金催化的环化反应与钯催化的炔醇偶联/环化反应相结合用于合成多取代呋喃衍生物:串联反应的应用范围(英文)

开发了一种由金和钯催化π-活化由炔醇合成呋喃衍生物的集成方法.该合成策略是最显著的特点适用于带环辛基的底物,其适用范围比之前报道的有很大扩展.在Sonogashira反应条件下,由相应底物可直接得到环辛基呋喃.Pd在这些反应中起到2个重要作用:底物发生偶联反应的关键催化剂;通过π-活化促进炔醇中间体成环反应.该方法在一步合成3-碘呋喃反应中作用很突出,使通过偶联法进一步官能团化成为可能.我们还将AuBr_3用于多米诺成环/C-H键活化反应和无环前体的成环反应.本文结果表明,在该类成环反应中金和钯催化剂相辅相成.     

基于铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的研究进展

过渡金属催化的C-H键活化及在此基础上的C-C键形成的反应因其高原子经济性和高效的合成效率而备受人们的关注.铁元素具有含量丰富、廉价、易得、环境友好等优点,在催化反应中得到了越来越广泛的应用.近几年来,人们关于Fe催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键反应的研究也取得了一定的进展.本文对铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的最新研究进展作了综述,并且按照铁催化剂的不同价态进行了分类归纳,也对催化机理进行了阐述与总结.     

基于烯丙基-Au(Ⅰ)中间体的不对称杂-Ene型反应

噁唑/噁唑啉骨架广泛存在于天然产物和合成生物活性分子中,备受到化学工作者的关注[1].在众多合成方法中,炔丙基酰胺的分子内环化反应被认为是合成1,3-噁唑衍生物最直接和最具原子经济性的途径(Scheme 1,path a).反应的催化剂可以是酸、碱或过渡金属,如金、银、钯和铜等[2].其中Au配合物作为一类重要的软金属催化剂,能够有效活化碳碳叁键。     

钯催化的Grignard型反应

对钯催化的Grignard类型反应作了论述.总结了钯催化的有机卤化物或炔烃与C=O键或C≡N键的二组分反应和有机卤化物、烯烃或炔烃与C=O键或C≡N键的三组分反应.在这些反应中的C-Pd键是通过C-X键与Pd(0)的氧化加成或通过碳碳双键或叁键的碳/亲核钯反应生成,C-Pd键与C=O键或C≡N键之间的反应一般为分子内反应.当然,人们也观察到了通过芳香C-H键活化产生的芳基碳钯键与腈基的分子间反应.在这些反应中催化剂的再生是关键.本工作对反应的机理也作了一些探讨.     

钯催化的芳基C-H键三氟甲硫基化反应

报道了二价钯催化的高选择性芳基C-H键的三氟甲硫基化反应,其中稳定的三氟甲硫基苯胺2a作为三氟甲硫基试剂,醋酸钯作为催化剂,苯甲酰氯和醋酸银作为添加剂,反应在DMF中120℃条件下实现的.各种取代的吡啶都可以作为该反应的导向基团.反应中苯甲酰氯的添加对活化三氟甲硫基苯胺2a起着关键作用.该反应为合成邻位三氟甲硫基取代苯类衍生物提供了高效方便的方法.     

芳香甲基酮sp~3C-H活化和二聚偶联合成(E)-1,4-二酮

通过芳香甲基酮的sp~3C-H活化和二聚偶联有效地合成了(E)-1,4-二酮。在DMF中用醋酸钯作催化剂,溴化铜为氧化剂,该反应具有广泛的底物范围。     

Pd催化的配体导向C—H键乙酰化反应的理论研究

Pd催化的配体导向C-H键官能化反应已经成为有机化学中一种重要的合成手段. 我们用B3PW91密度泛函方法研究了Pd催化的配体导向C-H键乙酰化反应中催化剂和底物配合步骤以及C-H键活化步骤中的热力学性质. 研究发现, 具有不同导向基团的反应物之间竞争反应的选择性取决于导向基团与Pd(OAc)₂的配合步骤, 配合反应稳定常数大的较容易生成乙酰化的产物. 另一方面, 反应的选择性与C-H键的活化步骤无关, 并且与导向基团的配位原子的气相碱性、原子上的电荷密度以及最高占据轨道能量都没有相关性.     

