Nd0.007Gd0.993VO4晶体折射率和折射率温度系数的测量

利用自准直法,在20℃到170℃温度范围和0.4880μm、0.6328μm、1.0640μm、1.0795μm、1.3414μm等波长测量了Nd0.007Gd0.993VO4晶体的折射率,得到了这种晶体的Sellmeier方程和折射率温度系数.为了验证得到结果的可靠性,利用得到的Sellmeier方程计算1.0640μm的寻常光和异常光的折射率,并与实验测量的结果进行比较,两者的差异不大于2.2×10-4,处在测量误差的范围内.测量结果表明在室温下,对1.0640μm波长的双折射率为0.2201,双折射率温度变化率为4.3×10-6/℃.因此,与YVO4相仿,这种晶体不仅是一种优秀的激光基质材料,而且是一种优秀的双折射晶体.     

线形同轴耦合式微波等离子体CVD法硬质合金微型钻头金刚石涂层沉积

本文介绍了利用线形同轴耦合式微波等离子体CVD法在硬质合金微型钻头(微钻)上沉积金刚石涂层的初步实验结果.微型钻头的直径为0.5mm,其中WC晶粒的尺寸约为0.5μm.在沉积前,先用Murakami溶液(10gKOH+10gK3[Fe(CN)6]+100ml H2O)对微钻刻蚀10min,使其表面粗化,然后用硫酸-双氧水溶液(10ml98wt;H2SO4+100ml 38;m/vH2O2)对其浸蚀60s,以去除其表面的Co.在金刚石涂层过程中发现,由于微钻尖端在微波电磁场中产生较集中的辉光放电现象,因而在微钻尖端很难获得金刚石涂层.针对这种金刚石涂层过程中的"尖端效应",尝试使用了金属丝屏蔽的方法以改变微钻周围的微波电磁场分布,克服了上述金刚石涂层过程中的"尖端效应",首次成功地采用微波等离子体CVD法在微钻上沉积了厚度为1.5μm的金刚石涂层.     

低位错ZnSe单晶的生长

采用化学气相输运法(CVT)在适合的温度和I2含量的条件下,生长出了25mm×3mm的ZnSe单晶,位错密度为6.5×103个/cm2.对ZnSe单晶进行光学性能分析,在10.6μm处的透过率超过70;,在10.6μm处的吸收系数为7.72×10-4/cm.     

双重加热法合成碳化硅晶须的研究

本文给出了一种低成本、适用于大批量生产碳化硅晶须的新方法,以炭黑和SiO2微粉为原料对用双重加热法合成碳化硅晶须进行了研究.研究表明,利用双重加热技术可以在较低合成温度1300℃下、较短合成时间1.5h内得到平均直径为0.3μm、长度为10～40μm、生成率达81;的碳化硅晶须.     

Nd~(3+)掺杂的Sr_3Y_2(BO_3)_4晶体光谱特性研究

采用提拉法生长出25mm×40mm的Nd3+∶Sr3Y2(BO3)4晶体,测试了该晶体的吸收光谱、荧光光谱及荧光寿命。结果表明:Nd3+∶Sr3Y2(BO3)4晶体在807nm附近有最强的吸收峰,其半峰宽(FWHM)为16nm,宽的吸收半峰宽适合于LD泵浦;从荧光光谱得到发射波长分别为910.8nm、1065.2nm和1399nm的荧光峰。根据吸收和荧光光谱,计算了晶体的吸收截面和发射截面。采用J-O理论计算了Nd3+在Sr3Y2(BO3)4中的强度参数、各能级的振子强度、自发辐射几率、荧光分支比等参数。计算结果表明,其强度参数Ω2=3.816×10-20cm2,Ω4=10.895×10-20cm2,Ω6=12.44×10-20cm2,辐射寿命为104μs,量子效率η=49.7%,荧光分支比β1(0.88μm)=0.429,β2(1.06μm)=0.461,β3(1.35μm)=0.107,β4(1.88μm)=0.003。     

碳纤维-碳纳米管复合导电纸的制备及电磁屏蔽性能研究

研究了以碳纳米管(CNTs)和碳纤维(CF)作为复合导电剂的导电纸.通过高速剪切的方法将分散好的导电剂和纸浆纤维素在水溶液中复合,经真空抽滤法沉积得到导电纸.纤维状的导电剂与纸浆纤维搭建成三维导电网络,表现出了良好的柔韧性、导电性和电磁屏蔽性能.采用扫描电子显微镜、四探针电阻仪、矢量网络分析仪对其进行表征.研究表明,当碳纤维和碳纳米管以1∶1比例添加作为复合导电剂时,碳纤维-碳纳米管复合纸的导电性能和电磁屏蔽性能较碳纤维或碳纳米管单一导电剂提高明显.复合导电纸的电导率达到280.1 S/m,在175 ～1600MHz频段电磁屏蔽效能达到37 ～ 44 dB,较碳纤维纸提高2 dB,较碳纳米管纸提高10 dB.     

