三维复杂温度场高精度声学测量方法

声学温度场检测技术通过多路径声波传播时间数据,反演被测区域的温度分布.提供了一种高精度的三维复杂温度场的声学测量方法.首先从射线声学角度给出了三维非均匀温度场中声波传播路径的数学模型.在此基础上,将三维温度场的重建问题转化为声波传播路径的求解和温度场的反演问题,建立了基于多项式修正径向基函数(RBF-PR)和改进的Ti...     

一种考虑声线弯曲的温度场重建算法

声波在非均匀温度场中传播时会由于声波的折射而产生声线弯曲现象。为提高非均匀温度场声学CT (Computer Tomography)重建精度,提出一种考虑声线弯曲的重建算法。首先用最小二乘法获得一个不考虑声线弯曲的重建温度场,然后用打靶-插值法确定本征声线出射角,用三角形前向展开法追踪声线,获得此温度场中声波发射/接收器间的本征声线,建立本征声线上声波传播时间与温度分布间的关系,进而实现考虑声线弯曲的最小二乘法温度场重建。单峰、双峰温度场仿真重建结果表明:所采用的本征声线追踪法计算简单运行速度快;考虑声线弯曲后,可明显提高温度场重建精度。因此所提重建算法能更好地适应实际温度场重建需求。      

声学CT复杂温度场重建研究

为提高声学CT复杂温度场重建能力,提出一种利用Markov径向基函数逼近和Tikhonov正则化的温度场重建算法,简称MTR算法。该算法首先用Markov径向基函数的线性组合,逼近介质中的复杂声速场分布,然后利用介质中多路径声波传播时间和Tikhonov正则化法,求解声速场分布,进而利用声速与温度的关系获得温度分布。对单热点、三热点和五热点温度场模型进行了仿真重建,结果表明MTR算法热点定位精度高,重建误差小。开发了声学CT温度场重建实验系统,用电加热器在内装1200 kg大豆的实验粮仓中形成热点,MTR重建结果能正确反映热点位置,热点温度重建误差1.3%。可见,MTR算法复杂温度场重建能力强,可望用于实际储粮温度分布监测。      

基于正则化SVD算法的三维温度场声学重建

针对电站锅炉炉内三维温度场重建问题,基于声学理论构建数学模型.提出两种基于奇异值分解法(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)的正则化算法,利用少量声学数据,对炉膛火焰分布的几种典型模型进行仿真重建.采用不同标准差的高斯噪声对两种算法的抗噪声能力进行检验.仿真结果表明,正则化SVD算法可以解决严重不适定的重建问题,重建温度场能够准确反映温度场分布,并且算法具有一定的抗噪声能力.TSVD正则化算法重建速度更快,抗噪声能力更强,适用于燃烧情况复杂的电站锅炉.     

多光谱辐射层析重建三维火焰温度场

提出一种基于多光谱辐射测温理论及光学层析技术的三维温度场重建方法。建立了基于参考温度的多光谱测温法数学模型，提出了一种基于模拟退火理论的变松弛因子的光学层析技术新算法，通过计算机数值模拟，详细考察了该算法对非对称温度场分布的重建效果并与传统的代数迭代重建算法及滤波反投影算法进行比较。计算结果表明，变弛豫因子重建算法重建精度最高。作为一个应用实例，用多光谱辐射变弛豫因子重建层析方法重建了四峰蜡烛火焰某一截面的温度分布。     

炉膛三维温度场重建中Tikhonov正则化和截断奇异值分解算法比较

在煤粉锅炉诊断中火焰辐射能图像扮演着越来越重要的角色, 通过电荷耦合器件(CCD)获得的辐射能图像可以重建出炉内火焰三维温度场, CCD 用于获取视场角内的辐射能图像. 温度场重建的矩阵方程是一个严重病态的方程, 本文使用两种算法(Tikhonov正则化算法和截断奇异值分解(TSVD)算法)来重建温度场. 应用广义交叉检验算法来选取正确的正则化参数. 数值模拟的环境为一个10 m×10 m×10 m的三维炉膛, 系统被划分为10×10×10的1000个网格, 每个网格单元都是边长为1 m的立方体. 在正问题求解所得到的CCD接受信号基础上加上不同随机误差以模拟测量时的CCD接受信号. 研究两种算法重建后的温度重建误差、两者的重建时间, 以及最高温度的重建效果. 初步的研究结果显示, 一般情况下基于Tikhonov算法重建的温度场比基于TSVD算法重建的温度场误差要小, 计算所需时间短, 最高温度重建更准确.     

