基于超磁致伸缩材料的光纤光栅调谐范围研究

研究了基于超磁致伸缩材料实现对光纤布拉格光栅的动态调谐这一方案理论上可获得的最大调谐范围．利用超磁致伸缩换能器的输出特性,进行了超磁致伸缩换能器用于光纤布拉格光栅调谐的实验研究．分析了实验中影响可获得调谐范围的各种因素,如实际可获得的超磁致伸缩材料的特性、光纤布拉格光栅的特性以及换能器结构的设计．进一步讨论了在理论界限的前提下改进该方案可获得调谐范围的措施,并以施加预应力为例进行了实验验证．结果表明,通过给予超磁致伸缩材料合适的预应力,可以较明显地改善最大调谐范围．     

低频大功率稀土磁致伸缩弯张换能器的有限元设计理论及实验研究:Ⅰ.理论部分

首次分析了磁致伸缩换能器各组件有限单元中的能量关系,由此导出了磁致伸缩换能器有限元设计的动力学方程;计算了Ⅶ型弯张换能器壳体及弯张换能器的振动模态,指出在诸模态中存在一呼吸模式,技能器若是工作在这一呼吸模式上,将能获得较大的体积速度及较高的声源级。     

磁致伸缩-压电联合激励凹筒型发射换能器

设计制作了一种新型磁致伸缩-压电联合激励凹筒型发射换能器,采用稀土超磁致伸缩材料Terfenol-D与PZT压电陶瓷作为联合激励元件,模拟计算与实测结果均表明,与采用单一振子激励的凹筒型发射换能器相比,此种新型换能器在保持尺寸小、频率低等优点的同时,显著拓宽了工作频带并提高了辐射声功率.换能器外型尺寸为φ88 mm×316 mm,水中谐振频率1.30 kHz,-3 dB带通Q值1.43,谐振频率下发射电压响应级135.1 dB.     

磁致伸缩-压电混合激励Janus换能器结构特征参量与纵振频率之间的关系

为了拓宽Janus换能器的工作频带,使用超磁致伸缩材料Terfenol-D与PZT压电陶瓷作为混合激励元件驱动Janus换能器,研究了其结构特征参量与纵振频率之间的关系.首先归纳了磁致伸缩-压电混合激励Janus换能器的12个结构特征参量.随后通过模态分析,证明换能器具有两种纵振动模态.最终经过有限元仿真计算,总结分析...     

第三讲让声纳系统耳目一新:新型水声换能器与换能器新技术

文章综述了新型水声换能器设计与换能器新技术的重要进展.主要涉及：稀土超磁致伸缩材料、弛豫铁电材料、压电聚合物薄膜等新材料的发展及其水声换能器的新设计,基于新结构的新型水声换能器,利用不同能量转换机理的新型水声换能器,宽带换能器新技术等等;对于接收型换能器着重介绍了光纤水听器和矢量水听器.     

铁镓驱动弯曲圆盘换能器设计及振动特性研究

为了研究新型磁致伸缩材料——铁镓合金(Galfenol)在换能器中应用,本文设计了一种低频弯曲圆盘换能器。借助有限元软件仿真分析换能器振动模态,对换能器结构参数进行优化设计,并研制了换能器样品。利用激光测振仪测量了换能器空气中模态及不同电流驱动下振动位移,测得振动模态与仿真结果吻合,换能器空气中共振频率为913 Hz,辐射头能够产生的最大振动位移达到93μm,磁致伸缩材料达到饱和应变。结果表明:铁镓材料能够驱动弯曲圆盘换能器大振幅振动;铁镓作为磁致伸缩换能器驱动材料具有较好的应用前景。     

非线性磁电换能器模型的谐振磁电效应分析及其输出功率优化

基于非线性磁致伸缩材料的本构方程,建立了一种“磁-力-电”多场耦合的层合磁电换能器的有限元模型,研究了不同偏置磁场下的谐振磁电效应.基于等效电路模型和二端口网络理论,实现了对谐振状态下磁电系数和等效源阻抗的完整求解.在磁电换能器与负载电阻之间引入优化的L节匹配网络,在提升负载功率的同时拓展了工作带宽.仿真结果与相关文献数据吻合,证实了该模型的准确性和有效性.仿真结果表明,所研究的层合磁电换能器,其磁电系数在450 Oe的偏置磁场下达到51.79 V/(cm·Oe)@51.4 kHz,在350 Oe的偏置磁场下达到极限输出功率–3.01 dBm@50.4 kHz.以保证负载功率为前提,通过优化匹配网络,可实现2.30 dB的功率提升和2.27倍的带宽拓展.本文所建立的非线性有限元模型充分考虑了偏置磁场对谐振磁电效应的影响,该研究结果对小型化磁耦合无线功率传输系统的设计和性能提升具有重要的指导意义.     

