不同形貌结构Li4Ti5O12负极材料的最新进展

由于电子和信息行业的需要, 过去十年锂离子电池得以快速发展. 目前, 锂离子电池仍呈现需求量增长的趋势, 对锂离子电池的安全性要求也越来越高. 因此促使寻找一种比碳/石墨材料更安全, 循环性能更理想的锂离子电池负极材料以满足电动汽车等新兴行业的需求. 尖晶石型Li₄Ti₅O₁₂作为“零应变材料”具有优异的循环稳定性、价格便宜、容易制备、较高的平台电压和良好的安全性, 已成为锂离子动力电池负极材料的研究热点, 被认为是目前最具应用前景的锂离子电池负极材料. 由于形貌选择对于Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料的电化学性能有着至关重要的影响, 本文综述了球形、多孔(中空)结构、纳微结构、核壳结构等不同形貌Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的合成及其性能研究的最新进展; 总结了各种形貌的优点, 已解决和待解决的问题, 常用合成方法以及各自的适应领域; 并对Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Low‐temperature Synthesis of Peony‐like Spinel Li4Ti5O12 as a High‐performance Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

Peony‐like spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ was synthesized via calcination of precursor at the temperature of 400°C, and the precursor was prepared through a hydrothermal process in which the reaction of hydrous titanium oxide with lithium hydroxide was conducted at 180°C. The as‐prepared product was investigated by SEM, TEM and XRD, respectively. As anode material for lithium ion battery, the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ obtained was also characterized by galvanostatic tests and cyclic voltammetry measurements. It is found that the peony‐like Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ exhibited high rate capability of 119.7 mAh·g⁻¹ at 10 C and good capacity retention of 113.8 mAh·g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at 5 C, and these results indicate the peony‐like Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ has promising applications for lithium ion batteries with high performance.     

Li4Ti5Ol2的合成及对Li+的离子交换动力学

用溶胶-凝胶法合成出Li4Ti5Ol2, 对其进行了酸改性, 制得锂离子筛IE-H. 测定了IE-H对Li+、Na+的饱和交换容量和pH滴定曲线等离子交换性能, 并对其进行了X射线衍射分析, 同时采用中断接触法判断该离子交换反应的控制机理, 用缩核模型描述离子筛IE-H交换Li+的动力学. 结果表明, 合成出的Li4Ti5Ol2和锂离子筛IE-H均为尖晶石结构; 用不同浓度HNO3溶液处理Li4Ti5Ol2时, Li+的抽出率为19.6%-81.5%, Ti4+的抽出率在4.2%以下; 锂离子筛IE-H 对Li+的饱和交换容量较高, 达到5.95 mmol·g-1, 离子筛IE-H交换Li+的控制步骤是颗粒扩散控制(PDC), 得到了25 ℃, Li+浓度为20.0 mmol·L-1和5.0 mmol·L-1时锂离子筛交换Li+的动力学方程和颗粒扩散系数.     

A Porous Mooncake-Shaped Li4Ti5O12 Anode Material Modified by SmF3 and Its Electrochemical Performance in Lithium Ion Batteries

Reasonably designing and synthesizing advanced electrode materials is significant to enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a metal–organic framework (MOF, Mil-125) was used as a precursor and template to successfully synthesize the porous mooncake-shaped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) anode material assembled from nanoparticles. Even more critical, SmF₃ was used to modify the prepared porous mooncake-shaped LTO material. The SmF₃-modified LTO maintained a porous mooncake-shaped structure with a large specific surface area, and the SmF₃ nanoparticles were observed to be attach on the surface of the LTO material. It has been proven that the SmF₃ modification can further facilitate the transition from Ti⁴⁺ to Ti³⁺, reduce the polarization of electrode, decrease charge transfer impedance (R_ct) and solid electrolyte interface impedance (R_sei), and increase the lithium ion diffusion coefficient (D_Li), thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of LTO. Therefore, the porous mooncake-shaped LTO modified using 2 wt % SmF₃ displays a large specific discharge capacity of 143.8 mAh g⁻¹ with an increment of 79.16 % compared to pure LTO at a high rate of 10 C (1 C=170 mAh g⁻¹), and shows a high retention rate of 96.4 % after 500 cycles at 5 C-rate.     

锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12的合成及性能研究

本文通过乙酸锂与二氧化钛反应,采用一步高温固相法在不同反应温度（750 °C/800 °C/850 °C）和反应气氛（氮气/空气）下合成Li₄Ti₅O₁₂材料. 通过热重分析、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、循环伏安曲线和充放电曲线分析了Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的晶体结构,观察其微观形貌,并测试其电化学性能. 结果表明,800 °C氮气烧结得到的Li₄Ti₅O₁₂（L-800N）材料粒径较小,该材料在1.0C倍率下的首周期放电比容量达到170.7 mAh·g^-1,100周期循环后的容量保持率高达94.6%,即使是10C高倍率其首周期放电容量依然有143.0 mAh·g^-1,表现出了良好的倍率和循环寿命性能.     

水热法合成高功率锂离子二次电池用球形Li4Ti5O12负极材料

以球形TiO2和LiOH溶液为反应物,通过水热法合成了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12,并使用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)和激光粒度分布(PSD)对其结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:通过该法得到的产品颗粒大小均匀,粒度分布狭窄,结构与标准Li4Ti5O12谱图一致.实验选定温度下所得的Li4Ti5O12均表现出良好的电化学性能.其中,800°C热处理所得样品的电化学性能最好,室温下,以35mA·g-1的电流密度进行充放电,其可逆容量达到162mAh·g-1,同时这种材料也表现出良好的倍率性能,即使在720mA·g-1的电流密度条件下进行充放电,其可逆容量仍可达到124mAh·g-1.     

Sol-gel Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Li4-xMgxTi5-xZrxO12 Anode Material for Lithium-ion Batteries

The anode materials Li_4?xMg_xTi_5?xZr_xO₁₂ (x=0, 0.05, 0.1) were successfully synthesized by sol‐gel method using Ti(OC₄H₉)₄, CH₃COOLi·2H₂O, MgCl₂·6H₂O and Zr(NO₃)₃·6H₂O as raw materials. The crystalline structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the as‐prepared materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, cyclic voltammograms (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge‐discharge cycling tests. The results show that the lattice parameters of the Mg‐Zr doped samples are slightly larger than that of the pure Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, and Mg‐Zr doping does not change the basic Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ structure. The rate capability of Li_4?xMg_xTi_5?xZr_xO₁₂ (x=0.05, 0.1) electrodes is significantly improved due to the expansile Li⁺ diffusion channel and reduced charge transfer resistance. In this study, Li_3.95Mg_0.05Ti_4.95Zr_0.05O₁₂ represented a relatively good rate capability and cycling stability, after 400 cycles at 10 C, the discharge capacity retained as 134.74 mAh·g^?1 with capacity retention close to 100%. The excellent rate capability and good cycling performance make Li_3.95Mg_0.05Ti_4.95Zr_0.05O₁₂ a promising anode material in lithium‐ion batteries.     

不同取代位掺杂对Li4Ti5O12结构及性能的影响

锂离子负极材料Li₄Ti₅O₁₂具有资源与性能等方面的优势,正在成为新一代储能和动力领域的研究重点.本文综述了掺杂离子在晶格中所处的不同取代位置及本身性质对Li₄Ti₅O₁₂结构和性能的影响.取代Li的位于四面体(8a)位置的掺杂元素阻碍锂离子的扩散;取代Li的位于八面体(16d)位置的掺杂元素会影响Li离子在晶格中的分布;取代Ti的位于八面体(16d)位置的掺杂元素会影响Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的结构稳定性;取代O的位于八面体(32e)位置的掺杂元素会影响Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的导电性.一定条件下在Li₄Ti₅O₁₂中掺入高价态的元素取代Li⁺、Ti⁴⁺、O^2-,均能提高Li₄Ti₅O₁₂电子导电能力.掺杂元素各异的能带结构和氧化还原行为会影响Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的电化学反应过程.掺杂元素的离子半径和最终能够进入晶格的数量会改变Li₄Ti₅O₁₂的晶格常数和微观组织形貌.     

多孔炭模板法制备Li4Ti5O12及其嵌锂行为

采用水合氧化钛溶胶为原料, 多孔炭为模板剂, 设计制备了一种新型准纳米晶锂钛复合氧化物, 并用SEM、XRD、恒流充放电及交流阻抗测试表征了材料的形貌、结构和电化学性能. 结果表明, 该氧化物晶粒尺寸约200 nm, 为典型的尖晶石Li4Ti5O12结构. 在0.5C(1C=0.2 mA·cm-2)电流条件下的首次嵌脱锂效率为99.8%, 嵌脱锂电位平坦, 可逆容量为117 mAh·g-1; 当电流从0.5C增至5C时, 其可逆嵌锂容量仍在100 mAh·g-1以上, 容量保持率大于86%, 倍率充放电性能优异. 交流阻抗测试结果表明, 模板剂多孔炭的应用使合成的尖晶石Li4Ti5O12具有更佳的导电性能, 且多孔特征明显.     

