Numerical simulation of spinning detonation in square tube

A single spinning detonation wave propagating in a square tube is simulated three-dimensionally with the detailed chemical reaction mechanism for hydrogen/air mixture proposed by Petersen and Hanson. The spinning detonation is composed of a transverse detonation rotating around the wall normal to the tube axis, triple lines propagating partially out of phase, and a short pressure trail. The formation of an unburned gas pocket behind the detonation front was not observed in the present simulations because the rotating transverse detonation completely consumed the unburned gas. The calculated profiles of instantaneous OH mass fraction have a keystone shape behind the detonation front. The numerical results for the pitch and track angle on the tube wall agree well with the experimental results. This paper is based on work that was presented at the 20th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems at Montreal, Canada, from July 31 to August 5, 2005.     

Direct initiation of detonation in cryogenic gaseous H2-O2 mixtures

Critical conditions for the direct initiation of self-sustained detonation in cryogenic hydrogen-oxygen mixtures are examined experimentally. These initial conditions are expected to depend mainly on four parameters: the equivalence ratio of the mixture, the amount of the initial energy deposition, the initial temperature and pressure of the mixture. These critical conditions are determined by fixing alternatively three of these parameters and varying the fourth one from subcritical to supercritical detonation conditions. Results are presented for initial pressuresP _o and equivalence ratios ranging from 0.3 to 1 bar and from 1 to 2 respectively, for the two initial temperaturesT _o, 123 K and 293 K. These results indicate that for the lowest values of the initial pressure, a decrease of initial temperature may favour the onset of detonation. Whatever the initial conditions, the measured detonation pressures and velocities are in reasonably good agreement with the corresponding Chapman-Jouguet values computed using the ideal-gas equation of state.     

空气炮碰撞实验台发射过程的数值模拟

利用计算流体动力学方法对单级空气炮碰撞实验台的发射过程进行了数值仿真,所得碰撞车发射速度与实验结果吻合。在此基础上,对碰撞车发射过程的流场变化、车体前后压力以及储气罐压力变化进行分析。结果表明,泄漏气体先于碰撞车充满整个发射空间,形成初始流场,使得车前压力出现正负交替现象,但其数值较小,对车体加速过程的影响可以忽略。当碰撞车进入泄压段后,受冲击射流作用,碰撞车仍处于加速状态,且速度增量约为2 m/s。

     

Numerical simulation of detonation reignition in H $_2$-O $_2$ mixtures in area expansions

Time-dependent, two-dimensional, numerical simulations of a transmitted detonation show reignition occuring by one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the collision of triple points as they expand along a decaying shock front. In the second mechanism ignition results from the coalescence of a number of small, relatively high pressure regions left over from the decay of weakened transverse waves. The simulations were performed using an improved chemical kinetic model for stoichiometric H-O mixtures. The initial conditions were a propagating, two-dimensional detonation resolved enough to show transverse wave structure. The calculations provide clarification of the reignition mechanism seen in previous H-O-Ar simulations, and again demonstrate that the transverse wave structure of the detonation front is critical to the reignition process. Received 16 July 1998/ Accepted 17 November 1998     

正向爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞的数值模拟

对充满氢氧可燃气体、带扩容腔的正向爆轰驱动的激波风洞进行了数值模拟。计算采用了欧拉方程,频散可控耗散差分格式（DCD）和改进的二阶段化学反应模型。在扩容腔附近采用二维轴对称计算模型,而在驱动段和被驱动段的直管道部分则采用一维计算模型。本文分析了爆轰波在管道中的传播、反射和绕射过程。计算结果表明扩容腔的尺寸对爆轰波的传播、反射、汇聚等起着决定性的作用;带扩容腔的正向爆轰驱动的激波风洞能够得到平稳的持续时间较长的气流,提高了实验的精确度和可重复性。     

