共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Mane-Rose-Sanclio Paul Boullanger Robert Ltoublon 《Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces》1993,1(6)
Alkyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosides were incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer of small unilamellar vesicles. Depending on the lengths of the alkyl aglycone group (C8–C14), the carbohydrate was either found in the form of micelles (C8) or was effectively incorporated in the bilayer (C14). The use of radiolabelled lipids and/or carbohydrates enabled the quantitative determination of the amounts of lipid and carbohydrate recovered into the vesicles. An enzymatic assay has been carried out to evaluate the outer and inner distribution of the carbohydrate moieties on the liposomes. 相似文献
2.
在水相中用谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)为稳定剂合成了量子产率为61%、发射峰为601.2nm的CdTe-GSH量子点,然后用大豆卵磷脂为膜,通过减压蒸发法合成了粒径在1.5μm左右大小的大单室CdTe量子点脂质体(GUVs-CdTe).GUVs-CdTe对量子点的包封率比其他量子点脂质体显著提高,可达86.3%.由静脉注射到小白鼠体内后,各组织切片的荧光显微照片表明GUVs-CdTe不能通过血脑屏障和气血屏障,主要被网状内皮系统去除,在脾脏和肝脏呈弥漫状分布,这和大单室脂质体静脉注射体内后的代谢完全一致. 相似文献
3.
Polymer-free and polymer-bearing small unilamellar (SUV) liposomes from dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) were prepared
under standardized conditions. Polymer-bearing liposomes were formed by incorporating an uncharged polymer [hydrolyzed poly(vinyl
alcohol) (PVA), poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinylacetal) (PVA-Al), poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl propional) (PVA-Prol) poly(vinyl
alcohol-co-vinyl butiral) (PVA-Bul) copolymer or poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)] into the membrane bilayer of vesicles. The
kinetic (long-term) stability of the liposome dispersions stored in distilled water, in physiological NaCl solution and at
various pH values, respectively, were studied. The physical stability of vesicles was tested by measuring the size and the
zeta potential of liposomes by means of a Malvern Zetasizer 4 apparatus.
It was shown that most of these polymers are effective steric stabilizers for the DMPC-liposomes. Among the polymers, the
PVA-Bul and PVA-Prol copolymers and the PVP of high molecular mass exhibited the most efficient stabilizing effect at each
pH studied, indicating that the formation of a relatively thick polymer layer around the lipid bilayers ensures an enhanced
and prolonged physical stability of liposomes. Also, the butiral or propional side chain in the PVA-based copolymers presumably
promotes the anchoring of macromolecules to the vesicles. Using these macromolecules, the colloidal interactions between vesicles
can be modified and so the physical stability of liposomes and the kinetic stability of liposome dispersions can also be controlled.
Received: 20 May 1997 Accepted: 03 September 1997 相似文献
4.
The characteristics of poly(oxyethylene) hydrogenated caster oil ether (HCO-10) vesicles were studied for the standpoints
of encapsulation efficiency, stability, solubilization and permeability or barrier efficiency. The vesicles of 5% HCO-10 had
6.24% of calcein-entrapment efficiency and 240 nm of mean diameter. The stability of HCO-10 vesicle suspensions was dependent
on their concentrations. In the vesicle suspensions of 10% HCO-10 or more, both the size of the vesicles and the fluidity
of the suspensions obviously varied with incubation time, indicating that a flocculation occurred; whereas, the vesicle suspension
of 5% HCO-10 was relatively stable. The solubilization process of HCO-10 vesicles by SDS was similar to that of EggPC liposomes.
The rate constants for permeation of Cl ion and calcein were 2.46×10-3 s-1 and 5.79×10-5 s-1, respectively, suggesting that HCO-10 vesicles possessed some barrier potential for Cl ion and calcein although they were
smaller than those of liposomes. Furthermore, the efflux of the solute such as calcein from HCO-10 vesicles was maximum at
37 °C, where the vesicle membrane was presumably destabilized by dehydration of EOs in HCO-10 molecules.
Received: 7 May 1996 Accepted: 3 September 1996 相似文献
5.