图像比色法在炉膛火焰温度场实时监测的研究

提出了一种基于比色测温原理 ,运用数字图像采集、处理技术和面阵CCD成像技术测量锅炉炉膛火焰温度场分布的监测系统。论述了该测温系统的测量原理和系统结构。通过实验给出了利用该系统测量所得的结果。实验结果表明 ,利用比色测量法可以计算出火焰温度场的瞬时分布 ,以此为依据可以判断锅炉燃烧的稳定性 ,并在异常情况下发出报警信号 ;采用双色信号对比的办法可以较好地消除环境及发射率的影响 ,有效地提高了测温精度     

扩散场重建格林函数检测钢轨近表面缺陷*

利用超声相控阵全矩阵捕获功能获取后期时间的扩散场信息,实现钢轨近表面缺陷成像。对扩散场信号进行互相关,重建阵元之间的格林函数,获取阵元之间未延时的响应,恢复被噪声湮没的早期缺陷信息,将波数成像方法用于近表面缺陷的快速成像。采用两种超声相控阵探头在钢轨表面采集实验数据,说明格林函数恢复效果与相控阵阵元的个数和激励频率有关。实验结果清晰地显示了距钢轨表面5～10 mm处的缺陷,证实了互相关方法重建格林函数对近表面缺陷检测的有效性。     

多层多孔锂离子电池结构的导波频散特征及其应用EI北大核心CSCD

采用状态矩阵与勒让德级数联合法,同步联立Biot理论,构建多层多孔锂离子电池声传播特性理论模型,以厚1.9 mm软包钴酸锂电池为例,数值分析了荷电状态(State of Charge,SOC)对多模态频散曲线的影响规律。同时,建立了电池中的声传播特性频域仿真模型,提取频域仿真中的超声导波频散曲线。此外,以体积小、柔性强的压电纤维复合材料(Macro Fiber Composite,MFC)为基础,实验探究了不同SOC对锂离子电池中声学行为的影响。采用互相关分析获取电池放电过程中声波渡越时间的偏移规律,建立了1.9 mm软包钴酸锂电池的声学波动行为与电池SOC间的映射关系。     

基于代数迭代算法的燃烧火焰温度场和气体浓度场重建研究

基于TDLAS(tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy)技术,以水汽作为目标气体,采用直接吸收的测量方式,探测了甲烷空气预混平焰炉燃烧区域水汽的吸收光谱信号,通过ART(algebraic reconstruction technique)代数迭代算法对燃烧场温度和水汽浓度分布进行了模拟重建和实验研究,模拟重建采取5×5共25个网格的正方形重建区域,假定25个网格的一个温度浓度二维分布,模拟28条激光束从不同的角度方位穿越重建区域,得到模拟射线下的投影值,经ART算法重建,结果显示温度场和水汽浓度场的重建偏差均在1%以内。实验采用分布反馈式激光器作为光源,选取H₂O的7 153.722,7 153.748和7 154.354 cm-1三条吸收线作为测温谱线,其中前两条线不区分作为一条吸收线来处理。使用平移台多方位平行扫描,共获取30路光谱吸收信号,经数据处理、算法重建和双线比值法测温原理得到了圆形平焰炉16个不同区域的温度浓度值,且炉面偏向中心区域温度浓度值较高,边缘较小,结果表明代数迭代算法能够很好地实现燃烧区域温度场和水汽浓度场的反演。     