反应气氛对Li4Ti5O12/C复合材料性能的影响

以葡萄糖为碳源,采用固相法制备了Li4Ti5O12/C复合材料. 探讨了不同反应气氛(N2/O2)对材料物理性质及电化学性能的影响,并通过XRD、SEM、BET、电导率、电性能等测试手段对其进行了表征. 结果表明,N2气气氛中烧结的样品粒度、比表面积、电导率均比空气中烧结样品大. N2气中烧结样品的倍率性能优于空气中烧结样品,在以0.1 C倍率充放电时,首次放电比容量为166.8 mA·h/g. 2种样品在1 C时,经过50次循环容量保持率差别不大.     

负极材料Li_4Ti_5O_(12)的蔗糖改性研究

以蔗糖为碳源,采用固相法合成了C改性的Li4Ti5O12材料.XRD衍射分析表明,C的引入没有改变Li4Ti5O12的尖晶石结构,且缓解了颗粒间的团聚,并以初始蔗糖含量为10%(by mass)样品的电化学性能最佳.0.2C放电倍率下首次放电比容量达179.1 mAh/g,在2C和3C倍率下首次放电比容量仍达143.8 mAh/g和129.4 mAh/g.循环伏安和电化学阻抗测试显示改性后的Li4Ti5O12材料电极极化程度较小,并且具有较小的电极反应阻抗.     

Sb2O3掺杂Li4Ti5O12的电化学性能

采用Sb2O3掺杂改性Li4Ti5O12.用恒流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗技术对样品的电化学性能进行了测试.结果显示,当Ti:Sb＝4：1时,首次放电容量高达595.84mAhog-1,首次的库仑效率为45.7％,存在不可逆容量损失.提出了可能的反应机理,并用该机理解释了影响容量衰减的因素.经过20次充放电循环后,容量保持在249.57 mAhog-1.电化学阻抗谱表明,Sb的掺杂使得电化学反应阻抗减小了.     

Li4Ti5O12 Anode: Structural Design from Material to Electrode and the Construction of Energy Storage Devices

Spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, known as a zero‐strain material, is capable to be a competent anode material for promising applications in state‐of‐art electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs). Compared with commercial graphite, spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ offers a high operating potential of ∼1.55 V vs Li/Li⁺, negligible volume expansion during Li⁺ intercalation process and excellent thermal stability, leading to high safety and favorable cyclability. Despite the merits of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ been presented, there still remains the issue of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ suffering from poor electronic conductivity, manifesting disadvantageous rate performance. Typically, a material modification process of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ will be proposed to overcome such an issue. However, the previous reports have made few investigations and achievements to analyze the subsequent processes after a material modification process. In this review, we attempt to put considerable interest in complete device design and assembly process with its material structure design (or modification process), electrode structure design and device construction design. Moreover, we have systematically concluded a series of representative design schemes, which can be divided into three major categories involving: (1) nanostructures design, conductive material coating process and doping process on material level; (2) self‐supporting or flexible electrode structure design on electrode level; (3) rational assembling of lithium ion full cell or lithium ion capacitor on device level. We believe that these rational designs can give an advanced performance for Li₄Ti₅O₁₂‐based energy storage device and deliver a deep inspiration.     

纳米微晶TiO2合成Li4Ti5O12及其嵌锂行为

用溶胶-凝胶法并经热处理制备不同形态和晶体尺寸的TiO2，分别与Li2CO3高温固相反应生成锂钛复合氧化物，经电化学测试发现,用300 ℃热处理所得纳米微晶TiO2制备的Li4Ti5O12具有良好的嵌锂性能，其可逆比容量大于95 mA•h•g－1，充放电效率近100％，循环性能良好，电压平台平稳,在嵌锂至容量≥85％或脱锂至容量≥90％时均有明显的电压变化，可用作锂离子电池负极材料.     

长寿命、高倍率(Li4Ti5O12-AC)/( LiMn2O4-AC)电池电容的制备及性能研究

以商业微米级锰酸锂(LiMn2O4)为正极,钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12)为负极,分别与商业活性炭(AC)复合,组装成软包装电池电容样品并进行电化学测试。测试结果表明：当样品正负极均复合AC时,其电化学性能要优于只有正极复合AC和未复合AC的样品。其中,正负极活性炭复合比例为5 wt.%,负极与正极的理论容量比(N/P)为1.01时,电池电容样品拥有良好的倍率性能,且其在0.5 C时的放电比容量为56.4 mAh/g,5 C时的容量保持率为0.5 C的72.2%。此外,与未复合AC的样品相比,单体在5 C倍率下经2000次循环后的容量保持率仍有77.5%,远高于前者的30.4%。     