不锈钢波纹管检测换能器的设计与应用研究

研制了一种用于不锈钢波纹管检测的磁致伸缩换能器。首先选用多物理场耦合分析软件对圆管的磁场分布规律进行有限元仿真,证实增加铁磁性条带后,磁场强度显著提高。而后通过均匀包裹一层镍合金薄带的方式,改进了磁致伸缩换能器的结构,并成功识别出环向裂纹缺陷。同时分析了试验过程中不确定度的来源,推导出了仅含有直接测量值的标准不确定度合成公式。研究结果为采用磁致伸缩换能器进行不锈钢波纹管缺陷无损评价提供了理论依据。      

磁致伸缩-压电联合激励凹简型发射换能器

设计制作了一种新型磁致伸缩-压电联合激励凹简型发射换能器,采用稀土超磁致伸缩材料Terfenol-D与PZT压电陶瓷作为联合激励元件,模拟计算与实测结果均表明,与采用单一振子激励的凹筒型发射换能器相比,此种新型换能器在保持尺寸小、频率低等优点的同时,显著拓宽了工作频带并提高了辐射声功率。换能器外型尺寸为φ88 mm×316 mm,水中谐振频率1．30 kHz,-3 dB带通Q值1．43,谐振频率下发射电压响应级135．1 dB。     

采用磁电换能器的振动能量采集器

采用磁致伸缩/压电层合磁电换能器设计了一个振动能量采集器,该能量采集器采用悬臂梁作为振动敏感机构,并用四个NdFeB磁铁组成磁路放在悬臂梁末端.该磁路在空气隙中产生梯度较大的非均匀磁场,使得磁电换能器在较小的振动下感应到较大的磁场变化量,输出较高的功率.利用等效磁荷理论,分析了空气隙磁场分布以及振动时磁路受到的磁力,并用林斯泰特-庞加莱法研究了能量采集器的非线性振动特性,同时将能量采集器的振动方程和换能器的磁电特性结合,分析了能量采集器谐振时的机-磁-电转换特性.通过实验表明：理论与实验符合得较好,且在加 关键词： 振动能量采集 磁致伸缩/压电层合材料 机磁电转换 非线性振动     

宽光谱AOTF匹配网络对光谱衍射效率影响的研究

基于声光可调滤波器(acousto-optic tunable filter,AOTF)光谱成像分析仪在可见至红外光谱的多个谱区内广泛应用,对AOTF的光谱带宽及衍射效率提出了更高的要求。超声换能器作为AOTF的核心部件,其3 dB工作带宽决定AOTF的光谱衍射范围,故在同一声光介质上制作两片厚度不同的换能器来提高AOTF光谱带宽。由于超声换能器在不同频率下具有不同的输入阻抗,当驱动信号源输出阻抗与超声换能器输入阻抗失配时会产生能量损耗,导致无法把功率最大限度的传递给超声换能器,从而使AOTF光谱衍射效率降低,影响光谱成像清晰度。通过射频电路先进设计系统(ADS)仿真及实验测试,设计了一种新型宽带阻抗匹配网络,在60～200 MHz带宽范围内,阻抗匹配网络功率效率达到90％以上,光谱衍射效率最高达90％,提高了在420～1 150 nm波段内的光谱灵敏度。     

Optimization of ultrasonic transducers

The so-called KLM-model for ultrasonic transducers is employed to optimize transducer design. Some new performance characteristics are defined which change monotonically with design parameters. These characteristics are based on the area of the envelope of the echo waveform produced by the transducer and of the corresponding amplitude spectrum. The efficiency of the transducer is defined by the round trip energy factor. The performance characteristics are used in a composite performance measure, which is then employed as a criterion in the optimization procedure. Two transducers are investigated: for medical imaging purposes and for spectral analysis of clinical echograms. The influence of electrical matching, backing impedance, matching layer impedance, bond line thickness and series induction on the optimized transducers is investigated.     

The efficiency of a magnetostrictive transducer unit: Part 2

In this second part of our paper, the analytical method of impedance bridge determination of transducer efficiency discussed in Part 1 is applied to experimental observations made on two magnetostrictive transducer units. A resonance impedance bridge circuit suitable for experimental observations on magnetostrictive transducers when an excitation current is superposed on a relatively high polarising dc current is also discussed.     

