Measurement of excited state number densities of oxygen and nitrogen in a non-equilibrium plasma

Number densities of several excited states of atomic oxygen and nitrogen have been measured in the decaying non-thermal plasma of a θ-pinch afterglow. The spatial variation of the electron density and temperature as functions of time after initiation of main bank discharge have also been measured to facilitate a comparison of the excited state number densities with model calculations. Measurements of the atomic oxygen excited states indicate that quintet to triplet spin exchange collisions and doubly excited states must be included in the model. The measured populations of the excited atomic nitrogen states agree well with those calculated at high density (N_e≈ 10¹⁴ cm^?3), but disagree badly at lower densities (N_e ≈ 10¹² cm^?3). The discrepancies seem to be real since they are larger than expected measurement uncertainty.     

电子回旋共振氩等离子体中亚稳态粒子数密度及电子温度的测量

测量了电子回旋共振（ECR）氩等离子体中Ar的1s₅亚稳态粒子数密度，在气压 为02—0 8 Pa、功率为500—700W的范围内，利用吸收光谱法测量了Ar原子8115 nm谱线的吸收强 度，得到1s₅亚稳态粒子数密度为1×10¹⁵—4×10¹⁵ m ^-3.本文综合考 虑基态和1s₅亚稳态粒子的激发对Ar发射谱线强度的贡献后，用两条发射谱线强 度之比得 到电子温度.结果表明，计入了1s₅亚稳态激发的贡献后，所得到的电子温度与 只考虑基态的贡献得到的电子温度相比存在较大的差别. 关键词： 光谱法 亚稳态粒子数密度 电子温度 ECR等离子体源     

Measurement of atom and molecule number densities in hydrogen arcs by means of VUV spectroscopy

The number density of ground state atoms in the 2mm hydrogen arc (T≈20000 K) and the number density of molecules in the 5 mm hydrogen arc (T≈12000 K) have been measured by means of vuv spectroscopy. These species' are particularly likely to deviate from the equilibrium population and may therefore falsify the hydrogen transport coefficients measured in arc experiments. In the present investigation the optically thick line wings of Ly-α and the H₂ molecular spectrum around 1600 Å have been analyzed. The results demonstrate that the former assumptions of LTE and PLTE, respectively, are completely justified on and near the arc axis. However, in the outer zones of these arcs a considerable overpopulation of the molecules must be expected as a consequence of radial diffusion.     

Modelling of turbulent boundary layers on the body of revolution in the presence of large eddy breakup devices

A novel approach was proposed to developing a combined algebraic-differential model of turbulent viscosity, which was then used to modify the traditional method for calculating turbulent boundary layers on bodies of revolution immersed in an incompressible flow. Ample experimental data were invoked to test the developed model through prediction of features inherent in turbulent boundary layers on the body of revolution in the presence of Large Eddy BreakUp (LEBU) devices installed in the vicinity of the streamlined surface. Within the developed approach, we showed it possible to calculate the evolution of local governing characteristics of turbulent flow in a broad range of LEBU parameters.     

用吸收法对铯原子磁光阱中冷原子数目的测量

介绍了吸收法测量冷原子数的原理以及对铯原子气室磁光阱中俘获的冷原子数目的测量过程及结果. 与通常的荧光收集法相比，在原理上与静止二能级原子同共振单模光场作用的模型更加接近，同时大大减小了测量中的误差累积，提高了测量精度. 测得的冷原子数为(8±0.3)×10⁶，同时还利用测得的阱中俘获的稳态冷原子数和磁光阱中冷原子的寿命间接获得了磁光阱的俘获率. 关键词： 激光冷却与俘获 磁光阱 冷原子数目 俘获率     

Instabilities and transition in boundary layers

Some recent developments in boundary layer instabilities and transition are reviewed. Background disturbance levels determine the instability mechanism that ultimately leads to turbulence. At low noise levels, the traditional Tollmien-Schlichting route is followed, while at high levels, a ‘by-pass’ route is more likely. Our recent work shows that spot birth is related to the pattern of secondary instability in either route.     

氟里昂（CF2Cl2）对电感耦合等离子体（ICP）放电特性的影响：ICP技术在 …

为了发展用于处理难消解危险废物的电感耦合等离子体技术。本文研究了当氟里昂１２进入ＩＣＰ时，在不同操作条件下ＩＣＰ的激发温度与电子密度的变化趋势，并论述了其成因及其对主发放的处理的优势。     

Metal vapor densities and excitation temperatures in a pseudosparkswitch

The densities of iron, tungsten, copper, and nickel vapors produced by pseudosparks in a switch-like configuration are measured by laser-induced fluorescence. The cathode is made of a composite material essentially consisting of tungsten, but also containing the other metals mentioned. Total vapor densities are calculated from ground state densities using the excitation temperature of iron, which decays from 1900 K at 9 μs after initiation of the discharge to 600 K about 150 μs later. With maximum copper and tungsten vapor densities of 1.5×10¹⁸ m^-3 and 2×10¹⁷ m ^-3, respectively, the composition of metal vapor differs considerably from that of the cathode material. Iron and nickel vapors are present with densities in the range of 10¹⁶ m^-3. By comparison of vapor density ratios with vapor pressure ratios it is found that regions with temperatures in excess of 5000 K exist on the cathode. These are attributable to emission sites providing the electrons for current conduction. The vapor densities are roughly proportional to the current amplitude, while the gas pressure has practically no influence between 15 and 30 Pa     

Measurements of spatially resolved electron number densities and modes temperatures using optical emission spectroscopy of atmospheric pressure microplasma jet