钯催化的烯丙位C—H键官能团化:新催化体系的发展

烯丙位碳氢键活化官能化反应是构建碳碳键、碳杂原子键最直接的方法,也是最近有机化学研究的热点之一.从烯丙基底物类型和亲核试剂类型的角度出发,总结了最近几年来钯催化的烯丙位碳氢键活化官能团化反应及其在不对称合成中应用的最新研究进展.同时分析了各种新的钯催化体系在底物兼容性和亲核试剂范围上的优势和不足,并对今后烯丙位碳氢键活化的发展进行了展望.     

Fe-N-C单原子催化剂的C-H键选择性氧化反应（英文）

C-H键活化是近年来发展最为迅速的研究领域之一,从自然界中广泛存在C-H键的简单底物为原料,利用C-H键直接活化策略来构建高附加值的化学品是一类具有高原子经济性的化学反应.然而,由于C-H键的稳定性使得C-H键的选择性官能团化过程具有极大的挑战.例如,烃类化合物的C-H选择性氧化生成醇/酮化合物在C1化学以及有机合成反应中占据重要地位,同时C-H键的高解离能以及氧化试剂的高活性往往使得这类反应的选择性难以调控.近日,中科院大连化学物理研究所张涛和王爱琴领导的团队在脂肪族、芳香族烃类化合物的C-H选择性氧化反应中取得新的研究进展.作者使用Fe-N-C单原子催化剂,化学计量的叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂,在室温条件下实现了烃类化合物的选择性氧化反应,一系列底物包括带有吸电子基团的硝基(-NO_2)、供电子基团的甲氧基(-OCH_3)、杂环化合物以及脂肪族化合物(环己烷)均可以高选择性(98%)实现转化.事实上,Fe-N-C单原子催化剂的活性与选择性可与均相催化剂([Cu((R,R)-BPBP)]+)相媲美,同时该催化剂在绿色水溶剂中表现出优异的循环稳定性.这项工作的另一个意义在于建立起多相催化领域中活性位点与反应性能之间的构效关系.通过HAADF-STEM,XPS,XAS,ESR及穆斯堡尔谱等表征手段,清楚地证明Fe-N-C催化剂中三价铁离子存在多种配位结构(FeN_x,x=4,5,6),催化剂活性与Fe-Nx的特定结构密切关联.C-H键选择性氧化反应的最高活性位点为中自旋FeN_5位点,其活性高出低自旋/高自旋的FeN_6位点一个数量级,是FeN_4位点活性的3倍之多.而该FeN_5结构的数量在Fe-N-C-700的单原子催化剂上仅占18%,说明Fe-N-C催化剂的活性具有很大的提升空间.文中报道的Fe-N_x-C催化剂可被认为是一类新型的单原子催化剂,其中,N_x基团为一种强有力的配体.由于单原子催化剂兼具均相催化剂孤立均一的活性位点及多相催化剂易于循环使用的优势,单原子催化剂有望成为连接均相催化与非均相催化的桥梁.目前,单原子催化剂已成为多相催化领域一个新的研究热点与前沿.这篇工作中的FeN_5位点与血红蛋白的Fe中心结构类似,从这个角度出发,FeN_5位点为连接酶催化剂与多相单原子催化剂提供了一个很好的案例.然而,FeN_5位点周围环境的细微变化都会直接影响其反应活性以及选择性,从而导致多相催化中的FeN_5具有较差的O_2活化能力.因此,设计更为高效的多相单原子催化剂,实现类似于酶催化中高效高选择性地活化底物分子,仍然具有很大的挑战与空间.     

降冰片烯促进的钯催化多米诺Catellani反应研究进展

Catellani反应是在钯和降冰片烯的共同作用下对芳环上非活化的远程碳氢键进行直接官能化的一类多米诺反应.通过对芳基卤素邻位碳氢键的选择性活化和碳卤键本位的直接偶联取代,Catellani反应能够利用简单易得的芳香卤代烃作为起始原料,在一个反应里面同时构建多个新的化学键,合成结构比较复杂的含多取代基的芳(杂)环衍生物.分类型综述了Catellani反应在最近几年来取得的重要研究进展.     