T. Z. Ivanova I. Panaiotov F. Boury J. E. Proust R. Verger 《Colloid and polymer science》1997,275(5):449-457
The enzymatic hydrolysis of a model poly(D,L-lactide) by cutinase was studied by using a barostat surface balance. A theoretical approach based on the adaptation of the
Michaelis–Menten scheme at the interface and a process of random fragmentation of the macromolecules was developed. The role
of the interfacial organisation of the reaction products was discussed. Hydrolysis rate constant values and the specific activity
were estimated and compared with those obtained for the hydrolysis of lipid monolayers.
The process of fragmentation of the interfacial polymer structures was visualised by using AFM imaging.
Received: 19 August 1996 Accepted: 13 December 1996 相似文献
6.
Jean-Louis Pouchou Denis Boivin Pierre Beauchêne Guy Le Besnerais Fabien Vignon 《Mikrochimica acta》2002,139(1-4):135-144
The paper describes the current state of a multidisciplinary research project which aims to apply advanced stereovision methods
to the 3D reconstruction of rough surfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. SEM stereo imaging compares very
favourably to atomic force microscopy (AFM) in a medium range corresponding to elevations less than 10 μm and scanned size
less than 100 μm. But the interest of the stereoscopic method is that it enables to characterise wider fields with higher
elevations. 相似文献
7.
We evaluated the activation and inhibition effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) on lipoprotein lipase
(LPL) for medium or long chain-triglycerides (TG) in monolayers at the air/water interface. Monolayers of medium chain-TG,
being in an expanded state at a surface pressure of 15 mN/m, showed low susceptibility to LPL in the subphase. Adding 50 mole%
of PC or SM into these monolayers reduced the partial molecular area of the TG and enhanced the LPL activity. Monolayers of
long chain-TG, being in a condensed state, showed high susceptibility of LPL either with or without PC. SM added to the long
chain-TG monolayers, however, inhibited the LPL action. We investigated the interaction between TG and phospholipid on the
basis of the collapse pressure-measurements of mixed monolayers. For medium chain-TG monolayers, PC and SM gave similar collapse
pressure-composition profiles. Contrary to this, SM gave a markedly higher collapse pressure of long chain-TG than PC: SM
stabilized the monolayer state of long chain-TG. These results suggested that I) orientation of the acyl chains of TG molecule
in a monolayer is crucial for the LPL activity, and that II) strong interaction between SM and long chain-TG retards the substrate-transfer
from the mixed monolayer to the catalytic pocket of LPL.
Received: 6 March 1996 Accepted: 19 July 1996 相似文献
8.
Olga Dmitrenko Robert D. Bach Rafal R. Sicinski Wolfgang Reischl 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》2003,109(4):170-175
B3LYP calculations in conjunction with natural bond orbital population analysis have been performed for a previtamin D model
and corresponding transition structures for the [1,7]-hydrogen migration. In addition the 19,19-difluoro, 19-methoxy and 19-fluoro
substituted analogs were investigated. The calculated activation barriers decrease in the following order: CHF2>CH3>CH2OCH3 (24.8, 23.5 and 20.1 kcal/mol). This is in qualitative agreement with experiments. It has been suggested that a decrease
of the barrier by a 19-methoxy substituent and its increase by a 19,19-difluoro substituent are phenomena of different origin.
In the case of 19-methoxy substitution, the effect is due to the charge redistribution in the triene system and the decrease
of the C(19)–H bond energy. The effect of two fluorine substituents at C-19 on the activation barrier is suggested to originate
from the combination and balance of several factors: electrostatic repulsion between the negative fluorine atom and the π-electron
cloud over the conjugated system, an increase of the HOMO–LUMO gap, and geminal difluoro substitution affecting C–F and C–C
bond energies.
Received: 17 May 2002 / Accepted: 11 September 2002 /
Published online: 14 February 2003 相似文献
9.
