Theoretical Study on Reactivity of Electron Transfer in Model—System of Oxidation of α—Amino Carbon—centered Radical by O2

Electron transfer reaction between a simplified model model molecule of α－amino carbon-centered radical and O2 has studied with ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-31 G^**//UHF/6-31 G^** level,The reactant complex and the ion pair complex have been optimized and employed to perform calculation of the reaction heat and the reorganization energy,Solvent effects have been considered by applyning the conductor-like screening model,Theoretical results show that the highly endothermic charge separation process ,in which one electron transfers from the α－amino carbon-centered radical to O2,so as to form an ion pair complex,is difficult to occur in gas-phase,By apply-ing an external electronic field to prepare the charge-locallized molecular orbitals,the charge-separated state has been obtained using the initial-guess-induced self-consistent field technique,The theoretical investigations indicate that the solvent effect in the process of the oxidation of α-animo carbon-centered radical by O2 is remarkable.From the rate constant estima-tion ,it can be predicted that the oxidation of the model donor molecule by O2 can proceed,but not very fast.A peroxyl radi-cal compound has been found to be a competitive intermediate in the oxidation process.     

Theoretical Study on the NO2＋NO2^— Electron Transfer Reaction

The NO2 NO2^- electron transfer reaction was studied with DFT-B3LYP method at 6-311 G^* basis set level for the eight selected structures:four species favor the structure of “head to head”.The geometry of transition state was obtained by the linear corrdinate method.Three parameters,non-adiabatic activation energy(Ead),coupling matrix element(Hif) and reorganization energy(λ) for electron transfer reaction can be calculated.According to the reorganization energy of the ET reaction,the values obtained from George-Griffith-Marcus (GGM) method(the contribution only from diagonal elements of force constant matrix) are larger than those obtained from Hessian matrix method(including the contribution from both diagonal and off-diagonal elements), which suggests that the coupling interactions between different vibrational modes are important to the inner-sphere reorganization energy for the ET reactions in gaseous phase.The value of rate constant was obtained by using above three activation parameters.     

Theoretical Study on the Kinetics of Electron Transfer for Bond—breaking Reaction

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＦｒｅｅｒａｄｉｃａｌｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍｈａｌｏｇｅｎａｔｅｄｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓｈａｓｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｅａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｉｔｓｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆ ｉｃａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｒｅｌｅｖａｎｃｅ .1 6 Ｔｈｉｓｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓｅｅｍｓｔｏｐｌａｙａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ .Ｂｏｎｄ ｂｒｅａｋ ｉｎｇｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｉｓａｐｏｗｅｒｆｕｌｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｔｏｏｌｔｏｐｒｏｖ…     

Internal Reorganization Energy Contributed by Torsional Motion in Electron Transfer Reaction between Biphenyl and Biphenyl Anion Radical

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ (ＥＴ)ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｆｏｕｎｄｔｏｂｅａｎｅｌｅｍｅｎｔａｌｓｔｅｐｉｎｍａｎｙｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓｉｎｄｅｅｄ .1 6ＩｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＥＴｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｂｉｐｈｅｎｙｌ (Ｂｐ)ａｎｄａｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆｏｒ ｇａｎｉｃｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ ,ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄｂｙＭｉｌｌｅｒｅｔａｌ.,ｉｓｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｓｕｃ ｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｅ…     

Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism of SiCl_4 with H in the Gas Phase

1 INTRODUCTION Semiconductor silicon materials are vital for mi- croelectronic and information industry. Silicon has many advantages, for example, rich resource, out- standing quality and sophisticated processing tech- nology. So it has been widely used in semiconduc- tor industry. One of the key techniques of mo- dern microelectronic industry is epitaxial growth of single crystal thin film on single crystal silicon and its ba- cking materials. In the chemical vapour deposition of Si, g…     

Theoretical Study on Gas—phase Pyrolytic Reactions of N—Ethyl,Isopropyl and N—t—Butyl Substituted 2—Aminopyrazine