高速电弧喷涂NiCrBMoFe/BaF2·CaF2涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用高速电弧喷涂技术制备了NiCrBMoFe和NiCrBMoFe/BaF₂·CaF₂两种复合涂层.两种涂层均含非晶相与纳米晶相,非晶相质量百分数分别达45%和33%.NiCrBMoFe涂层中纳米晶相弥散分布在非晶母相中;NiCrBMoFe/BaF₂·CaF₂涂层纳米晶相以团聚形态存在.检测了两种涂层的摩擦磨损性能.在常温下,NiCrBMoFe和NiCrBMoFe/BaF₂·CaF₂两种涂层的摩擦系数分别为0.5和0.375,后者比基体18Cr₂Ni₄WA的摩擦系数下降了25%,耐磨性能优异.在高温摩擦磨损条件下,NiCrBMoFe/BaF₂·CaF₂涂层也具有良好的耐磨性能.在450 ℃左右,涂层中BaF₂·CaF₂固体润滑相会析出涂层表面,形成一层低摩擦系数的润滑转化膜,使涂层具有良好的减摩润滑作用.     

Supersonic H2-air combustions behind oblique shock waves

In order to study the mechanisms of initiation and stabilization of H₂-Air combustions (stoechiometric mixture initially atT ₀=293 K andp ₀=0.5 bar) in supersonic flow conditions behind an oblique shock wave (OSW), an original technique is used where OSW is generated in this mixture by the lateral expansion of the burnt gas behind a normal CJ gaseous detonation propagating into a bounding reactive mixture. Four Mach numberM of propagation of OSW are considered in the study, namelyM=7.7-6.1-4.4 and 3. Depending on the Mach numberM and inclinaison angle of OSW different regimes of combustion may occur in the driven mixture. For high values ofM (6.1 and 7.7) delayed steady overdriven oblique detonation waves (SODW) were obtained with a near CJ detonation wave as the critical regime. It was found that SODW obtained correspond quite well to prediction of the polar method. When thermal conditions behind the OSW are lower, either for high Mach number 6.1 and 7.7 for smaller angle than the previous case, or for lower Mach number, 4.4 and 3, the flame initiated at the apex is stabilized as a turbulent oblique flame behind the OSW. With much lower conditions, no combustion appears in the H₂-Air mixture.     

OH Concentration Measurements by Resonant Holographic Interferometry and Comparison with Direct Numerical Simulations

We apply a novel laser diagnostic technique — Resonant Holographic Interferometry (RHI) to measure the concentration of hydroxyl radical (∼2000 ppm) in a co-flow diffusion flame of diluted hydrogen and air stabilized on a Wolfhard-Parkerburner. This methodology is based upon the dispersion of light of frequency close to an electronic transition of a target molecule. The two-color setup utilized in RHI provides a two-dimensional distribution of the target species concentration and quantitative information can be obtained from the interferogram without requiring any calibration. To provide independent flame data for comparison, a two-dimensional numerical simulation was performed taking into account the effects of detailed chemical kinetics and transport phenomena. In spite of a number of simplifying assumptions made in the simulation, computational and experimental results are in good agreement with respect to the magnitude and width of the region where OH is found. We do observe a difference of approximately 1 mm in the flame position due to the simplifying assumptions made in the simulation. The comparison between the experimental and numerical results clearly demonstrated the potential of RHI in flame diagnostics. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaporation heat transfer coefficient in single circular small tubes for flow natural refrigerants of C3H8, NH3, and CO2

An experimental study of evaporation heat transfer coefficients for single circular small tubes was conducted for the flow of C₃H₈, NH₃, and CO₂ under various flow conditions. The test matrix encompasses the entire quality range from 0.0 to 1.0, mass fluxes from 50 to 600 kg m⁻² s⁻¹, heat fluxes from 5 to 70 kW m⁻², and saturation temperatures from 0 to 10 °C. The test section was made of circular stainless steel tubes with inner diameters of 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm, and a length of 2000 mm in a horizontal orientation. The test section was uniformly heated by applying electric power directly to the tubes. The effects of mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature, and inner tube diameter on the heat transfer coefficient are reported. Among the working refrigerants considered in this study, CO₂ has the highest heat transfer coefficient. Laminar flow was observed in the evaporative small tubes, and was considered in the modification of boiling heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop correlations.     

