Infrared Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction Studies on the Structure and Thermal Behavior of Biodegradable Polyhydroxyalkanoates

The structure and thermal behavior of new types of bacterial copolyester, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate); P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=2.5, 3.4, and 12 mol %) have been explored by means of wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The WAXD pattern of P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=12 mol %) copolymer measured at room temperature has revealed that it has an orthorhombic system (α=β=γ=90°) with a=5.76Å, b=13.20Å, c=5.96Å (fiber repeat), which is identical to that of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). It has been found from the temperature-dependent variations of the WAXD pattern that only the a lattice parameter shows the thermal expansion, while the b lattice parameter changes little with temperature in the crystalline P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=12 mol %). This observation suggests that there are inter and intramolecular interactions between C=O groups and alkyl groups along the a axis and that interactions are broken little by little with temperature. IR spectra were measured for the four kinds of polymers over a temperature range from 30°C to high temperatures (200°C; PHB, 180°C; P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=2.5 mol %), 180°C; P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=3.4 mol %), 150°C; P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=12 mol %)). Temperature-dependent IR spectral variations were analyzed for the CH, C=O, and C-O-C stretching band regions, and bands characteristic of crystalline and amorphous parts were identified in each region. It has been found from the IR study that the strength of interaction between the C=O group and the CH₃ (or CH₂) group is similar among the four polymers and that the population of C=O groups that are not involved in the interaction becomes higher with the increase in HHx. Both WAXD and IR studies have revealed that the crystallinity of P(HB-co-HHx) (HHx=12 mol %) decreases gradually starting from relatively low temperature (about 60°C) while that of PHB remains high up to 170°C.     

Ni—Fe合金电沉积层结构的穆斯堡尔谱与X射线衍射研究

用穆斯堡尔谱及X射线衍射技术研究不同Fe含量的Ni-Fe合金电沉积层的结构.当Fe含量小于46 at％时,该合金层为γ相(F. C.C.);Fe含量大于63 at％时为α相(B.C.C.);在46 at％～63 at％之间两相共存.Fe含量为25 at％左右时,存在部分有序的Ni_3Fe结构;Fe含量为35 at％～46 at％时,出现富铁相γ’(F.C.C.).由于富铁相的存在,使Fe含量在约46 at％时出现α相,而在冶炼的Ni-Fe合金中,只有当Fe含量达70 at％时才出现α相.γ相合金的晶格参数一般随Fe含量的增加而增大,Fe含量在～25 at％时,因有序的Ni_3Fe存在使晶格参数略为减小.当α、γ相共存时,γ相合金的晶格参数基本不变.     

Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Diffraction Studies in Solid-State Chemistry

Neutron diffraction studies, especially with powders, play an important role in structural solid-state chemistry, making possible the precise determination of the location of light atoms, particularly hydrogen, and enabling a distinction to be made between certain neighboring elements in the periodic table that are difficult to distinguish in experiments with X-rays. Neutron diffraction investigations also make a unique contribution in the area of magnetic structure determination. The availability of intense synchrotron X-rays sources, however, is opening up new opportunities to the structural chemist, many of them complementary to the “traditional” strengths of neutron methods. The key features of synchrotron radiation in relation to structural studies are the wavelength tunability, which facilitates the use of resonant diffraction methods, and the high brightness and excellent vertical collimation of the source, which make possible the construction of diffractometers with unparalleled angular and spatial resolution. The following types of experiments are now possible with synchrotron X-ray diffraction: (1) The ab initio determination of structures from powder diffraction data. (2) The differentiation between different oxidation states of an element (valence contrast experiments) based upon the sensitivity of an absorption edge to the valence of the element in question. (3) The differentiation of elements adjacent to each other in the periodic table, which is now feasible with synchrotron X-rays for all elements beyond chromium. (4) Site-selective X-ray absorption spectroscopy. (5) The study of cation occupancies in materials where more than one element occupies a site that is, or may be, partially occupied. (Such problems are important in zeolite chemistry and high-temperature superconductors.) (6) The determination of crystal structures from microcrystals. (7) In situ and rapid, time-resolved diffraction studies. This review examines the roles played by X-ray and neutron diffraction studies in modern solid-state chemistry, and describes some recent examples in which the use of neutron radiation or synchrotron X-rays has been advantageous.     