The electrical gas discharge parameters of direct-current non-thermal microplasma jet in Ar-2%H₂ flow at open atmospheric air was investigated by using spatially resolved optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The jet was confined from microhollow of tungsten-carbide (～500 μm inner diameter) to a molybdenum foil. Despite its small volume, the atmospheric pressure microplasma jet provides a range of power densities, from low to ～10¹² W m^?3 generated either in rare gases or in molecular gases. A high resolution spectrometer (Jobin-Yvon, Czerny-Turner model THR1000, resolution of 0.001 nm, with focal length of 1.0 m and numerical aperture of 0.13 ? f/7.5) was used to allow registration of OH (A ²Σ⁺, ν = 0 → X ²Π, ν′ = 0) rotational bands at 306.357 nm, Ar I 603.213 nm line and N₂ (C ³Π _u , ν = 0 → B ³Π _g , ν′ = 0) second positive system with the band head at 337.13 nm in order to estimate the rotational temperature from the cathode sheath of the plasma jet to the anode. For currents ranging from 20 to 100 mA and for a particular excited levels, the excitation temperature was measured in the negative glow region either from a Boltzmann plot of Ar I 4p–4s and 5p–4s transitions of excited argon or using the Mo I (from 440 to 450 nm) two-lines method of excited Mo atoms sputtered from the cathode surface, giving 24 000 K (100 mA at 100 μm) and 7000 K (20 mA at 500 μm from the cathode). From the N₂ (C ³Π _u , ν = 0 → B ³Π _g , ν′ = 0) rotational transition the rotational temperature along the positive column was estimated. The vibrational temperature of the bulk plasma (1400 to 4500 K) was estimated for a current varying from 20 to 120 mA using the N₂ second positive system with Δν = ?2. Using the broadening of H _β Balmer line it was possible to estimate the electron number density of the negative glow (10¹⁴ to 10¹⁵ cm^?3) as a function of the current.     

Measurement error in laser interferometry caused by free convective boundary layers on optical windows

When convective heat transfer measurements are made using a laser interferometer, optical windows are often used to separate the test fluid inside the experimental model from the ambient air. In the present study, the measurement error caused by the thermal boundary layers that form on the exterior surfaces of the optical windows has been analyzed. A convenient analytical expression for the error in the fringe gradient has been derived, using the two-dimensional similarity solution for laminar free convective flow. For typical experimental conditions this source of bias error was found to be generally small, except near the leading edge of the thermal boundary layer. Based on the results, it is recommended that the measurement region be at least five centimeters away from the leading edge of these external thermal boundary layers.     

Bifurcation in viscoresistive MHD: the hartmann number and the reversed field pinch

A scaling approach to the simplest viscoresistive MHD model reveals that the Prandtl number acts only through the inertia term. When this term is negligible the dynamics is ruled by the Hartmann number H only. This occurs for the reversed field pinch dynamics as seen by numerical simulation of the model. When H is large the system is in a multiple helicity state. In the vicinity of H = 2500 the system displays temporal intermittency with laminar phases of quasi-single-helicity (SH) type. For lower H's two basins of SH are shown to coexist. SH regimes are of interest because of their nonchaotic magnetic field.     

Measurement of Argon-Density Nonuniformities in Argon-Cesium MHD Plasmas

The heavy particle-density nonuniformities correlated with the observed arc structure of closed-cycle magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators are measured with a quantitative schlieren technique called the laser-beam deflection method. The experiments are performed with a shock-tube MHD generator working with an atmospheric cesium-seeded argon plasma. The evaluation of argon density and temperature profiles from the experiments is discussed and the results are presented. It is shown that an argon-density nonuniformity is associated with every arc, and that the argon density within the arc is about 25 percent lower than the density outside.     

Sound source in the presence of wall shear layers

Numerical solution techniques for evaluating the acoustic field generated by a single line source located inside or outside a wall shear layer of an infinitely long lined rectangular duct are presented. A formula for calculating wave attenuation due to an acoustic lining is given.     

Measurement of mean velocity and turbulence in supersonic boundary layers,shock waves and free jets by laser anemometry

Velocity profiles and turbulence levels have been investigated in a Mach 2 wind-tunnel using a laser anemometer which directly measures the Doppler frequency shift in the scattered laser light. The experiments were performed with the wind-tunnel operating at normal humidity. However, ice particles were always produced in the supersonic throat, making artificial seeding unnecessary. These ice particles proved to be excellent light scattering centres, and were found to respond to the rapid velocity change occurring in an oblique shock wave in a distance <0.01 cm, from which the ice particle size was calculated to be <0.1.Measurements were made across a turbulent boundary layer and compared with Pitot tube data taken under similar conditions. Measurements were also made in a highly turbulent Mach 1 free jet.     

Temporal changes of particle densities and temperatures in a decaying arc discharge

This study deals with a decaying argon plasma at atmospheric pressure. It is shown that cylindrical symmetry is maintained, which enables us to measure experimentally the plasma composition at any moment after the switch-off. The changes in the particle density and the kinetic temperature have been deduced. For an electron density lower than 3x10¹⁶cm^-3, equilibration of the electrons towards the gas temperature is observed. Partial LTE between electrons and excited atoms is discussed.     

On the flow behaviour of combustion gas in the boundary layer of MHD generators

The flow behaviour of combustion gas in the boundary layer of a small-scale MHD generator has been reviewed in the light of empirical conclusions drawn by Onda, Kaga, and Kato.     

Scaling structure of the velocity statistics in atmospheric boundary layers

The statistical objects characterizing turbulence in real turbulent flows differ from those of the ideal homogeneous isotropic model. They contain contributions from various two- and three-dimensional aspects, and from the superposition of inhomogeneous and anisotropic contributions. We employ the recently introduced decomposition of statistical tensor objects into irreducible representations of the SO(3) symmetry group (characterized by j and m indices, where j=0ellipsisinfinity,-j相似文献