Heat transfer enhancement using Al2O3/water nanofluid in a two-phase closed thermosyphon

A two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT) is a device for heat transmission. It consists of an evacuated-close tube filled with a certain amount of working fluid. Fluids with nanoparticles (particles smaller than 100 nm) suspended in them are called nanofluids that they have a great potential in heat transfer enhancement. In the present study, we combined two mentioned techniques for heat transfer enhancement. Nanofluids of aqueous Al₂O₃ nanoparticles suspensions were prepared in various volume concentration of 1–3% and used in a TPCT as working media. Experimental results showed that for different input powers, the efficiency of the TPCT increases up to 14.7% when Al₂O₃/water nanofluid was used instead of pure water. Temperature distributions on TPCT confirm these results too.     

含Fe2O3摩擦层的促进形成对H13和45钢磨损性能的影响

Fe_2O_3是钢材高温或高速干滑动表面摩擦氧化物层的重要构成.本文作者通过在H13钢、45钢/GCr15钢的滑动界面添加Fe_2O_3纳米颗粒,试图促进保护性摩擦氧化物层的快速形成,避免了高温恶化材料的机械性能.研究了Fe_2O_3对H13钢和45钢磨损性能的影响,分析了摩擦氧化物层的形成机理,并探讨了基体硬度对摩擦氧化物层的作用.研究结果表明:无添加时,低硬度45钢的耐磨性明显差于高硬度的H13钢;GCr15钢在与45钢对摩时,磨损率也明显大于与H13钢对摩时.添加Fe_2O_3后,纳米颗粒在H13和GCr15钢表面迅速相互黏着并形成保护性的摩擦氧化物层,导致磨损率急剧下降,且随载荷增加仅轻微波动.而较软45钢基体对摩擦氧化物层的支撑能力较弱,摩擦氧化物层破碎,高载下磨损率明显大于低载下.     

Multiphase Thermohaline Convection in the Earth’s Crust: I. A New Finite Element – Finite Volume Solution Technique Combined With a New Equation of State for NaCl–H2O

We present a new finite element – finite volume (FEFV) method combined with a realistic equation of state for NaCl–H₂O to model fluid convection driven by temperature and salinity gradients. This method can deal with the nonlinear variations in fluid properties, separation of a saline fluid into a high-density, high-salinity brine phase and low-density, low-salinity vapor phase well above the critical point of pure H₂O, and geometrically complex geological structures. Similar to the well-known implicit pressure explicit saturation formulation, this approach decouples the governing equations. We formulate a fluid pressure equation that is solved using an implicit finite element method. We derive the fluid velocities from the updated pressure field and employ them in a higher-order, mass conserving finite volume formulation to solve hyperbolic parts of the conservation laws. The parabolic parts are solved by finite element methods. This FEFV method provides for geometric flexibility and numerical efficiency. The equation of state for NaCl–H₂O is valid from 0 to 750°C, 0 to 4000 bar, and 0–100 wt.% NaCl. This allows the simulation of thermohaline convection in high-temperature and high-pressure environments, such as continental or oceanic hydrothermal systems where phase separation is common.     