红外光谱法测定汽油中的甲缩醛

通过对异辛烷、汽油和甲缩醛的红外谱图进行分析,确定了1 145 cm–1处吸收峰作为甲缩醛的红外定量谱带。基于朗伯–比耳定律,分别采用0.1,0.2,0.5 mm光程池,对系列浓度标准溶液进行吸光度的测定,建立校准曲线,适合定量的溶液浓度范围分别为0.2~4.2,0.1~2.2,0.1~0.9 g/L;线性方程分别为Y=0.070X+0.001,Y=0.136X+0.001,Y=0.322X+0.002;相关系数分别为0.999 5,0.999 8,0.999 7。质量浓度在0.1~2.2 g/L之间的试样溶液应优先采用0.2mm光程池,测定结果的相对误差小于5%,重复性相对标准偏差小于2.0%(n=6)。     

Estimation of Quality of Petroleum Bitumens by NMR Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction

Certified and substandard paving bituments of Kirishi Petroleum Processing Plant were studied by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The differences in the aromaticity degree of asphaltenes and malthenes of these bitumens were revealed. The parameters of layered-block stacks of the asphaltenes were measured.     

分子手性的温度效应：D-丙氨酸的变温X衍射和中子衍射研究

利用X衍射（300, 270, 250 K）和中子衍射（300, 260, 250, 240 K）研究D-氨酸单晶在静态的和动力学的变温过程中的结构特征以及考证Salam预言的由D到L构型转变的可能性. 实验发现丙氨酸晶体的空间群P212121对称性没有改变. 实验结果否定了构型相变的可能，但是发现在~250 K有一个微小的、连续的对称性破缺发生. 晶体分子振动产生的环电流模型可以用来解释D-和L-丙氨酸单晶直流磁化率和天然旋光角相反的现象， 与之相关的中子衍射数据进一步揭示了变温过程中αC－H(2), N－H(1), N－H(4), N－H(6) 键长的不同变化. 中子衍射还显示了质子移动所导致的动力学无序，来源于分子内氨基和羧基形成的氢键和分子间αC－H和氨基形成的氢键，从而产生的晶格扭曲和NH³⁺的扭转. 实验结果表明Salam预言相变不是传统意义的结构相变，而是由于温度效应导致了在相变点附近分子的宇称破缺能差（PVED）增大，然后通过氨基酸分子的隧道效应扩大了宇称破缺能差的影响，这一研究为生命现象中快速的均一手性形成提供了非线性机理的合理解释.     

聚乙烯片晶辐照破坏的X射线散射研究

聚乙烯片晶辐照破坏的Ｘ射线散射研究王国英，姜炳政（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所长春１３００２２）关键词辐照聚乙烯，广角Ｘ射线衍射，小角Ｘ射线散射有关聚乙烯辐照破坏和交联问题，Ｈｏｓｅｍａｎ等［１］从Ｘ射线衍射的研究指出，辐照交联和破坏在晶区内部发生；...     

Rapid Determination of the Main Compounds in Crude and Processed Atractylodes macrocephala Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance

Infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance was investigated for the rapid determination of atractylenolide I and atractylenolide III contained in crude and processed Atractylodes macrocephala. High performance liquid chromatography was used as a reference method for the analysis, and a multivariate calibration model based on a partial least squares algorithm was developed to correlate the spectra and values determined by the reference method. The results suggested that the relative deviation of the predicted contents of atractylenolide I and atractylenolide III in the samples were less than 5.0%, which proved the stability and reliability of the models used. The proposed method is fast and nondestructive, and provides a novel, efficient, and environmentally-friendly approach for the rapid determination of the active components in crude and processed traditional Chinese herbal medicines.     