频率自动跟踪超声波电源设计

针对超声波电源工作时负载状态改变,换能系统产生谐振漂移的问题,提出了一种基于STM32的频率自动跟踪超声波电源的设计。电源逆变电路采用带辅助网络的全桥结构,阻抗匹配电路选择了一种改进型的T型匹配网络,应用PWM移相调功技术控制电源的输出功率,通过数字鉴相技术得到电压电流的相位差作为电路谐振状态的反馈信号,结合STM32主控制器进行PI控制,调节PWM波的输出频率使电路始终工作于谐振状态,实现了谐振频率的自动跟踪。最后基于该设计方案,实际制作了一款应用于超声波清洗仪的电源,并通过实验验证了该电源具有输出功率稳定,负载适应性强,输出频率自动跟踪等特点。     

Fabrication and comparison of PMN-PT single crystal, PZT and PZT-based 1-3 composite ultrasonic transducers for NDE applications

This paper describes fabrication and comparison of PMN-PT single crystal, PZT, and PZT-based 1-3 composite ultrasonic transducers for NDE applications. As a front matching layer between test material (Austenite stainless steel, SUS316) and piezoelectric materials, alumina ceramics was selected. The appropriate acoustic impedance of the backing materials for each transducer was determined based on the results of KLM model simulation. Prototype ultrasonic transducers with the center frequencies of approximately 2.25 and 5 MHz for contact measurement were fabricated and compared to each other. The PMN-PT single crystal ultrasonic transducer shows considerably improved performance in sensitivity over the PZT and PZT-based 1-3 composite ultrasonic transducers.     

Determination of acoustic impedances of multi matching layers for narrowband ultrasonic airborne transducers at frequencies <2.5 MHz - Application of a genetic algorithm

The effective ultrasonic energy radiation into the air of piezoelectric transducers requires using multilayer matching systems with accurately selected acoustic impedances and the thickness of particular layers. One major problem of ultrasonic transducers, radiating acoustic energy into air, is to find the proper acoustic impedances of one or more matching layers. This work aims at developing an original solution to the acoustic impedance mismatch between transducer and air. If the acoustic impedance defences between transducer and air be more, then finding best matching layer(s) is harder. Therefore we consider PZT (lead zirconate titanate piezo electric) transducer and air that has huge acoustic impedance deference. The vibration source energy (PZT), which is used to generate the incident wave, consumes a part of the mechanical energy and converts it to an electrical one in theoretical calculation. After calculating matching layers, we consider the energy source as layer to design a transducer. However, this part of the mechanical energy will be neglected during the mathematical work. This approximation is correct only if the transducer is open-circuit. Since the possibilities of choosing material with required acoustic impedance are limited (the counted values cannot always be realized and applied in practice) it is necessary to correct the differences between theoretical values and the possibilities of practical application of given acoustic impedances. Such a correction can be done by manipulating other parameters of matching layers (e.g. by changing their thickness). The efficiency of the energy transmission from the piezoceramic transducer through different layers with different thickness and different attenuation enabling a compensation of non-ideal real values by changing their thickness was computer analyzed (base on genetic algorithm). Firstly, three theoretical solutions were investigated. Namely, Chebyshev, Desilets and Souquet theories. However, the obtained acoustic impedances do not necessarily correspond to a nowadays available material. Consequently, the values of the acoustic impedances are switched to the nearest values in a large material database. The switched values of the acoustic impedances do not generally give efficient transmission coefficients. Therefore, we proposed, in a second step, the use of a genetic algorithm (GA) to select the best acoustic impedances for matching layers from the material database for a narrow band ultrasonic transducer that work at frequency below the 2.5 MHz by considering attenuation. However this bank is rich, the results get better. So the accuracy of the propose method increase by using a lot of materials with exact data for acoustic impedance and their attenuation, especially in high frequency. This yields highly more efficient transmission coefficient. In fact by using increasing number of layer we can increase our chance to find the best sets of materials with valuable both in acoustic impedance and low attenuation. Precisely, the transmission coefficient is almost equal to unity for the all studied cases. Finally the effect of thickness on transmission coefficient is investigated for different layers. The results showed that the transmission coefficient for air media is a function of thickness and sensitive to it even for small variation in thickness. In fact, the sensitivity increases when the differences of acoustic impedances to be high (difference between PZT and air).     

