initial Ring Opening of Propylene Oxide in its Copolymerization with CO2 Catalyzed by a Cobalt(III) Porphyrin Complex

Cobalt(III) tetraphenylporphyrin chloride (TPPCoCl) was experimentally proved to be an active catalyst for poly(propylene carbonate) production. It was chosen as a model catalyst in the present work to investigate the initiation step of propylene oxide (PO)/CO₂ copolymerization, which is supposed to be the ring opening of the epoxide. Ring‐opening intermediates ( 1 – 7 ) were detected by using ¹H NMR spectroscopy. A first‐order reaction in TPPCoCl was determined. A combination of monometallic and bimetallic ring‐opening pathways is proposed according to kinetics experiments. Addition of onium salts (e.g., bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride, PPNCl) efficiently promoted the PO ring‐opening rate. The existence of axial ligand exchange in the cobalt porphyrin complex in the presence of onium salts was suggested by analyzing collected ¹H NMR spectra.