Multiphase Thermohaline Convection in the Earth’s Crust: II. Benchmarking and Application of a Finite Element – Finite Volume Solution Technique with a NaCl–H2O Equation of State

We present the benchmarking of a new finite element – finite volume (FEFV) solution technique capable of modeling transient multiphase thermohaline convection for geological realistic p-T-X conditions. The algorithm embeds a new and accurate equation of state for the NaCl–H₂O system. Benchmarks are carried out to compare the numerical results for the various component-processes of multiphase thermohaline convection. They include simulations of (i) convection driven by temperature and/or concentration gradients in a single-phase fluid (i.e., the Elder problem, thermal convection at different Rayleigh numbers, and a free thermohaline convection example), (ii) multiphase flow (i.e., the Buckley–Leverett problem), and (iii) energy transport in a pure H₂O fluid at liquid, vapor, supercritical, and two-phase conditions (i.e., comparison to the U.S. Geological Survey Code HYDROTHERM). The results produced with the new FEFV technique are in good agreement with the reference solutions. We further present the application of the FEFV technique to the simulation of thermohaline convection of a 400°C hot and 10 wt.% saline fluid rising from 4 km depth. During the buoyant rise, the fluid boils and separates into a high-density, high-salinity liquid phase and a low-density, low-salinity vapor phase.     

Fe_3Al/WS_2复合材料的真空摩擦学性能研究

采用热压烧结的方法制备了添加WS2质量百分数为10%、20%和30%的Fe-28Al-5Cr基复合材料,通过XRD和SEM等手段分析了样品的相组成和组织结构.利用自制的真空摩擦试验机测试了样品在4×10-4Pa真空下的摩擦学性能.研究结果显示:通过与WS2的复合能够显著降低Fe3Al基金属间化合物在真空条件下的摩擦系数,但三种不同WS2含量复合材料的摩擦系数差别不大.随着WS2含量增加,复合材料的磨损率逐渐降低,特别是30%复合材料的磨损率较纯Fe-28Al-5Cr的磨损率低约1个数量级.滑动速度和载荷对三种材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均有一定的影响.纯Fe3Al的磨损表面较为粗糙,出现严重的剥落坑和剥落痕迹,磨损机理为严重的疲劳磨损.添加质量百分数为10%WS2的复合材料的磨损机理为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损;添加WS2质量百分数为20%和30%的复合材料,其磨损表面相对较为光滑平整,磨损机理为轻微剥落.因此,在复合材料制备中添加WS2能够显著提高Fe3Al金属间化合物的真空摩擦学性能.     

Ti3SiC2/Inconel718摩擦副的高温摩擦学性能

本文考察了Ti3SiC2-Inconel 718摩擦副从室温到800 ℃范围内的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:温度的升高有利于改善Ti3 SiC2-Inconel 718摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能,在800℃时,其摩擦磨损性能优异.随着温度的升高,摩擦系数从室温的0.71降至800℃时的0.37,Ti3SiC2的磨损率从4×10-3 mm3/(N·m)降至10-5mm3/(N·m)以下.高温塑性变形和摩擦氧化物层的形成导致摩擦系数的降低,300℃以下,晶粒的断裂、拔出与脱落以及材料向合金的转移造成了Ti3SiC2高的磨损率,从400℃至800℃,Ti3 SiC2晶粒的断裂与脱落受到明显抑制,其磨损率显著降低.     

离子液体作为Si3N4-Ti3SiC2摩擦副润滑剂的摩擦学性能研究

采用SRV摩擦磨损试验机在室温及100 ℃下考察了两种离子液体（L-B106 和L-P106）、丙三醇、水作为Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副润滑剂的摩擦学行为,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及X光电子能谱（XPS）对磨损表面进行了分析.结果表明：室温、20 N条件下,两种离子液体和丙三醇抗磨和减摩性能相当,室温、100 ℃条件下,L-P106相较于L-B106具有更好的润滑性能,且其抗磨和减摩性能均优于丙三醇,作为Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副润滑剂具有在苛刻环境条件下使用的应用前景. XPS分析结果表明：Ti₃SiC₂材料在摩擦过程中在摩擦热作用下生成了SiO_x、TiO₂,进而有效提高了Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副材料的抗磨损性能;此外,离子液体中的活性元素在Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副表面发生了复杂的摩擦化学反应,生成了由氟化钛、磷酸钛及硼酸钛等组成的具有减摩和抗磨性能的边界润滑膜.     