Density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio methods were used to study gas‐phase pyrolytic reaction mechanisms of iV‐ethyl, N‐isopropyl and N‐t‐butyl substituted 2‐aminopyrazine at B3LYP/6–31G* and MP2/6–31G*, respectively. Single‐point energies of all optimized molecular geometries were calculated at B3LYP/6–311 + G(2d,p) level. Results show that the pyrolytic reactions were carried out through a unimolecular first‐order mechanism which were caused by the migration of atom H(17) via a six‐member ring transition state. The activation energies which were verified by vibrational analysis and correlated with zero‐point energies along the reaction channel at B3LYP/6–311 + G(2d,p) level were 252.02 kJ. mo^?1 (N‐ethyl substituted), 235.92 kJ‐mol^?1 (N‐t‐isopropyl substituted) and 234.27 kJ‐mol^?1 (N‐t‐butyl substituted), respectively. The results were in good agreement with available experimental data.     

Theoretical Study on Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer of 2-（2＇-Aminophenyl）benzimidazole Derivatives： Substituent EffectE-C=O or E-OSi. The K＊ configuration become more stable than E＊ in S~ state when substitutent is E-CC, E-NH, E-CO, E-...

研究了2-（2’-氨基苯基）苯并咪唑（APBI）氨基中一个H被CH3（E-C）,Sill3（E-OSi）,NH2（E-N）,COH（E-CO）,N02（E-N02）,CF3（E-F）,CN（E-CN3）,OMe（E-OMe）,COCH3（E-CC）,Ts（E-S）,P-CH3C6H4CO（E-C=0）和P-CH3C6H4NHCO（E-NH）取代后,其基态及激发态分子内质子转移（ESIPT）性质的变化规律．结果表明各衍生物基态最稳定构型为烯醇式构型E,次稳定构型旋转异构体R,酮式构型K只有当取代基为E-CN3,E-F,E-N02,E-N,E-OMe和E-S时才存在．基态各环的核独立化学位移（NICS）研究表明取代基的引入会影响APBI环电子离域性．所有APBI衍生物都能发生激发态分子内质子转移,当引入取代基为E-CN3,E-N或E-OMe时,所得的APBI衍生物S1态分子内质子转移是无能垒过程;引入取代基为E．c,E．C=O或E．OSi时,对APBI的ESIPT势能面基本无影响,而当取代基为E-CC,E-NH,E-CO,E-F,E-N02和E-S时,使得Sl态APBI的K’构型能量低于E     

Radical Stability Directs Electron Capture and Transfer Dissociation of β‐Amino Acids in Peptides

We report on the characteristics of the radical‐ion‐driven dissociation of a diverse array of β‐amino acids incorporated into α‐peptides, as probed by tandem electron‐capture and electron‐transfer dissociation (ECD/ETD) mass spectrometry. The reported results demonstrate a stronger ECD/ETD dependence on the nature of the amino acid side chain for β‐amino acids than for their α‐form counterparts. In particular, only aromatic (e.g., β‐Phe), and to a substantially lower extent, carbonyl‐containing (e.g., β‐Glu and β‐Gln) amino acid side chains, lead to N? C_β bond cleavage in the corresponding β‐amino acids. We conclude that radical stabilization must be provided by the side chain to enable the radical‐driven fragmentation from the nearby backbone carbonyl carbon to proceed. In contrast with the cleavage of backbones derived from α‐amino acids, ECD of peptides composed mainly of β‐amino acids reveals a shift in cleavage priority from the N? C_β to the C_α? C bond. The incorporation of CH₂ groups into the peptide backbone may thus drastically influence the backbone charge solvation preference. The characteristics of radical‐driven β‐amino acid dissociation described herein are of particular importance to methods development, applications in peptide sequencing, and peptide and protein modification (e.g., deamidation and isomerization) analysis in life science research.     

A Model Electron Transfer Reaction in Confined Aqueous Solution

Liquid water confined within nanometer-sized channels exhibits a strongly reduced local dielectric constant perpendicular to the wall, especially at the interface, and this has been suggested to induce faster electron transfer kinetics at the interface than in the bulk. We study a model electron transfer reaction in aqueous solution confined between graphene sheets with classical molecular dynamics. We show that the solvent reorganization energy is reduced at the interface compared to the bulk, which explains the larger rate constant. However, this facilitated solvent reorganization is due to the partial desolvation by the graphene sheet of the ions involved in the electron transfer and not to a local dielectric constant reduction effect.     

