沉积层声学特性对浅海低频声场分布的影响

已有对浅海低频水声场的讨论多是关注声能量在水体中的分布特性,对水体下沉积层、基底中低频声传播的同步研究相对较少。本文基于波动方程,在柱坐标系下推导了一种浅海水体/海底统一波导下低频声能流的计算模型,在此基础上结合具体仿真算例与波动理论阐述了不同沉积层声学参数对声场能量分布的影响规律及机理。仿真结果表明,在沉积层纵波声速>水中声速>沉积层横波声速的前提下,沉积层中密度与纵波声速数值越大,声能量越趋于保留在水体中而不向海底泄漏,横波声速的影响正好相反;沉积层厚度增加到一定量后,基底对流体层中声传播的影响可近似忽略不计。      

南海北部海域内波环境下声传播损失起伏统计特性

浅海内波会引起声传播能量随时间的起伏变化,进而影响水声设备的工作性能.本文利用2015年南海北部一次浅海声场起伏实验数据,对比分析了浅海线性内波和孤立子内波条件下的声传播损失统计特性.在孤立子内波条件下,声传播损失起伏明显加剧,可达11 dB,且分布明显展宽,相对于线性内波的环境,声传播损失起伏可增加5 dB.从简正波...     

声波水平折射引起水平位移椭圆极化和声能流水平偏转

针对矢量水听器测向的应用要求,研究了三维水声传播问题中水平折射对声矢量场特性的影响。理论分析表明,水平折射可使质点水平位移从线性极化转变为椭圆极化,同时引起声能流方向的水平偏转。声能流方向的水平偏转导致波达方向偏离目标水平方位,对目标水平方位估计造成误差。采用虚源法仿真了倾角为2.86°的楔形波导中的三维声矢量场,并给出了空间各点处由水平折射引起的单矢量水听器目标方位估计误差。结果显示,部分区域中由水平折射引起的目标方位估计误差可达10°以上。      

南中国海海域存在孤立子内波条件下的 声场统计特性*

利用南海浅海海域低频声传播起伏实验中获取的水文数据,结合二维平流模型重构出声传播路径上的动态声速场,使用蒙特卡洛方法研究了有、无孤立子内波经过声传播路径条件下的声传播损失统计特性,并与实验结果进行了对比分析。仿真和实验结果表明：当孤立子内波经过声传播路径时,声传播损失起伏剧烈;与“下发上收”相比,“下发下收”情况下传播损失的概率分布更加分散。     

浅海环境中矢量水听器角度谱特性

为探明远场舰船噪声和近场平台噪声声能流相互作用的机制对矢量水听器角度谱特性的影响,基于简正波矢量场理论,构建舰船平台噪声声场模型,获得与海上实验结果相符的声能流角度谱特性,声能流方向均随频率变化。对远场舰船噪声声能流和近场平台噪声声能流相互作用进行仿真,两者声能流强度的此消彼长使角度谱出现4种条纹,与海上实验获得的角度谱特性一致,导致目标方位估计出现误差,且不同频带上的结果不一致。说明两个声能流相互作用时,影响合成能流角度谱特性的主要因素是两者的声压级之差,为浅海中同时存在多个声源时的目标方位估计提供参考。      

南海东沙海域线性内波引起的声场统计特性

海洋内波对声传播及水声探测具有重要影响.利用南海东沙附近海域一次低频声传播起伏实验同步获取的声学与水文观测数据,从水文连续观测数据中提取了内波特征参数,验证了修正线性内波频谱公式,用蒙特卡洛方法统计分析了存在线性内波条件下的声场起伏特性,并用射线理论解释了声源与跃层相对位置对声场起伏的影响机理.结果 表明:随着频率、平...     