Effects of acoustic source and filtering on time-of-flight measurements

Time-of-flight (TOF) measurements are valuable in the estimation of distances, displacements and velocities of moving objects, phase differences of wave pulses, temperature of the atmosphere, and so on. The effects of sound source on time-of-flight measurements have been investigated in this paper. The sound sources considered are: electric horn, impact noise source, aerodynamic noise from a free jet, and the Hartmann whistle. The focus of the present study is to highlight the advantage of using Hartmann whistle for TOF measurements as this device is simple and attractive, without any moving parts. Time-of-flight of sound waves is calculated by cross-correlating the signals received by two microphones. Further, the effect of signal filtering on TOF measurements is demonstrated. The results indicate that the sound source has considerable effect on TOF measurements, and the accuracy can be significantly enhanced by appropriate signal conditioning. Hartmann whistle proves to be a good candidate as an acoustic source for TOF measurement.     

基于声弛豫频率的可激发气体压强合成算法

声弛豫频率是声吸收谱峰值点的频率,包含可激发气体成分、环境温度和压强信息.利用声弛豫频率线性正比气体压强的特性,提出一种通过两频点声吸收系数和声速测量值计算声弛豫频率,并通过查表方式合成气体压强的算法.算法的声弛豫频率测量误差具有随声测量值误差线性变换的特性,且当两频点的声吸收测量误差相等时,压强的合成误差为零.对于一定温度下的甲烷及其混合气体,仿真计算证明算法的有效性和声测量误差的稳健性.提供一种简单、稳健性好、可实时连续在线检测可激发气体腔体压强的声学方法.     

Sound field of thermoacoustic tomography based on a modified finite-difference time-domain method

A modified finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method is proposed for the sound field simulation of the thermoacoustic tomography （TAT） in the acoustic speed inhomogeneous medium. First, the basic equations of the TAT are discretized to difference ones by the FDTD. Then the electromagnetic pulse, the excitation source of the TAT, is modified twice to eliminate the error introduced by high frequency electromagnetic waves. Computer simulations are carried out to validate this method. It is shown that the FDTD method has a better accuracy than the commonly used time-of-flight （TOF） method in the TAT with the inhomogeneous acoustic speed. The error of the FDTD is ten times smaller than that of the TOF in the simulation for the acoustic speed difference larger than 50%. So this FDTD method is an efficient one for the sound field simulation of the TAT and can provide the theoretical basis for the study of reconstruction algorithms of the TAT in the acoustic heterogeneous medium.     

Antenna array in the sound field of an arctic waveguide

An antenna array placed in an arctic-type acoustic waveguide is considered. The guided sound field consists of a signal generated by a point source and an isotropic interfering noise produced by the ice cover. The array is operated in a specific regime: the output signals correspond to individual modes of the sound field. The signal received by the array is subjected to correlation processing with a finite averaging time. It is shown that, depending on the processing method, the signal-to-noise ratio can reach 40–60 dB for a realization duration of 1 min, and the quality of the signal detection is increased.     

Inversion for acoustic impedance of a wall by using artificial neural network

A new approach for measuring acoustic impedance is developed by using artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. Instead of using impedance tube, a rectangular room or a box is simulated with known boundary conditions at some boundaries and an unknown acoustic impedance at one side of the wall. A training data basis for the ANN algorithm is evaluated by similar source method which was developed earlier by Too and Su [Too G-PJ, Su T-K. Estimation of scattering sound field via nearfield measurement by source methods. Appl Acoust. 1999;58:261-81 (SCI) (EI)] for the estimation of interior and exterior sound field. The training data basis is constructed by evaluating of acoustic pressure at a field point with various acoustic impedance conditions at one side of the wall. Then, the inversion for unknown acoustic impedance of a wall is performed by measuring several field data and substituting these data into ANN algorithm. The simulation result indicates that the prediction of acoustic impedance is very accurate with error percentage under 1%. In addition, one field point measurement in the present approach for acoustic impedance provides more straightforward and easier evaluation than that in the two point measurement of impedance tube.     