Highly Efficient Singlet–Singlet Energy Transfer in Light‐Harvesting [60,70]Fullerene–4‐Amino‐1,8‐naphthalimide Dyads

New C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerene dyads formed with 4‐amino‐1,8‐naphthalimide chromophores have been prepared by the Bingel cyclopropanation reaction. The resulting monoadducts were investigated with respect to their fluorescence properties (quantum yields and lifetimes) to unravel the role of the charge‐transfer naphthalimide chromophore as a light‐absorbing antenna and excited‐singlet‐state sensitizer of fullerenes. The underlying intramolecular singlet–singlet energy transfer (EnT) process was fully characterized and found to proceed quantitatively (Φ_EnT≈1) for all dyads. Thus, these conjugates are of considerable interest for applications in which fullerene excited states have to be created and photonic energy loss should be minimized. In polar solvents (tetrahydrofuran and benzonitrile), fluorescence quenching of the fullerene by electron transfer from the ground‐state aminonaphthalimide was postulated as an additional path.     

Electron transfer NO 2 + +NO→N02+NO+ in aromatic nitration

A simple model for computing the electron transfer rate constant of a cross-reaction has been proposed in the framework of semiclassical theory and employed to investigate the electron transfer system NO ₂ ⁺ /NO. The encounter complex of electron transfer NO ₂ ⁺ +NO→N0₂+NO⁺ has been optimized at the level of UHF/6-31G. In the construction of diabatic potential energy surfaces the linear coordinate was used and the kinetic quantities, such as the activation energies and the electron transfer matrix elements, have been obtained. For comparison, the related selfexchange reactlon systems NO ₂ ⁺ /NO₂ and NO⁺/NO were kinetically investigated. The calculated activation energies for the electron transfer reactions of systems NO ₂ ⁺ /NO, NO ₂ ⁺ /NO₂, and NO⁺/NO are 81.4, 128.8, and 39.8 kJ.mol^-1, respectively. With the solvent effect taken into account, the contribution of solvent reorganization to the activation energy has been estimated according to the geometric parameters of the transition states. The obtained rate constants show that the activity of NO ₂ ⁺ as an oxidizing reagent in the aromatic nitration will be greatly decreased due to a high activation barrier contributed mainly from the change of bond angle ONO.     

Photoredox Catalytic α‐Alkoxypentafluorosulfanylation of α‐Methyl‐ and α‐Phenylstyrene Using SF6

SF₆ was applied as pentafluorosulfanylation reagent to prepare ethers with a vicinal SF₅ substituent through a one‐step method involving photoredox catalysis. This method shows a broad substrate scope with respect to applicable alcohols for the conversion of α‐methyl and α‐phenyl styrenes. The products bear a new structural motif with two functional groups installed in one step. The alkoxy group allows elimination and azidation as further transformations into valuable pentafluorosulfanylated compounds. These results confirm that non‐toxic SF₆ is a useful SF₅ transfer reagent if properly activated by photoredox catalysis, and toxic reagents are completely avoided. In combination with light as an energy source, a high level of sustainability is achieved. Through this method, the proposed potential of the SF₅ substituent in medicinal chemistry, agrochemistry, and materials chemistry may be exploited in the future.     

Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Olefins for the Synthesis of α‐ and β‐Amino Acids

The field of asymmetric (transfer) hydrogenation of prochiral olefins has been dominated by noble metal catalysts based on rhodium, ruthenium, and iridium. Herein we report that a simple nickel catalyst is highly active in the transfer hydrogenation using formic acid. Chiral α‐ and β‐amino acid derivatives were obtained in good to excellent enantioselectivity. The key toward success was the use of the strongly donating and sterically demanding bisphosphine Binapine.     

α-Silyl Ethers as Hydroxymethyl Anion Equivalents in Photoinduced Radical Electron Transfer Additions

Nucleophilic α -hydroxymethyl radicals can be generated from α-silyl ethers by irradiation in the presence of 9,10-anthracenedicarbonitrile (ADC) and biphenyl (BP). Under these conditions the hydroxymethyl radicals are not oxidized further but add directly to electron-poor alkenes [Eq. (a); EWG=electron-withdrawing group]. The radical adduct undergoes back electron transfer to form the carbanion, which is protonated. R=PhCH₂, tBuMe₂Si, Me; TMS=Me₃Si.