聚合物基模板制备中空介孔材料

中空介孔材料,尤其是硅基和碳基中空介孔材料,由于其孔道结构丰富、孔径可调、高比表面积、可容纳客体分子、良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性等特点已被广泛应用于催化、能量储存等众多领域。模板法是目前为止制备中空介孔结构最有效的方法之一,其最大特点是可以通过对模板的调控来实现对中空介孔结构的控制。聚合物基模板种类繁多,主要包括嵌段共聚物、聚合物乳胶粒、天然/合成生物大分子及复杂结构高分子等;与传统的表面活性剂/无机氧化物模板相比,其自组装形态更加丰富,结构更易进行功能化修饰。同时,以聚合物为模板的合成反应条件更加温和可控,更有利于合成形态各异、功能丰富的中空介孔材料。本文综述了近年来不同聚合物基模板合成中空介孔材料的研究进展,并着重介绍了贵金属粒子负载的中空介孔材料在催化载体领域的应用;同时,指出了当前阻碍中空介孔材料发展的问题,并对其在催化领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

有序大孔材料的制备及其应用

本文综述了近年来有序大孔材料的制备及应用.有序大孔材料的制备方法有胶态晶体模板法、生物模板法及其它模板法,重点阐述了用胶态晶体为模板制备有序大孔材料,如大孔金属、大孔无机氧化物、大孔碳、大孔半导体、大孔无机盐、大孔碳/无机氧化物复合物和大孔有机聚合物.用胶态晶体为模板制备有序大孔材料在催化、吸附、分离、传感器、光子晶体和声学等领域有潜在的应用.     

模板法制备中孔碳材料

模板法为各种中孔碳材料的可控和定向合成开辟了一条新的技术途径,近几年来已经成为国内外材料制备领域研究的热点之一.中孔碳材料具有孔道排列规则有序、孔径分布窄和比表面积高等特点而被广泛应用于气体分离、催化剂载体、吸附、色谱分析、超级电容器以及燃料电池等很多方面.本文综述了近几年来国内外模板法制备中孔碳材料的研究进展,重点阐述了模板法的种类,中孔碳材料的合成机理、方法以及中孔碳材料在生物、催化和电子能源等领域的应用,并分析了模板法制备中孔碳材料的发展趋势,认为中孔分子筛模板法和软模板法是未来制备中孔碳材料的重要方向.     

软模板合成有序介孔碳材料

有序介孔碳材料由于其较大的表面积、均一的孔径、良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性,广泛应用于吸附、分离、催化以及能量储存等众多领域。与传统的以硅基介孔材料为硬模板的反向复制方法相比,通过嵌段共聚物和聚合物前驱体之间的有机-有机自组装的软模板法简便易行,已成为合成有序介孔碳材料有效方法。本论文综述了介孔碳材料的软模板合成机制、合成方法、功能化及其应用,对合成技术、结构控制、孔径调控以及形貌控制等方面进行了讨论,并探讨了其在吸附、催化、电极材料等领域的应用。     

有序介孔碳材料的软模板合成、结构改性与功能化

有序介孔碳材料在吸附、分离、催化以及能量存储/转化等方面具有广阔的应用前景。相较于复杂的硬模板路线,基于两亲性嵌段共聚物和聚合物前驱体间（如酚醛树脂）自组装的软模板路线是合成有序介孔碳材料更为有效的方法。本文讨论比较了溶剂挥发诱导自组装法、水相协同自组装法和无溶剂法等三种典型软模板路线的基本过程和特点,并介绍了近年来在新型碳前驱体应用、介孔碳的结构改性和功能化等方面的一些重要进展,最后总结了介孔碳的合成研究中所需解决的关键问题。     

胶粒晶体模板法制备三维有序大孔材料

使用胶粒模板法制备三维有序大孔材料（three-dimensional ordered macroporous material,3DOM）是一个快速发展的领域。本文综述了3DOM的合成技术,包括各种填充模板的方法、模板的去除方法以及它们在光子晶体、催化材料、生物传感器以及医学等方面的应用前景。     

大孔道介孔氧化硅/碳基纳米材料的设计合成与应用

由于具有较大的孔道尺寸、 丰富的化学组成以及广阔的应用前景, 大孔道介孔纳米材料近年来引起了科研工作者的广泛关注. 分别利用复合胶束和无机纳米晶作为结构基元进行可控自组装的软模板法和硬模板法是合成这类大孔道介孔纳米材料最有效的两类方法. 本文总结了一系列基于不同类型软模板或硬模板共组装形成大孔道介孔纳米材料的合成方法和策略, 并讨论了所获得的大孔道介孔纳米材料在催化、 能量转换与存储以及生物医学中的应用. 最后, 对利用新型嵌段聚合物或复杂结构纳米晶合成大孔道介孔纳米材料的前景和挑战进行了展望.     