Vibration amplitude and induced temperature limitation of high power air-borne ultrasonic transducers

The acoustic impedances of matching layers, their internal loss and vibration amplitude are the most important and influential parameters in the performance of high power airborne ultrasonic transducers. In this paper, the optimum acoustic impedances of the transducer matching layers were determined by using a genetic algorithm, the powerful tool for optimizating domain. The analytical results showed that the vibration amplitude increases significantly for low acoustic impedance matching layers. This enhancement is maximum and approximately 200 times higher for the last matching layer where it has the same interface with the air than the vibration amplitude of the source, lead zirconate titanate-pizo electric while transferring the 1 kW is desirable. This large amplitude increases both mechanical failure and temperature of the matching layers due to the internal loss of the matching layers. It has analytically shown that the temperature in last matching layer with having the maximum vibration amplitude is high enough to melt or burn the matching layers. To verify suggested approach, the effect of the amplitude of vibration on the induced temperature has been investigated experimentally. The experimental results displayed good agreement with the theoretical predictions.     

Influence of acoustic impedance of multilayer acoustic systems on the transfer function of ultrasonic airborne transducers

In different solutions of ultrasonic transducers radiating acoustic energy into the air there occurs the problem of the proper selection of the acoustic impedance of one or more matching layers. The goal of this work was a computer analysis of the influence of acoustic impedance on the transfer function of piezoceramic transducers equipped with matching layers. Cases of resonance and non-resonance matching impedance in relation to the transfer function and the energy transmission coefficient for solid state-air systems were analysed. With stable thickness of matching layers the required shape of the transfer function can be obtained through proper choice of acoustic impedance were built (e.g. maximal flat function). The proper choice of acoustic impedance requires an elaboration of precise methods of synthesis of matching systems. Using the known matching criteria (Chebyshev's, DeSilets', Souquet's), the transfer function characteristics of transducers equipped with one, two, and three matching layers as well as the optimisation methods of the energy transmission coefficient were presented. The influence of the backside load of the transducer on the shape of transfer function was also analysed. The calculation results of this function for different loads of the transducer backside without and with the different matching layers were presented. The proper load selection allows us to obtain the desired shape of the transfer function, which determines the pulse shape generated by the transducer.     

Bonding and impedance matching of acoustic transducers using silver epoxy

Silver epoxy was selected to bond transducer plates on glass substrates. The properties and thickness of the bonding medium affect the electrical input impedance of the transducer. Thus, the thickness of the silver epoxy bonding layer was used as a design parameter to optimize the structure for the transducer input impedance to match the 50 Ω output impedance of most radio frequency (RF) generators. Simulation and experimental results show that nearly perfect matching is achieved without using any matching circuit. At the matching condition, the transducer operates at a frequency band a little bit below the half-wavelength resonant frequency of the piezoelectric plate. In experiments, lead titanate (PT) piezoelectric plates were employed. Both full-size, 11.5 mm × 2 mm × 0.4 mm, and half-size, 5.75 mm × 2 mm × 0.4 mm, can be well matched using optimal silver epoxy thickness. The transducer assemblies demonstrate high efficiency. The conversion loss from electrical power to acoustic power in soda-lime glass is 4.3 dB. This loss is low considering the fact that the transducers operate at off-resonance by 12%. With proper choice of silver epoxy thickness, the transducer can be matched at the fundamental, the 3rd and 5th harmonic frequencies. This leads to the possible realization of triple-band transducers. Reliability was assessed with thermal cycling test according to Telcordia GR-468-Core recommendation. Of the 30 transducer assemblies tested, none broke until 2900 cycles and 27 have sustained beyond 4050 cycles.     

压电换能器等效模型分析与阻抗匹配设计

声光可调滤光器(Acousto-optic tunable filter,AOTF)的衍射效率不仅与功率信号源的质量、声光晶体氧化碲(TeO_2)的切型有关,而且压电超声换能器的结构以及其阻抗匹配网络也对AOTF的衍射效率有很大影响。本文对X切型铌酸锂(LiNbO_3,LN)四层镀膜压电超声换能器的等效模型进行了分析,确定了声光介质存在时换能器的阻抗特性,利用射频微波仿真软件,设计了电感-电容复合匹配网络。将换能器压合在TeO_2上,用复色光作为光源进行了声光衍射实验,经仿真与实验验证表明,该匹配电路可以有效的改善压电换能器的阻抗特性,提高换能器带宽,提高能量传输效率,AOTF衍射效率最高可达92.67%。