浅海中孤立子内波引起的声能量起伏

当孤立子内波的波阵面与声传播路径所成角度较大时,简正波耦合是导致声信号起伏的主要因素。研究了浅海中孤立子内波引起的声能量起伏规律,给出声场起伏的耦合简正波表达式,并使用抛物方程模型进行仿真。数值分析表明,接收点声强随时间变化呈准周期性。在频谱图中能够得到声强起伏的主导频率,主导频率与孤立子内波沿声传播路径的移动速度成正比,与无扰动波导中简正波在距离上的干涉周期(对应于射线理论中临界声线的跨度)成反比,与孤立子内波的形状无关。此外,对声强频谱的垂直结构进行了分析,该结构与对声场起伏起主要作用简正波的本征函数相关。      

南海北部浅海声场起伏及统计特性

水下声场的时间积分声强和峰值声强是声呐检测中的重要物理量,而海洋中的内波等动力学过程会造成声场强度的起伏。对南海北部浅海内波环境下定点声起伏实验数据分析,结合数值仿真,总结了试验海域近海底发射和近海底接收条件下内波引起接收信号强度起伏的统计特性.分析结果表明:接收信号的时间积分声强起伏小于峰值声强起伏;时间积分声强与峰值声强起伏的概率分布与对数正态分布较为接近.时间积分声强和峰值声强起伏大小与信号的频率有关,同一收发距离,中心频率650 Hz信号的声强起伏较中心频率310 Hz和375 Hz信号的声强起伏更为剧烈。对于同一频率,当海底较平坦时,声强起伏的闪烁指数随传播距离的增加而增大;当水深随传播距离逐渐变深时,声强起伏规律受内波和水深变化共同影响而更为复杂,闪烁指数先随传播距离增加而增大,之后又随传播距离的增加而逐渐变小.      

非线性内波存在下的浅海远程混响模型

研究了浅海非线性内波对远程混响场的影响。通过分析非线性内波活动引起声源到海底散射元以及散射元到接收点之间的声传播变化,给出了非线性内波引起远程混响强度变化的表示,建立了非线性内波存在下的浅海远程混响模型,数值计算了非线性内波运动引起远程混响强度的变化。理论和数值计算表明,非线性内波的活动能够引起远程混响强度的变化,在某些情况下会导致远程混响强度增强。通过讨论非线性内波引声简正波的耦合效应,给出了其引起远程混响强度增强的原因。      

浅海周期起伏海底环境下的声传播

海底粗糙对水下声传播及水声探测等应用具有重要影响.利用黄海夏季典型海洋环境,分析了同时存在海底周期起伏和强温跃层条件下的声传播特性,结果表明:由于海底周期起伏的存在,对于低频(<1 kHz)、近程(10 km)的声信号,传播损失可增大5—30 dB.总结了声传播损失及脉冲到达结构随声源深度、海底起伏周期及起伏高度等因素变化的规律.当海底起伏周期不变时,起伏高度越大引起的异常声传播的影响随之变大;当起伏高度不变时,随着起伏周期变大,其对声传播的影响逐渐变小.用射线理论分析了其影响机理,由于海底周期起伏改变了声波与海底的入射和反射角度,使得原本小掠射角入射到海底的声线变为大掠射角,导致海底的反射损失增大;另一方面,声线反射角度的改变会使得原本可以到达接收点的声能量,由于与海底作用次数增加或变为反向传播而大幅度衰减.在浅海负跃层环境下,声源位于跃层上比位于跃层下对声传播影响更大.周期起伏海底对脉冲声传播的影响表现在引起不同角度的声线(或简正波号数)之间的能量发生转化,一些大角度声线能量衰减加大,多途结构变少.多途结构到达时间及相对幅度的变化进而影响声场的频谱,会使得基于匹配场定位的方法性能受到影响.所以,声呐在实际浅海环境中应用时,应对起伏海底的影响予以重视.此外,研究结果对海底地形测绘空间精度的提高也具有重要参考意义.     