LD泵浦激光晶体材料的新发展

近年来,在激光二级管(LD)的迅速发展和外部市场需求的推动下,形成了一道激光晶体材料新的市场风景线.研究更多更适合于LD泵浦的高效率,宽吸收带的激光晶体的工作非常活跃.本文对固态激光晶体材料的发展作了简要的叙述.分别按照1-μm、2-和3-μm发射波长区域和可调谐激光晶体,评述了10种新发展的LD泵浦激光晶体的特性.     

InGaN/GaN微米阵列结构的生长及发光性能研究

采用金属有机化学气相外延技术,在图形化蓝宝石衬底上通过选区外延可控生长了三种不同形貌的InGaN/GaN微米阵列结构,阵列尺寸均为6μm.其中,六方片状阵列结构以(0001)c面为主,高度为0.6μm;六棱台状阵列结构包括一个(0001)c面和六个等效的(10-11)半极性面,高度为1.2μm;六棱锥状阵列结构以(10...     

平栅型双层膜的场致发射性能研究

通过在平栅型基板上,分别溅射氧化铋薄膜和氧化锡薄膜,形成阴极场发射阵列,并在阴极和栅极之间加载脉冲电流,使阴栅级之间的薄膜形成裂缝,并进行场致发射性能测试,测试结果表明,平栅型双层膜发射器件的开启电压随阳极电压增加而降低.在阳压为3000 V,隔离子高度为500 μm时,平栅型双层膜场发射器件的开启电压为110 V,在栅压为110 V时的发射效率为1;左右,随着栅压的增大,发射效率逐渐减小.该双层膜阴极具有均匀的发射性能、良好的栅控能力以及场发射特性.     

纳米尺寸高k/Si1-xGex NMOS场效应管性能的数值模拟研究

本文展开了高介电常数(k)栅介质Si1-xGexNMOS场效应管性能的数值模拟研究,基于有限元法,建立了纳米尺寸(栅长=15 nm)NMOS场效应管模型.为了研究栅介质和衬底材料参数变化对器件性能的影响规律,利用数值分析手段,在衬底Si1-xGex中Ge组分x从0到1变化区间,选取不同介电常数的栅介质,且其厚度在一定范围内变化时,综合分析了纳米尺寸NMOS场效应管的转移特性曲线和输出特性曲线.分析表明,在栅介质的k值和厚度一定时,随着衬底中Ge组分x从0逐渐增大增加,器件阈值电压持续减小,直到x为85;时突然变大,而在Ge组分继续增大时,阈值电压又维持减小趋势.为了尽量避免隧穿效应,研究了高k栅介质厚度高于5 nm时的器件特性,结果表明,随着栅介质厚度的减小,器件阈值电压减小,驱动电流则持续增大.     

Science for the small and the tall,the young and the old

Public engagement becomes increasingly important for scientists. One reason is the demand of the taxpayer to know what her or his money is being spent on, and why. The other one is that in a world that increasingly relies on technology, student engagement even at a very young age becomes a target to assure the needed supply of well-educated and especially motivated scientists for the decades to come. And it falls on the older generation of current researchers to leave the comfort of their lab once in a while, to awaken the interest for science among the population. Many people may know that there is a ‘liquid crystal’ in their mobile (cell) phone display, but when prompted, no one really knows what that liquid crystal actually is, let alone how the display they use many times every day, actually works in principle. It is part of our job to change this. In this contribution Valentina Domenici and Ingo Dierking would like to report on two recent Science Festival events in which they took part, one held in Genoa, Italy, and the other in Manchester, UK.     

On the role of the porous shell of the solid core of the earth in the anomalous heat and mass flow to the mantle

The model of the pressure-induced first-order phase transition of a metal melt to the metallicglass state considers a thermodynamically nonequilibrium porous near-surface shell of the solid core of the Earth, which contacts cyclonic vortices in the liquid core. Anomalous flows of heat and light-material mass to the mantle from the solid core at these contact points are calculated. These anomalous flows are shown to be comparable with the observed ones under the assumption of a rapid increase in the melt viscosity at pressures of 1–10 Mbar, which is characteristic of a solid core. In this case, the porous layer permeability may be very low.     