高温水热合成具有高稳定性的有序介孔材料

高温水热合成路线作为合成具有超高稳定性的介孔材料越来越受到人们的重视.本文对高温水热合成有序介孔材料的发展过程作一个简单的综述,合成路线包括使用碳氟表面活性剂和碳氢表面活性剂作为复合模板,有机季铵盐与碳氢表面活性剂作为复合模板以及最近报道的采用碳氢表面活性剂作为单一模板来合成系列的有序介孔材料,其组成为二氧化硅、氧化钛硅以及聚合物等.     

离子印迹介孔材料制备及其吸附重金属的应用

离子印迹介孔材料具有吸附容量高、吸附选择性和骨架稳定等特点,在吸附分离领域有着广泛的应用前景。本文总结了目前离子印迹介孔材料的制备方法,阐述了分步合成法及一步合成法的各自特点;着重介绍了该材料在对重金属吸附和分离领域的研究与应用情况;简要说明了离子印迹介孔材料对重金属离子的吸附机理;并提出了离子印迹介孔材料在制备与应用中存在的问题。     

生物蛋清蛋白模板合成海绵状大孔无机氧化物

多孔无机材料因可在微加工,催化,生物分离,电子器件的矿化和色谱载体等方面的广泛应用而引起人们极大的兴趣^[1-9],模板技术是制备孔材料最有效的工具之一,以表面活性剂和嵌段共聚物作为模板剂可以合成出结构多样,孔径均一,有序度高的介孔分子筛（2－50nm),大孔无机材料（＞50nm)通常采用以高分子微球和微乳液作模板的方法来合成（^[10],最近,我们利用浓度极高的;盐溶液和聚苯乙烯球作为模板,合成了3D海绵状大孔和介孔复合的氧化硅薄片^[11][,利用电化学等方法合成了具有特殊光阻性质的大孔氧化硅,氧化钛,金属以及合金材料等^[12],利用电化学等方法合成了具有特殊光阻性质的大孔氧化硅,氧化钛,金属以及合成材料等^[12],也有人利用相分离的方法制备无序大孔材料,但该方法一般较复杂,成本也比较昂贵,自然界中的大孔材料如海藻,珊瑚（氧化硅）是通过生物蛋白质为模板在基胞核内形成的,但是生物蛋白的模板作用和形成机理目前还不十分清楚。     

Particle-stabilized surfactant-free medium internal phase emulsions as templates for porous nanocomposite materials: poly-Pickering-Foams

We report on the successful use of particle-stabilized Medium Internal Phase Emulsion (MIPE) templates for the synthesis of porous polymer foams. In this case, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used to stabilize the minority phase as the continuous phase, through adsorption at the interface. The addition of the CNTs not only provides processing advantages (no need for traditional non-ionic molecular surfactants) but also enhances the mechanical and electrical properties of the final polyFoams. This approach allows the manufacture of both closed- and open-celled porous polymer foams in a one-pot process with porosities up to 66%.     

聚合物孔材料的制备*

聚合物孔材料的制备和应用研究已经成为聚合物科学和材料科学热点,制备聚合物孔材料的方法发展很快。本文综述了聚合物孔材料的制备方法,包括胶体晶模版法、水模版法、超临界二氧化碳发泡法、自组装法等。其中本课题组首次提出的无模版自组装法操作简单、无需模版、环境友好,具有广阔的发展前景。     

Monodisperse polystyrene microspheres used as porogenes in the synthesis of polymer monoliths

Formation of a porous structure with the use of monodisperse polymer particles as templates is exemplified by the synthesis of two types of solid macroporous polymer materials featuring different hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties. The materials are prepared via the photo-induced free-radical copolymerization of monomers in the presence of pore-forming agents: strictly spherical polystyrene microspheres with various diameters and natures of the surface. Copolymer samples are analyzed via scanning-electron and atomic-force microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), porosimetry based on the intraporous adsorption and desorption of gases (BET analysis), IR measurements, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy.     

Dummy Fragment Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Selective Solid-phase Extraction of Gonyautoxins from Seawater

A multitemplate molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized using fragments similar to gonyautoxins 1 and 4 including 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, 4-hydroxy-2-butanone, and imidazole as dummy templates by bulk polymerization. Scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy showed a porous structure and the formation of organic groups in the imprinting process of the polymer. One millilitre of 0.1?mol?L^?1 acetic acid and 1?mL of 95% methanol were the optimized washing and eluting solutions during the molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction. The adsorption capacity of the multitemplate molecularly imprinted polymer was lower than for the monotemplate molecularly imprinted polymer prepared in a previous study in seawater in which Alexandrium tamarense and Alexandrium minutum were cultivated. This result may due to the inappropriate combination of the dummy template fragments in the synthesis resulting in the unfitness of the imprinting sites for gonyautoxins 1 and 4. In general, it is inappropriate to use fragments with the similar parts to the analyte as the dummy templates. However, this work indicated the optimal molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective extraction of gonyautoxins 1 and 4.     