Li4Mn5O12Cathode for Both 3 V and 4 V Lithium-ion Batteries

Spinel Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ has been of economical and academic interest as cathode material for 3 V lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) since the 1990s. Recent studies also demonstrate that the increase of upper cut-off voltage to 5.0 V can significantly promote the specific capacity and the average operating voltage thus enabling its possibility to be used in 4 V LIBs. It is cost-effective and environmentally benign, shows structural stability without suffering from Jahn-Teller distortion due to the tetravalent oxidation state of Mn ion. However, the undesirable decomposition reactions during high-temperature calcination result in the difficulty of fabricating stoichiometric Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ compounds. Meanwhile, the high capacity led by the enlarged voltage window is combined with fast capacity fading due to the poor reversibility of oxygen redox. In this review, the understanding of the relationship between structure and stochiometric chemistry of Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ is discussed and the ways to improving its electrochemical performance are summarized. Our focus is its recent developments of being used as high voltage cathode or "additive" for layered cathodes. At last, we also provide our perspectives on this material regarding to the target of enabling its application in 4 V LIBs.     

反应气氛对Li4Ti5O12/C复合材料性能的影响研究

以葡萄糖为碳源,采用固相法制备了Li4Ti5O12/C复合材料。探讨了不同反应气氛（N2/O2）对材料物理性质及电化学性能的影响,并通过XRD、BET、电导率、电性能等测试手段对其进行表征。结果表明：氮气气氛中烧结的样品粒度、比表面积、电导率均比空气中烧结样品大。氮气中烧结样品的倍率性能优于空气中 烧结样品,在以0.1C倍率充放电时,首次放电比容量为166.8mAh/g。两样品1C时,经过50次循环容量保持率差别不大。     

Graphitized carbon and graphene modified Fe2O3/Li4Ti5O12 as anode material for lithium ion batteries

Graphitized carbon (GC) and graphene (GE) modified Fe₂O₃/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) composites have been synthesized via a solid‐state reaction, respectively. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the materials have also been characterized with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) system, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrochemical measurements. The discharge capacities of Fe₂O₃/LTO, GC/Fe₂O₃/LTO and GE/Fe₂O₃/LTO are 100.2 mAh g^?1, 207.5 mAh g^?1 and 238.9 mAh g^?1 after 100 cycles at the current density of 176 mA g^?1. The cyclic stability and rate capability are in the order of GE/Fe₂O₃/LTO > GC/Fe₂O₃/LTO > Fe₂O₃/LTO because of the synergistic effect between GC (GE) and Fe₂O₃/LTO. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12的半固相法制备及碳包覆改性

由半固相法制得锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12,并研究了Li4Ti5O12的碳包覆改性.采用XRD、SEM、TEM以及HRTEM观察和分析产物的相结构与形貌.采用恒流充放电、循环伏安法和交流阻抗技术测试了材料的电化学性质.结果表明,Li4Ti5O12因颗粒团聚电化学性能严重下降,该电极在0.1C和0.5C首周期放电容量分别为121.7和87.6 mAh·g-1;碳包覆Li4Ti5O12/C材料呈球形分布,能抑制颗粒团聚,该电极倍率<0.5C时的放电比容量大于180 mAh·g-1,超过Li4Ti5O12的理论放电比容量(175 mAh·g-1);在1C、5C和10C倍率下,其容量仍保持在136、79.9和58.3 mAh·g-1,碳包覆改性材料具有优异的循环寿命和高倍率性能.     

N掺杂C包覆Li_4Ti_5O_(12)锂离子电池负极材料的制备与性能

以TiO2和Li2CO3分别作为钛源和锂源,聚苯胺(PANI)作为碳源和氮源,通过球磨辅助高温固相法合成N掺杂C包覆Li4Ti5O12.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、元素分析仪(EA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对材料的结构和形貌进行了表征,并将合成材料制成电极片组装成扣式电池,测试其电化学性能.结果显示,钛源的处理对样品的性能有影响,通过对TiO2预包覆合成的N掺杂C包覆Li4Ti5O12具有优异的电化学性能,在碳、氮源的包覆比例(PANI与Li4Ti5O12的质量比)为5%时效果最佳:1C放电时其比容量为157.6mA·h/g,20C放电时其比容量仍可达到119.6mA·h/g;在10C充放电循环100次后,其比容量保持率为97.8%,表明N掺杂C包覆Li4Ti5O12具有优异的倍率性能和循环稳定性.