Simulation of a functional solution to the acoustic tomography problem for data from quasi-point transducers

Two variants of a functional-analytical algorithm intended for solving inverse tomography problems are discussed and numerically carried out. The acoustic fields that are transmitted and received by transducers, which are equivalent to point ones, serve as experimental data. These data are used to calculate the classical or generalized scattering amplitude, and the scatterer characteristics are then reconstructed. The algorithm requires neither model linearization, no iterations for refining the estimates of scatterers, thus making it attractive for solving acoustic-tomography problems in different applications. The results of the numerical reconstruction of inhomogeneities in the sound velocity and absorption in a medium are presented.     

北极跨冰层水中声源方位估计实验与分析

为了获取北极冰下声源方位信息,在北极冰层上方布放检波器和冰下投放声弹声源开展了冰下声源的分频段方位估计实验.研究结果表明,冰下声源方位估计的误差、准确率与检波器接收信号频段(或冰下声源信号频段)有关.采用低频段的接收信号进行方位估计时准确率较高,误差均值较小,所用接收信号频段≤250 Hz时,方位估计准确率可达72.9...     

Transmission loss prediction of reactive silencers using 3-D time-domain CFD approach and plane wave decomposition technique

A predictive method is proposed to determine the transmission loss of reactive silencers using the three-dimensional (3-D) time-domain computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach and the plane wave decomposition technique. Firstly, a steady flow computation is performed with a mass-flow-inlet boundary condition, which provides an initial condition for the following two unsteady flow computations. The first unsteady flow computation is conducted by imposing an impulse (acoustic excitation) superimposed on the constant mass flow at the inlet of the model and then adding the non-reflecting boundary condition (NRBC) when the impulse completely propagates into the silencer. The second unsteady flow computation is conducted for the case without acoustic excitation at the inlet. The time histories of pressure and velocity at the upstream monitoring point as well as history of pressure at the downstream monitoring point are recorded during the two transient computations. The differences between the two unsteady flow computational results are the corresponding acoustic quantities. Therefore, the incident sound pressure signal is obtained by using plane wave decomposition at upstream, while the transmitted sound pressure signal is just the sound pressure at downstream. Finally, those two sound pressure signals in the time-domain are transformed into the frequency-domain by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and then the transmission loss (TL) of silencer is determined. For the straight-through perforated tube silencers with and without flow, the numerical results agree well with the published measurements.     

海洋声场中分布式无源定位系统的节点配置方法

为了提高海洋声场中分布式无源定位系统的定位精度,提出一种基于自适应遗传算法的节点配置方法。首先,基于到达时间TOA(Time of Arrival)定位算法推导出均匀物理场与海洋声场中定位误差的CRLB(Cramer Rao Lower Bound)。之后,利用BELLHOP模型对海洋声场进行建模,获得任意位置处目标声源与节点接收信号相关的传递函数并对等效声速进行计算.以目标声源在观测区域内服从均匀分布为例,将定位误差的平均CRLB最小为优化准则,采用自适应遗传算法对节点进行优化配置。结果表明,该方法能够有效降低海洋声场中分布式无源定位系统的定位误差,并给出定位误差随节点个数增加呈非线性递减的变化趋势,可为工程应用提供理论指导。      

浅海舰船噪声声强流的垂直方向性

浅海环境中,确定性声源的多途声信号干涉使得接收点处声强流的方向发生改变,不再与声源位置处的声强流方向一致。只测量声场的标量声强时,无法得到接收点处声强流的垂直方向性,而基于简正波矢量场建模和仿真,可获得理想条件下宽带点声源激发声场声强流的垂直方向性。本文采用单矢量水听器进行海上实验,获得了海洋环境噪声和干扰条件下舰船噪声声强流的垂直方向性。仿真和实验结果表明:远场条件下,浅海干涉现象引起接收点处声强流的方向(极角)随频率和距离变化,其时间-频率分布呈现与LOFAR谱干涉条纹相似的条纹,声强流的极角值主要分布在70?～110?范围内。