On the inhomogeneity of the transition surface layer of the solid core of the earth

Different geophysical data and conclusions of theoretical models, which can give information about the behavior of the solid and liquid cores of the Earth as well as about the existence of a transition layer as a temperature-hysteresis region at a relatively weak first-order phase transition, are compared. It is concluded that liquid inclusions inevitably exist in this region; these inclusions are involved (due to the complex convective processes occurring in the liquid core) in the transport of light materials from some areas of the solid-core surface. The porosity and permeability of the transition layer determine the seismic acoustic inhomogeneities in these areas, which contact the convective flows in the liquid core. In particular, this explains the well-known ??east-west?? effect. Obviously, the model of the crystalline core is not the only possible alternative for a model of a core with a metallic glasslike structure.     

On the dependence of the surface tension at the crystal-melt interface on the impurity concentration

The stationary task of impurity diffusion in a melt has been solved within a two-dimensional crystallization model in a second-order approximation with respect to the amplitude of deviation from a smooth crystallization front. The dependence of the surface tension Γ at the interface on the impurity concentration C is taken into account in the form Γ = Γ₀ + ζ _d C, where Γ₀ and ζ _d are constants. The variational method is used to obtain the condition for the transition from a smooth crystallization front to a cellular one. It is shown that calculated cell sizes are in agreement with the experimental data in the literature only when the parameter ζ _d ≠ 0. For binary systems with distribution coefficients k < 1 and k > 1, ζ _d should be positive and negative, respectively.

     

A new example for the applicability of the relationship between the particle size and the kinetic of the crystal growth

Experiments have been made with PbCrO₄ precipitating system in a batch type tank. In the experiments the speeds of stirring and the residence times were changed. The particle size distribution of precipitates formed has been determined. The rate determining mechanism of the crystal growth were evaluated by two different methods (NIELSEN method and method elaborated in our institute). The two methods used have indicated the same informations about the rate determining processes. It also has been stated that the coagulation does not disturb the selection of the suitable growing mechanism.     

On the entropy difference between the vitreous and the crystalline state

The paper deals with the entropy difference between frozen-in phases and their equilibrium counterparts. First, the nature of data compiled in thermochemical data collections are briefly reviewed, comprising data for non-equilibrium phases. Then, experimental evidence from earlier literature is compiled showing that the conventional entropy of a frozen-in phase at zero Kelvin assumes a non-zero residual value S(0). Based on calorimetric data from multiple sources, the same evidence is elaborated for diopside glass, yielding S_glass(0) = 24.8 ± 3 J/(mol K), a value reproducing a result publishes earlier. The zero Kelvin enthalpy of this glass is H_glass(0) = 81±8 kJ/mol. For S_glass(0), a structural interpretation in terms of silicate chain mixing is proposed, yielding a lower threshold for S_glass(0). From the point of view of statistical mechanics, non-zero residual entropies of frozen-in phases can be derived from ensemble averages, however, not from time averages.     

On the slope of the growing pyramids

By means of some theoretical models the present work shows that pyramids of different slopes can grow on a crystal face at constant supersaturation due to the interaction between steps, arising from close spaced screw dislocations. Pairs of adjacent screw dislocations of opposite sign, as well as other groups of closely spaced screw dislocations, can operate as more active sources of growing steps than the single screw dislocations. Both independent and dependent step propagation velocities have been considered in the present discussion.     

On the Influence of the Crystallization Conditions on the Microstructure of the Directionally Solidified Eutectic of the LiF – LiYF4 System

This paper particularly deals with the transitions in degree and type of ordering of a given microstructure. As a model system the eutectic of the LiF – LiYF₄ system was used for studies of transitions from ‘anomal’ microtextures with non-cooperative production of seeds of both phases to the fibrous microtexture. It was shown that even if the matrix phase LiYF₄ contains a relative high volume ratio (36%) of LiF it is possible to create highly ordered fibrous microtextures with pronounced hexagonal ordering of particular LiF fibres. It was also shown that methods of image processing could be used for sensitive evaluation of small changes in degree of ordering of the microstructure. These procedures make possible a deeper understanding of the influence of the solidification conditions on the microstructure of the directionally solidified eutectic and creates possibilities for optimalisation of the technological process.