Effects of sediment acoustic characteristics on low-frequency acoustic field distribution in shallow water

Most of the published literatures on low-frequency underwater sound propagation are focused on the sound propagation features in the water column,while studies on sound propagation features in the sediment layer or the semi-infinite basement are rare.In this paper,based on the wave equation,a computational model for sound energy flux in the sediment layer and the basement as well as in the water column is proposed under a cylindrical coordinate system.On this basis,the effects of various sediment acoustic parameters on the sound energy distribution and the corresponding mechanisms are elaborated through numerical examples and acoustic theory.Simulation results reveal that,in a situation where sediment P-wave speed>water sound speed> sediment S-wave speed,the greater the values of density and P-wave speed in sediment,the more likely it is that the sound energy remains in the water column without leaking to the sea floor.Conversely,the influence of the variation of S-wave speed is reversed.Basement influence on the sound propagation in the fluid layer is approximately negligible if the sediment layer is sufficiently thick.     

Experimental estimate for the transformation of underwater acoustic radiation into a seismoacoustic wave

On the basis of experimental data obtained from a non-equal-armed strainmeter with an arm length of 52.5 m in the presence of a low-frequency hydroacoustic source operating in a deep sea and in a shallow sea, an estimate is obtained for the ratio of the energy flux in the Rayleigh wave to the acoustic power emitted by the hydroacoustic source.     

Low-frequency horizontal acoustic refraction caused by internal wave solitons in a shallow sea

The effect of internal wave solitons on the sound field generated by a point source in a shallow sea is considered. In the framework of the theory of “horizontal rays and vertical modes,” the sound field pattern governed by the aforementioned hydrodynamic effect is investigated. It is shown that solitons can induce time-periodic focusing and defocusing of horizontal rays propagating at shallow angles to the internal wave front. This may result in the formation of “dynamical” horizontal sound channels, which, in its turn, results in considerable temporal fluctuations of the field along the acoustic track oriented along the internal wave front. For the sound field calculations, an approach is developed on the basis of the parabolic approximation in the horizontal plane and the mode representation in the vertical direction. The results obtained can be used for remote monitoring of internal wave packets in a shallow sea.     

浅海舰船噪声声强流的垂直方向性

浅海环境中,确定性声源的多途声信号干涉使得接收点处声强流的方向发生改变,不再与声源位置处的声强流方向一致。只测量声场的标量声强时,无法得到接收点处声强流的垂直方向性,而基于简正波矢量场建模和仿真,可获得理想条件下宽带点声源激发声场声强流的垂直方向性。本文采用单矢量水听器进行海上实验,获得了海洋环境噪声和干扰条件下舰船噪声声强流的垂直方向性。仿真和实验结果表明:远场条件下,浅海干涉现象引起接收点处声强流的方向(极角)随频率和距离变化,其时间-频率分布呈现与LOFAR谱干涉条纹相似的条纹,声强流的极角值主要分布在70?～110?范围内。     

用于浅海有源声呐目标深度估计的匹配相位处理EI北大核心CSCD

针对浅海波导中有源声呐目标深度估计问题,提出了通过单个声源发射低频宽带信号,垂直双接收水听器接收目标回波,利用宽带目标回波比值的相位特征进行匹配相位处理的方法,不仅消除了目标散射特性对有源声呐目标深度估计的影响,而且仅需计算单程的信道传递函数,运算量小,有利于实时处理的实现需求。首先通过理论推导,定义了一个隐含目标深度、且与目标散射特性无关的声场特征——单程传播向量宽带干涉结构,在Pekeris波导条件下仿真分析了简正波阶数与单程传播向量宽带干涉结构的幅度和相位的关系,发现选取较多的简正波阶数贡献的单程传播向量宽带干涉结构进行匹配相位处理可以提高目标深度估计的性能。进一步仿真分析表明,在发射信号选取一定的时间长度和带宽的条件下,利用全部阶简正波且信噪比大于-10 dB时,方法的深度估计误差在5 m之内。最后分析了信号时间长度和处理带宽对有源声呐目标深度估计性能的影响,以及海底声速、海深和声速剖面失配时方法的鲁棒性。     