聚合物纳米管研究进展

全面综述了聚合物纳米管的制备方法及研究现状。根据聚合物纳米管的制备机理和实施方法的不同 ,可分为三类 :(1)多孔模板法 ;(2 )线模板法 ;(3)自组装法。详细总结了各种方法制备聚合物纳米管的研究成果 ,展望了制备聚合物纳米管新技术的开发前景和聚合物纳米管的应用前景     

表面活性剂稳定高内相乳液的研究进展

具有较高孔隙率和较高比表面积的多孔聚合物材料在能源、化工、生物和功能性材料等领域应用广泛。目前越来越多的研究是以高内相乳液为模板来制备多孔聚合物材料,其中高内相乳液的稳定对多孔聚合物材料的制备十分重要。本文主要介绍了近年来发展的多种用于高内相乳液滴稳定的表面活性剂,以及以高内相乳液为模板制备得到的多孔聚合物材料在多个领域中的应用。     

Polystyrene-based blend nanorods with gradient composition distribution

The polystyrene-based polymer blends, partially miscible poly(bisphenol A carbonate)/polystyrene (PC/PS) and completely miscible poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide)/polystyrene (PPO/PS), in nanorods with gradient composition distribution were discussed. The polymer blend nanorods were prepared by infiltrating the polymer blends into nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates via capillary action. Their morphology was investigated by micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR) and nano-thermal analysis (nano-TA) with spatial resolution. The composition gradient of polymer blends in the nanopores is governed by the difference of viscosity and miscibility between the two polymers in the blends and the pore diameter. The capillary wetting of porous AAO templates by polymer blends offers a unique method to fabricate functional nanostructured materials with gradient composition distribution for the potential application to nanodevices.     

聚合物互通多孔材料的乳液模板法制备及其功能化研究*

本文对近年来利用乳液模板制备聚合物互通多孔材料的研究进行了综述,主要介绍以高内相乳液模板制备互通多孔聚合物整体柱和利用双重乳液 (或称多重乳液) 制备多孔或多空聚合物微球的进展;分析目前多孔聚合物材料研究中存在的问题及其研究动态;讨论合成多孔聚合物材料的性能缺陷及其表面功能化改性的相关研究;并对聚合物互通多孔材料潜在的应用和研究前景进行了展望。     

Textured macro- and mesoporous alumina samples designed in the presence of different surfactant types

This work presents a method that enables the synthesis of porous alumina in the presence of different types of surfactant. The method is based on a sol–gel transition, using surfactants and droplets of a nonpolar phase as templates. The main purpose was to establish a relationship between the templates and the resulting pore structure. The results show that depending on the type of surfactant used (ionic or nonionic), materials presenting variations in the pore family distribution, X-ray powder diffraction patterns and sample morphology were formed. During the synthesis of these alumina samples, the drying step caused loss of the porous structures, so the shrinkage due to different types of surfactants was evaluated.     

Synthesis of porous carbon balls from spherical colloidal crystal templates

Spherical inverse opal (IO) porous carbon was produced utilizing silica colloidal crystal spheres as templates. The spherical colloidal crystals were obtained through the self-assembly of monodisperse particles inside an emulsion droplet with confined geometry. The templates were inverted using a carbon precursor, phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resol. We demonstrated a two-step synthesis involving the subsequent infiltration of the PF resol precursor into the spherical colloidal crystal template and a one-step synthesis using a silica colloidal solution containing dissolved PF resol. In the former case, the sizes of the IO carbon balls were controlled by the size of the colloidal crystal templates, and diameters of a few micrometers up to 50 μm were obtained. The average diameter of the macropores created by the silica particles was 230 nm. Moreover, meso-/macroporous IO carbon balls were created using block-copolymer templates in the PF resol. In the one-step synthesis, the concentration of PF resol in the colloidal solution controlled the diameter of the IO carbon balls. IO balls smaller than 3 μm were obtained from the direct addition of 5% PF resol. The one-step synthesis produced rather irregular porous structures reflecting the less ordered crystallization processes inside the spherical colloidal crystals. Nitrogen adsorption and cyclic voltammetry measurements were conducted to measure the specific area and electroactive surface area of the IO carbon balls. The specific area of the mesopores-incorporated IO carbon balls was 1.3 times higher than that of bare IO carbon balls. Accordingly, the meso-/macroporous porous carbon balls exhibited higher electrocatalytic properties than the macroporous carbon balls.