We have investigated a practical lower limit of a pore-size estimation by the nitrogen desorption isotherms at 77 K using
the Kelvin equation. Changes in pore size of porous silica glasses before and after the monolayer preadsorption of n-propylalcohol were estimated by measuring the nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms. These changes should correspond
to the thickness of monolayer of adsorbed n-propylalcohol. The thickness of monolayers obtained for the samples whose pore sizes are below ca. 2 nm were underestimated,
when the Kelvin equation was applied to the nitrogen desorption isotherms using the values of surface tension and molar volume
of bulk liquid nitrogen at 77 K. Below ca. 2 nm pore radius a careful application of the Kelvin equation is required to estimate
a pore size. These results suggest that a change in the physical properties of liquid nitrogen in such a small pore occurs.
It is supposed that the interaction between the solid surface and adsorbate molecules causes the changes in the surface tension
and density of liquid nitrogen in such a narrow pore.
Received: 21 March 1997 Accepted: 18 July 1997 相似文献
10.
V. Papadimitriou A. Xenakis C. T. Cazianis F. N. Kolisis 《Colloid and polymer science》1997,275(7):609-616
Structural and catalytic properties of cutinase were studied in bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfo-succinate (AOT)-isooctane
microemulsion systems. The effect of the water content of the microemulsions on the cutinase activity on an esterification
reaction of lauric acid with pentanol showed that cutinase followed a bell-shaped profile presenting a maximum at w
o=9, with w
o=[H2O]/[AOT]. Kinetic studies allowed the determi-nation of the apparent parameters K
m and V
max. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy studies of active site labeled cutinase in microemulsions with varying
w
o values showed that in all microemulsions, the mobility of the label is higher than in the aqueous solution. Furthermore,
it was found that the maximum of the enzyme activity did not correspond to a reduced active site mobility. Up to w
o=9 there was an increase of both activity and active site mobility. As the water content of the system became higher, the
mobility of the bound spin label further increased whereas the enzymatic activity dropped considerably.
Received: 20 December 1996 Accepted: 24 February 1997 相似文献
11.
Kenichi Izawa Toshiaki Ogasawara Hideki Masuda Hirofumi Okabayashi Charmian J. O'Connor Isao Noda 《Colloid and polymer science》2002,280(4):380-388
The polymerization of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane in ethanol, catalyzed by 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 M HCl·H2O, has been examined using time-resolved near-IR (NIR) and 2D NIR correlation techniques. The time-resolved NIR results have
demonstrated that the growth of polymeric aggregates prior to the phase separation proceeds in a two-step process, which depends
upon the HCl concentration. Furthermore, it has been found that the 2D NIR correlation data provide direct information on
the sequence of the intricate reaction steps and interaction of participating components through hydrogen bonding in the growth
process.
Received: 25 July 2001 Accepted: 16 October 2001 相似文献
12.
Investigation on the basic hydrolysis of crystal violet in mixed reverse micelles formed with AOT and nonionic surfactants 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The kinetics and thermodynamics of the basic hydrolysis of crystal violet (CV) in mixed reverse micelles formed with anionic
surfactant AOT and nonionic surfactants have been investigated. It was found that the mixed reverse micelles had inhibitory
effects on CV hydrolysis compared with the normal aqueous solution, and the equilibrium constant K of the reaction in mixed reverse micellar systems is smaller than that in pure water. The influence of water content and
surfactant composition in reverse micelles on the second-order rate constant k
1 of the positive reaction, on the first-order rate constant k
-1 of the reverse reaction, as well as on the equilibrium constant K of the reaction has been studied, and the results obtained were interpreted in terms of the nature of surfactants and the
properties of microenvironment where the reaction took place.
Received: 24 October 1997 Accepted: 18 March 1998 相似文献
13.
A. Hernández Jiménez B. Vinagre Jara J. Hernández Santiago 《Colloid and polymer science》2002,280(5):485-489
The stress relaxation of two different polymers under a constant strain has been studied and approached by using a fractional
Maxwell model in which the stress appears as a noninteger-order derivative of the strain. To obtain an accurate approximation
of the experimental data for the model, two noninteger values for the derivative order are required. These values are related
to two relaxation types. For short times, the derivative order is smaller and near zero, which indicates behavior close to
the ideal elastic solid. For long times the derivative order is higher, showing more plastic behavior. In this work some classic
models are revised and the fractional Maxwell model is used to fit the experimental data. Finally, the complex fractional
modulus, the two derivative orders, and the relaxation times for samples of polycarbonate and poly(vinyl chloride) are obtained.