陆架斜坡海域上坡波导环境中声能量急剧下降现象及其定量分析

深度较浅的声源其辐射声波在陆架斜坡海域上坡传播时,在斜坡顶端会出现声能量急剧下降现象.利用射线声学模型分析了造成这一现象的原因,并根据抛物方程声场模型计算的深海和浅海平均传播损失定义了"声能量急剧下降距离",定量分析了声源位置对该现象的影响.结果表明:声源深度对"声能量急剧下降距离"影响较大,而声源与斜坡底端水平距离对其影响较小;当声源深度变大时,部分掠射角较小的声线最终能够达到斜坡顶端,致使"声能量急剧下降距离"增大,继续增加声源深度,将导致上坡声能量急剧下降现象消失.利用抛物方程声场模型对陆架斜坡海域上坡声传播进行数值仿真,结合"声能量急剧下降距离"的定义,计算并比较了声源位置不同时该距离的变化,数值计算结果验证了理论分析.     

Acoustic propagation through anisotropic internal wave fields: transmission loss, cross-range coherence, and horizontal refraction

Results of a computer simulation study are presented for acoustic propagation in a shallow water, anisotropic ocean environment. The water column is characterized by random volume fluctuations in the sound speed field that are induced by internal gravity waves, and this variability is superimposed on a dominant summer thermocline. Both the internal wave field and resulting sound speed perturbations are represented in three-dimensional (3D) space and evolve in time. The isopycnal displacements consist of two components: a spatially diffuse, horizontally isotropic component and a spatially localized contribution from an undular bore (i.e., a solitary wave packet or solibore) that exhibits horizontal (azimuthal) anisotropy. An acoustic field is propagated through this waveguide using a 3D parabolic equation code based on differential operators representing wide-angle coverage in elevation and narrow-angle coverage in azimuth. Transmission loss is evaluated both for fixed time snapshots of the environment and as a function of time over an ordered set of snapshots which represent the time-evolving sound speed distribution. Horizontal acoustic coherence, also known as transverse or cross-range coherence, is estimated for horizontally separated points in the direction normal to the source-receiver orientation. Both transmission loss and spatial coherence are computed at acoustic frequencies 200 and 400 Hz for ranges extending to 10 km, a cross-range of 1 km, and a water depth of 68 m. Azimuthal filtering of the propagated field occurs for this environment, with the strongest variations appearing when propagation is parallel to the solitary wave depressions of the thermocline. A large anisotropic degradation in horizontal coherence occurs under the same conditions. Horizontal refraction of the acoustic wave front is responsible for the degradation, as demonstrated by an energy gradient analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane energy transfer. The solitary wave packet is interpreted as a nonstationary oceanographic waveguide within the water column, preferentially funneling acoustic energy between the thermocline depressions.     

The impact of water column variability on horizontal wave number estimation and mode based geoacoustic inversion results

The influence of water column variability on low-frequency, shallow water geoacoustic inversion results is considered. The data are estimates of modal eigenvalues obtained from measurements of a point source acoustic field using a horizontal aperture array in the water column. The inversion algorithm is based on perturbations to a background waveguide model with seabed properties consistent with the measured eigenvalues. Water column properties in the background model are assumed to be known, as would be obtained from conductivity, temperature, and depth measurements. The scope of this work in addressing the impact of water column variability on inversion is twofold. Range-dependent propagation effects as they pertain to eigenvalue estimation are first considered. It is shown that mode coupling is important even for weak internal waves and can enhance modal eigenvalue estimates. Second, the effect of the choice of background sound speed profile in the water column is considered for its impact on the estimated bottom acoustic properties. It is shown that a range-averaged sound velocity profile yields the best geoacoustic parameter estimates.