Magneto-electro-elastic antiplane analysis of a bimaterial BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 composite wedge with an interface crack

The antiplane analysis is made for a bimaterial BaTiO₃–CoFe₂O₄ composite wedge containing an interface crack. The coupled magneto-electro-elastic field is induced by the piezoelectric/piezomagnetic BaTiO₃–CoFe₂O₄ composite materials. For the crack problems, the intensity factors of stress, strain, electric displacement, electric field, magnetic induction and magnetic field at crack tips are derived analytically. Also, the energy density criterion is applied to predict the fracture behavior of the interface crack. The numerical results also show that the energy release rate for a crack in a single wedge is negative.     

CO2 Injection into Saline Carbonate Aquifer Formations II: Comparison of Numerical Simulations to Experiments

Sequestration of carbon dioxide in geological formations is an alternative way of managing extra carbon. Although there are a number of mathematical modeling studies related to this subject, experimental studies are limited and most studies focus on injection into sandstone reservoirs as opposed to carbonate ones. This study describes a fully coupled geochemical compositional equation-of-state compositional simulator (STARS) for the simulation of CO₂ storage in saline aquifers. STARS models physical phenomena including (1) thermodynamics of sub- and supercritical CO₂, and PVT properties of mixtures of CO₂ with other fluids, including (saline) water; (2) fluid mechanics of single and multiphase flow when CO₂ is injected into aquifers; (3) coupled hydrochemical effects due to interactions between CO₂, reservoir fluids, and primary mineral assemblages; and (4) coupled hydromechanical effects, such as porosity and permeability change due to the aforementioned blocking of pores by carbonate particles and increased fluid pressures from CO₂ injection. Matching computerized tomography monitored laboratory experiments showed the uses of the simulation model. In the simulations dissolution and deposition of calcite as well as adsorption of CO₂ that showed the migration of CO₂ and the dissociation of CO₂ into HCO₃ and its subsequent conversion into carbonate minerals were considered. It was observed that solubility and hydrodynamic storage of CO₂ is larger compared to mineral trapping.     

两种晶粒尺寸氧化铝陶瓷滑动磨损表面演化

文中比较研究了两种晶粒尺寸(0.6μm和3.8μm)氧化铝陶瓷在室温干摩擦条件下分别与氮化硅陶瓷对摩时的摩擦磨损性能,发现细晶氧化铝陶瓷(0.6μm)/氮化硅陶瓷摩擦副有较低的摩擦系数和磨损率以及高的磨损转变载荷,而粗晶氧化铝陶瓷(3.8μm)/氮化硅陶瓷摩擦副的摩擦学性能较差.对这两种晶粒尺寸氧化铝陶瓷的磨损表面进行了表征,发现了两种不同的磨损机制和磨损演化规律.在15 N的载荷下,3.8μm氧化铝陶瓷在磨损初期发生了晶粒断裂和拔出,在100 s后开始形成摩擦层,随后摩擦层的面积随着滑动时间的延长而增大,其特征为光滑、有裂纹贯通的机械混合层.0.6μm氧化铝陶瓷在初期的磨损以微凸体磨损和晶界破坏为主,随后出现晶粒断裂和拔出,没有发现机械混合层.本文中讨论了晶粒尺寸效应和磨痕尺寸效应对两种晶粒尺寸氧化铝陶瓷磨损表面演化的影响.     

Numerical simulation of 3-D turbulent flows over dredged trenches

A 3-D free surface flow in open channels based on the Reynolds equations with thek-ε turbulence closure model is presented in this paper. Insted of the “rigid lid” approximation, the solution of the free surface equation is implemented in the velocity—pressure iterative procedure on the basis of the conventional SIMPLE method. This model was used to compute the flow in rectangular channels with trenches dredged across the bottom. The velocity, eddy viscosity coefficient, turbulent shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy and elevation of the free surface can be obtained. The computed results are in good agreement with previous experimental data.