亚砜叶立德在C—H键活化反应中的应用研究进展

过渡金属催化的导向C—H键活化反应具有反应效率高、选择性好、原子经济等优点,特别是卡宾前体参与的C—H活化反应已经发展为一种新颖的构筑碳碳键的合成策略.相比于传统的重氮化合物等卡宾前体,亚砜叶立德作为一种新型的卡宾前体,具有易于制备、性质稳定、操作安全等诸多优点,被广泛应用于C—H活化反应,可以便捷地转化成各种酰甲基化...     

无过渡金属体系下C(sp^2)—H键的自由基反应构建C—N键研究进展

C—N键广泛存在于药物分子、天然产物及功能材料中,开发简洁高效的C—N键构建方法具有重要意义.近年来,无过渡金属体系下C(sp^2)—H键的自由基反应构建C—N键取得了诸多进展.该方法反应条件相对温和,反应活性较高,为C—N键构建提供了一条新途径.根据氮源类型的不同,对近年来C(sp^2)—H键的自由基反应构建C—N键的研究进展进行简要论述.     

Transient and Recyclable Halogenation Coupling (TRHC) for Isoflavonoid Synthesis with Site-Selective Arylation

A transient and recyclable C−H iodination has been designed for the synthesis of isoflavonoids through the domino reactions of o-hydroxyphenyl enaminones and aryl boronic acids in the presence of catalytic KI and Pd catalyst. Instead of the conventional cross-coupling strategy employing pre-halogenated substrates, this method transforms raw C−H bond by means of a transient C−H halogenation to smoothly relay the subsequent C-arylation. Consequently, such a method avoids the pre-functionalization for C−halogen bond installation as well as the generation of stoichiometric halogen-containing waste following the cross-coupled product, disclosing an intriguing new coupling protocol to forge the C−C bond in the virgin area between classical C−X (X=halogen) bond cross coupling and the C−H activation.     

Transition Metal Promoted Cascade Heterocycle Synthesis through C−H Functionalization

Sequential, domino and tandem reactions could be defined as a sequence of synthetic transformations that occur one after the other, in the same reaction flask. This Review highlights recent advances at the overlap of two worlds: transition-metal mediated C−H activation as a trigger of cascade reaction, for the heterocycles synthesis. To shed some light on this intricate “middle-earth”, focus was put on the reaction mechanism rather than the type of metal or the chronological order of the reaction. The aim is to separate, and then highlight, the true domino reactions initiated by C−H activation, compared to other examples of C−H functionalization for heterocycle syntheses.     

吡啶二硫代酯与丁二烯杂Diels-Alder反应的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平上对吡啶二硫代酯与丁二烯的杂Diels-Alder反应的反应机理进行了理论计算研究, 并且也考虑了催化效应、溶剂化效应及取代基效应对反应机理和反应位垒的影响. 结果表明, 这些反应均以协同非同步的方式进行. 在大多数反应中, C—S键先于C—C键形成; 而在少数几个反应中, 则是C—C键先于C—S键形成. 催化剂和三甲基硅氧基取代基能通过改变反应物分子的前线轨道能级来降低反应的活化位垒. 溶剂只对涉及到离子物种的H^＋催化反应的势能剖面有明显影响. 对于BF₃催化的吡啶二硫代酯与1-三甲基硅氧基丁二烯的反应, 计算结果不仅正确预测了实验所发现的完全的区域选择性和较高的立体选择性, 而且表明这些结果很可能是由于在两个过渡态中存在C—H…F氢键相互作用造成的.     

Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Synthesis of 2‐Imino‐1H‐imidazol‐5(2H)‐ones and Quinoxalines Involving CC Bond Cleavage with a 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Unit as a Leaving Group

Although 2‐imino‐1H‐imidazol‐5(2H)‐ones have important biological activities in metabolism, their synthesis has rarely been investigated. Quinoxalines as “privileged scaffolds” in medicinal chemistry have been extensively investigated, but the development of novel and efficient synthetic methods remains very attractive. Herein, we have developed two copper‐catalyzed domino reactions for the synthesis of 2‐imino‐1H‐imidazol‐5(2H)‐ones and quinoxalines involving C?C bond‐cleavage with a 1,3‐dicarbonyl unit as a leaving group. The domino sequence for the synthesis of 2‐imino‐1H‐imidazol‐5(2H)‐ones includes aza‐Michael addition, intramolecular cyclization, C?C bond‐cleavage, 1,2‐rearrangement, and aerobic dehydrogenation reaction, whereas the domino sequence for the synthesis of quinoxalines includes aza‐Michael addition, intramolecular cyclization, elimination reaction, and C?C bond‐cleavage reaction. The two domino reactions have significant advantages including high efficiency, mild reaction conditions, and high tolerance of various functional groups.     