Molecular Motions in Crystalline Anthracene and Naphthalene from Multitemperature Diffraction Data

Atomic Displacement Parameters (ADPs) of anthracene (94 – 295 K), (D₁₀)anthracene (16, 295 K), naphthalene (92 – 239 K), and (D₈)naphthalene (12, 295 K) have been analyzed with the help of an Einstein‐type model of local, molecular normal modes. The low‐frequency motions are expressed in terms of molecular translations, librations, and deformations, and account for the temperature dependence of the experimental ADPs. Their frequencies decrease with increasing temperature due to crystal expansion. For anthracene, enough data of sufficient quality are available to determine two low‐frequency out‐of‐plane deformation modes. The corresponding frequencies of naphthalene are much higher and cannot be extracted from the available data, which are more limited qualitatively and quantitatively. The mean‐square amplitudes due to the high‐frequency normal modes are also extracted from the diffraction data. They agree satisfactorily with those obtained for molecules in the gas phase from density‐functional theory. Contributions to the ADPs that cannot be interpreted in terms of motion are small but significant. The case study presented here shows that dynamic aspects of molecular structure can be obtained from single‐crystal diffraction studies. For optimal results, experiments must be performed over as large a temperature and resolution range as possible, and factors affecting ADP's but not representing motion have to be kept to a minimum, e.g., by avoiding disorder, parametrizing X‐ray data with multipole models, and minimizing absorption and extinction.     

In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Studies of the Mechanochemical Synthesis of ZnS from its Elements

Mechanochemistry, as a synthesis tool for inorganic materials, became an ever-growing field in material chemistry. The direct energy transfer by collision of the educts with the milling media gives the possibility to design environmental-friendly reactions. Nevertheless, the underlying process of energy transfer and hence the kinetics of mechanosynthesis remain unclear. Herein, we present in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies coupled with pressure measurements performed during the formation of ZnS and the subsequent phase transition (PT) from the hexagonal to the cubic modification. Milling Zn and S₈ results in the sublimation of S₈, observed by a sudden pressure increase. Simultaneously, the hexagonal metastable ZnS-modification (wurtzite) forms. Via detection of the pressure maximum, the exact start of the wurtzite formation can be determined. Immediately after the formation of wurtzite, the structural PT to the thermodynamic stable cubic modification sphalerite takes place. This PT can be described by the Prout-Tompkins equation for autocatalytic reactions, similar to thermally induced PT in sulfur vapor at high temperatures (T>1133 K). The increase in the reactivity of the wurtzite formation is explained by the reaction in sulfur vapor and the induction of defect structures by the collisions with the milling media.     

Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction Analyses of the Core and Shell Compartments of an Iron-Rich Fulgurite

Fulgurites are naturally occurring structures that are formed when lightning discharges reach the ground. In this investigation, the mineralogical compositions of core and shell compartments of a rare, iron-rich fulgurite from the Mongolian Gobi Desert were investigated by X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The interpretation of the Raman data was helped by chemometric analysis, using both multivariate curve resolution (MCR) and principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed for the fast identification of the minerals present in each region of the fulgurite. In the core of the fulgurite, quartz, microcline, albite, hematite, and barite were first identified based on the Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics analyses. In contrast, in the shell compartment of the fulgurite, the detected minerals were quartz, a mixture of the K-feldspars orthoclase and microcline, albite, hematite, and goethite. The Raman spectroscopy results were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of powdered samples of the two fulgurite regions, and are consistent with infrared spectroscopy data, being also in agreement with the petrographic analysis of the fulgurite, including scanning electron microscopy with backscattering electrons (SEM-BSE) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) data. The observed differences in the mineralogical composition of the core and shell regions of the studied fulgurite can be explained by taking into account the effects of both the diffusion of the melted material to the periphery of the fulgurite following the lightning and the faster cooling at the external shell region, together with the differential properties of the various minerals. The heavier materials diffused slower, leading to the concentration in the core of the fulgurite of the iron and barium containing minerals, hematite, and barite. They first underwent subsequent partial transformation into goethite due to meteoric water within the shell of the fulgurite. The faster cooling of the shell region kinetically trapped orthoclase, while the slower cooling in the core area allowed for the extensive formation of microcline, a lower temperature polymorph of orthoclase, thus justifying the prevalence of microcline in the core and a mixture of the two polymorphs in the shell. The total amount of the K-feldspars decreases only slightly in the shell, while quartz and albite appeared in somewhat larger amounts in this compartment of the fulgurite. On the other hand, at the surface of the fulgurite, barite could not be stabilized due to sulfate lost (in the form of SO₂ plus O₂ gaseous products). The conjugation of the performed Raman spectroscopy experiments with the chemometrics analysis (PCA and, in particular, MCR analyses) was shown to allow for the fast identification of the minerals present in the two compartments (shell and core) of the sample. This way, the XRD experiments could be done while knowing in advance the minerals that were present in the samples, strongly facilitating the data analysis, which for compositionally complex samples, such as that studied in the present investigation, would have been very much challenging, if possible.     