Received: 16 June 2001 Accepted: 19 October 2001 相似文献
14.
Gary Tresadern Paul F. Faulder M. Paul Gleeson Zubeir Tai Grant MacKenzie Neil A. Burton Ian H. Hillier 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》2003,109(3):108-117
Hybrid quantum mechanical (QM)/molecular mechanical (MM) calculations are used to study two aspects of enzyme catalysis,
Kinetic isotope effects associated with the hydride ion transfer step in the reduction of benzyl alcohol by liver alcohol
dehydrogenase are studied by employing variational transition-state theory and optimised multidimensional tunnelling. With
the smaller QM region, described at the Hartree–Fock ab initio level, together with a parameterised zinc atom charge, good
agreement with experiment is obtained. A comparison is made with the proton transfer in methylamine dehydrogenase. The origin
of the large range in pharmacological activity shown by a series of α-ketoheterocycle inhibitors of the serine protease, elastase,
is investigated by both force field and QM/MM calculations. Both models point to two different inhibition mechanisms being
operative. Initial QM/MM calculations suggest that these are binding, and reaction to form a tetrahedral intermediate, the
latter process occurring for only the more potent set of inhibitors.
Recieved 3 October 2001 / Accepted: 6 September 2002 / Published online: 31 January 2003
Contribution to the Proceedings of the Symposium on Combined QM/MM Methods at the 222nd National Meeting of the American
Chemical Society, 2001
Correspondence to: I. H. Hillier
Acknowledgements. We thank EPSRC and BBSRC for support of the research and D.G. Truhlar for the use of the POLYRATE code. 相似文献
15.
Ewa Bobrowska-Grzesik 《Mikrochimica acta》2001,136(1-2):31-34
Derivative spectrophotometry was applied for the simultaneous determination of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid in pharmaceutical
preparations: “Augmentin” inj. and tablets and “Amoksiklav” drops and tablets, in solutions after hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide.
As the absorption spectra overlap strongly (amoxycillin λmax = 247 nm and 290 nm, clavulanic acid λmax = 258 nm) the first and the second derivative spectrophotometric procedure was elaborated for their determination. Amoxycillin
was determined at λ = 257.9 nm (1-st derivative spectra) or λ = 273 nm (2-nd derivative) while clavulanic acid at λ = 280.3 nm
(1-st derivative) or λ = 285 nm (2-nd derivative spectra). The Beer’s law is obeyed in the range of 0.004–0.04 mg/ml for amoxycillin
and 0.002–0.02 mg/ml for clavulanic acid.
Received December 6, 1999. Revision August 1, 2000. 相似文献
16.
Markus Pietzsch Thomas Waniek Richard J. Smith Svetoslav Bratovanov Stefan Bienz Christoph Syldatk 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》2000,131(6):645-653
Summary. The sterospecificities of hydantoinases and N-carbamoyl amino acid amidohydrolases (N-carbamoylases) from different microbial
sources were investigated for the stereoselective syntheses of the unnatural silicon-containing amino acids D- and L-3-trimethylsilyl-alanine (3) from the respective racemic hydantoin D,L-1. In a preparative biotransformation, whole resting cells of Agrobacterium sp. IP I 671, immobilized in a Ca-alginate matrix, were used for the synthesis of amino acid D-3 in 88% yield and 95% enantiomeric excess. Since the purified D-N-carbamoylase from Agrobacterium sp. IP I 671 was shown to be 100%D-selective, the enantiomeric purity of 95% of D-3 arising from the transformation with the immobilized cells must be explained by the participation of a further, L-selective N-carbamoylase or, which is more likely, by racemization of the final hydrolysis product by the action of an amino
acid racemase. Isolated hydantoinases from Bacillus thermoglucosidasius, Thermus sp., Arthrobacter aurescens DSM 3745, and Arthrobacter crystallopoietes DSM 20117 turned out to be stereospecific for the conversion of the D-form of hydantoin D,L-1. The enantiomerically pure L-form of 3 was also prepared. It was synthesized from racemic N-carbamoyl amino acid D,L-2 by enantiomer-specific hydrolysis of the L-form in presence of L-N-carbamoylase from Arthrobacter aurescens DSM 3747.