低碳烷烃与二氧化碳催化转化研究进展

页岩气革命为低碳经济发展提供了重要契机.在低碳烷烃(甲烷和乙烷)催化转化过程中,以二氧化碳作为氧化剂参与反应,通过C-H键的选择性活化可将页岩气转化为优质化工原料——合成气和乙烯,是一种低碳烷烃转化与二氧化碳资源化利用的工艺路线.本文总结了近年来甲烷干重整与乙烷和二氧化碳反应中与C-H键活化相关的研究进展,分析了甲烷干...     

Gold‐Catalyzed [3+2]/Retro‐[3+2]/[3+2] Cycloaddition Cascade Reaction of N‐Alkoxyazomethine Ylides

A novel cascade reaction has been developed for the synthesis of 2,6‐methanopyrrolo[1,2‐b]isoxazoles based on the gold‐catalyzed generation of an N‐allyloxyazomethine ylide. This reaction involves sequential [3+2]/retro‐[3+2]/[3+2] cycloaddition reactions, thus providing facile access to fused and bridged heterocycles which would be otherwise difficult to prepare using existing synthetic methods. Notably, this reaction allows the efficient construction of three C−C bonds, one C−O bond, one C−N bond and one C−H bond, as well as the cleavage of one C−C bond, one C−O bond and one C−H bond in a single operation. The intermolecular cycloaddition of an N‐allyloxyazomethine ylide and the subsequent application of the product to the synthesis of tropenol is also described.     

Metallo-organic domino reactions: C-H versus C-C bond breaking

HL and MeL are prepared by condensing benzil dihydrazone with 2-formylpyridine and 2-acetylpyridine, respectively, in 1:2 molar proportions. While in a reaction with [Ru(C(6)H(6))Cl(2)]2, HL yields the cation [Ru(C(6)H(6)){5,6-diphenyl-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazine}Cl]+, MeL gives the cation [Ru(C(6)H(6))(MeL)Cl]+. Both the cations are isolated as their hexafluorophosphate salts and characterised by X-ray crystallography. In the case of HL, double domino electrocyclic/elimination reactions are found to occur. The electrocyclic reaction occurs in a C=N-N=C-C=N fragment of HL and the elimination reaction involves breaking of a C-H bond of HL. Density functional calculations on model complexes indicate that the identified electrocyclic reaction is thermochemically as well as kinetically feasible for both HL and MeL in the gas phase. For a double domino reaction, similar to that operative in HL, to occur for MeL, breaking of a C-C bond would be required in the elimination step. Our model calculations show the energy barrier for this elimination step to be much higher (329.1 kJ mol(-1)) for MeL than that for HL (96.3 kJ mol(-1)). Thus, the domino reaction takes place for HL and not for MeL. This accounts for the observed stability of [Ru(C(6)H(6))(MeL)Cl]+ under the reaction conditions employed.     

Oxidation‐Induced C—H Functionalization: A Formal Way for C—H Activation

Cross‐coupling reactions have developed widely and provided a powerful means to synthesize a variety of compounds in each chemical field. The compounds which have C—H bonds are widespread in fossil fuels, chemical raw materials, biologically active molecules, etc. Using these readily‐ available substances as substrates is high atom‐ and step‐economy for cross‐coupling reactions. Over the past decades, our research group focused on finding and developing new strategies for C—H functionalization. Compared with classical C—H activation methods, for example, C—H bonds are deprotonated by strong base or converted into C—M bonds, oxidation‐induced C—H functionalization would be another pathway for C—H bond activation. This perspective shows a brief introduction of our recent works in this oxidation‐induced C—H functionalization. We categorized this approach of these C—H bond activations by the key intermediates, radical cations, radicals and cations.