Study of Fe- and Ni-Containing Lignins by Diffuse Reflectance IR Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction

Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A - The electronic and phase states of Fe and Ni in catalysts supported on hydrolyzed lignin and sodium lignosulfonate are studied by spectral means (DRIFTS...     

红外光谱与核磁共振波谱在甲壳素结构研究中的应用

本文综述了红外光谱和核磁共振波谱在甲壳素和壳聚糖的乙酰度、衍生物的取代位置和取代度、晶体结构和结晶度以及构型和构象、与离子和其他分子间的相互作用等研究领域的应用状况，引用文献61篇。     

Prediction of the Quality of Petroleum Tars and Bitumens by Infrared Spectroscopic and X-ray Diffraction Methods

The degree of aromaticity of petroleum tars, bitumens, and their fractions is characterized by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.     

X射线衍射分析非晶二氧化硅结构及其物化性质的研究

研究用不同水玻璃浓度合成的4个非晶沉淀二氧化硅样品的物化性质、近红外、热重差热行为。并用X射线衍射手段分析了非晶二氧化硅的结构参数,结果表明样品的短程有序范围在5～6个原子距离。最近邻配位数与最近邻原子距离的变化与样品的吸油值相一致,一定程度上反映了样品结构的紧密程度。     

红外和拉曼光谱用于对丝蛋白构象的研究

动物丝纤维和相关丝蛋白材料的性能与丝蛋白本身的二级结构即构象密切相关。红外光谱和拉曼光谱是研究蛋白质构象的有力手段,因此在丝蛋白结构的研究中也有广泛的应用。本文综述了红外光谱和拉曼光谱在家蚕、野蚕(主要是柞蚕)和蜘蛛丝蛋白研究方面的应用,并对表征丝蛋白各种构象的红外和拉曼特征峰进行了较为全面的归纳总结。     

离子色谱法结合红外光谱法检验氯化琥珀胆碱

建立了离子色谱法结合红外光谱法检验案件中氯化琥珀胆碱的分析方法。用离子色谱法使离子分离后,采用电导检测器检测,同时结合红外光谱法将检材样品挥干后与溴化钾压片用红外光谱仪检测。结果表明,该方法能从案件检材中检出氯化琥珀胆碱成分,相似度达到96%。所建立的方法操作简单,检测灵敏,结果准确,可用于刑事案件中检材的快速检验。     

羟基乙酸钠X射线粉末衍射数据的精确测定与指标化研究

报道了羟基乙酸钠X射线衍射数据的精确测定及指标化结果.羟基乙酸钠为正交晶系,空间群为P2₁212(18),晶胞参数:a=1.0581(1)nm,b=0.6440(1)nm,c=0.5303(1)nm,V=0.3613(1)nm³,Z=4,D_x=1.802g·cm^-3,D_m=1.786g·cm^-3,M₂₀=38,F₃₀=51(0.0088,68),F₅₉=48(0.0081,153).     

Determination of Sulfate Groups in Complex Mixtures by Infrared Spectroscopy

The possibility of the quantitative determination of sulfates in mixtures containing copper and nickel carbonates and sulfides was investigated. It was found that, for 0.1–50 wt % of sulfate (gypsum), the ratio of intensities of the absorption bands in the IR spectrum of the mixture in the range 700–600 cm^–1 is a linear function of its concentration. This dependence can be used for the determination of trace sulfates.     

红外光谱法对可生物降解聚合物微球中血红蛋白含量的测定

建立了可生物降解聚合物微球中血红蛋白含量的红外光谱分析方法.选择合适的内标物,排除了聚合物壳材和表面活性剂残留的光谱干扰,不需对样品进行分离.工作曲线的相关系数达0.999 8,回收率为98% ～100%,相对标准偏差小于4.2%.