Received December 20, 1999. Accepted January 7, 2000 相似文献
17.
A method for the preparation of chromium-doped (pink), manganese-doped (brown) and cobalt-doped (blue) alumina pigments consisting
of spherical particles of broad size distribution (<5 μm) is reported. The procedure, based on the room-temperature hydrolysis
of aerosols generated from a mixture of aluminum sec-butoxide and a solution of the corresponding metal nitrates in sec-butanol, yields amor-phous solids. The temperature of calcination and the composition of the so produced powders were varied
to investigate their effects on the color properties of the pigments, which were also characterized in terms of their composition,
crystalline structure and electrokinetic behavior.
Received: 15 April 1997 Accepted: 25 June 1997 相似文献
18.
When the quality system of the health care organization is certified and the laboratory accredited, two different types of
assessments are also performed. To reduce the extra work caused by these different assessments the Finnish Accreditation Service
FINAS and SFS-Certification have made a pilot experiment in combining the assessments. Joint assessments have been a positive
experience to the laboratory as well as to the assessing bodies, and we find this operating model worth developing. 相似文献
19.
The interaction of a nonionic polymeric surfactant with an anionic surfactant at the oil–water interface has been studied
by its effects on the droplet size, stability and rheology of emulsions. Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions were prepared using
isoparaffinic oil and mixtures of a nonionic polymeric surfactant with an anionic surfactant. The macro-molecular surfactant
was a graft copolymer with a backbone of polymethyl methacrylate and grafted polyethylene oxide (a graft copolymer with PEO
chains of MW=750). The anionic surfactant was sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The stabiliza-tion of the emulsion droplets was
found to be different when using one or the other surfactant. The mechanism of stabilization of emulsion droplets by the macro-molecular
surfactant is of the steric type while the stabilization by anionic surfactant is of the electrostatic repulsion type. Emulsions
stabilized with mixtures present both types of stabilization. Other effects on the preparation and stabilization of emulsions
were found to be dependent on properties associated with the surfactant molecular weight such as the Marangoni effect and
Gibbs elasticity. The initial droplet size of the emulsions showed a synergistic effect of the surfactant combination, showing
a minimum for the mixtures compared to the pure components. Emulsion stability also shows a synergistic interaction of both
surfactants. Rheological measurements allow for the estimation of the interparticle interaction when measured as a function
of volume fraction. Most of the effects observed can be attributed to the differences in interfacial tension and droplet radius
produced by both surfactants and their mixtures. The elastic moduli are well explained on the basis of droplet deformation.
Ionic versus steric stabilization produce little difference in the observed rheology, the only important differences observed
concerned the extent of the linear viscoelasticity region.
Received: 22 November 1996 Accepted: 24 March 1997 相似文献
20.
In this work turbidimetric and nephelometric techniques have been used to study the homocoagulation of aqueous dispersions
of uniform spherical particles of surfactant-free latexes. Cationic and anionic latexes of similar particle sizes (361 and
370 nm) and different surface charge densities (+16.4 and −3.6 μC/cm2) were used throughout. The kinetic constants which control the aggregation processes when the electrical repulsion disappears
were estimated by both techniques at different particle concentration and wavelength in order to establish the experimental
conditions which provided reliable and similar values for the coagulation rate constant. Both experimental techniques (turbidity
and nephelometry) and two ways of fitting the data have been used with both latexes. For the first method, the initial slope
of turbidity or total scattered intensity versus time curves were used to calculate the kinetic constants. In the second method,
the whole turbidity or total scattered intensity versus time curves were fitted and the kinetic constants calculated. An unambiguous
experimental value for the doublet rate constant in diffusion conditions is obtained by turbidity and nephelometry techniques.
By nephelometry both data treatments have permitted a distinction between the doublet rate constant and the global rate constant
in diffusion conditions.
Received: 2 June 1997 Accepted: 14 August 1997 相似文献