深海声影区稀疏时延估计与声源测距

研究了深海声影区中经一次海底反射的多途声线到达垂直双水听器的时延差与声源位置的关系,提出了一种稀疏时延估计与声源测距方法。首先利用近海面布放的短间距垂直双水听器接收一定频带的声信号,然后计算接收信号的广义互相关函数,并利用频谱搬移和稀疏解卷积技术提取时延差,最后通过时延差匹配,估计水下声源的距离。仿真实验表明,在4300 m深海中,所提方法能够正确提取多途到达时延差,估计声影区内的声源距离。海试结果表明,当垂直接收孔径分别为21 m和30 m时,声源测距误差分别小于13.6%和8.1%。上述结果表明,所提出的时延估计方法可适应带宽较窄的接收信号,多途到达时延估计参数可用于实现声影区中的水下声源测距。      

利用深海海底声反射区频域干涉结构的声源深度估计方法

提出了一种基于深海海底声反射区声场频域干涉结构特征的水下宽带近海面声源深度估计方法。该方法通过建立深海海底声反射区到达声场结构模型,推导了垂直阵接收信号波束输出幅度谱的近似表达式,利用幅度谱与声源深度和垂直到达角(俯仰角)之间的周期变化关系,将接收信号映射到深度-垂直到达角域中,实现了对宽带声源的深度估计。仿真实验与影响因素分析验证了该原理的正确性,南海实验结果表明:利用阵长为64 m的垂直短阵接收标定深度为50 m和100 m的双弹信号,得到的深度估计结果同实际声源深度吻合较好,估计误差不超过7%,验证了该方法的有效性。     

深海海底声反射区多途时延差分析与近海面声源定位

深海海底反射声工作方式下的声场主要由4条一次海底反射声线路径构成。根据4条声线路径到达接收点的时间不同,可以得到6个不同的声线到达时延差值,当声源位于近海面时, 6条声线路径的时延差曲线随接收深度近似呈线性变化。本文基于虚源理论推导了海底声反射区的多途到达时延结构,给出了6条声线路径的时延差曲线随接收深度变化的近似表达式,通过分析时延差曲线与声源水平距离和深度之间的关系,提出了一种利用多途时延差估计深海海底声反射区近海面声源距离与深度的方法,仿真实验与影响因素分析验证了该原理的正确性。南海实验结果表明,当收发距离在10～33 km时,距离估计结果和深度估计结果都同实际声源距离和深度吻合较好,估计误差不超过15%,验证了该方法的有效性。     

大深度接收时深海直达波区的复声强及声线到达角估计

基于射线模型给出了质点水平振速、垂直振速及复声强的表达式.结合深海直达波区的声线到达结构,分析了大深度接收时深海直达波区复声强的特点,理论分析与仿真结果表明,利用声场中不同组声线的复声强可以估计声线到达接收点的掠射角.根据在2014年进行的一次深海实验中布放在3146 m深处的矢量水听器获取的实验信号,利用直达波和海面反射波的复声强估计了直达声线与海面反射声线到达接收矢量水听器处的掠射角,结果表明,估计的声线到达角与理论计算结果基本一致.     

深海大深度声传播特性及直达声区水下声源距离估计

深海大深度声传播特性对在深海近海底进行水声目标探测和定位具有重要意义。利用一次南海中南部深海不完全声道中的脉冲声传播实验数据,分析了海底附近大深度声传播损失及脉冲多途传播特性,并根据直达波和海底-海面反射波的时延差与收发距离的关系,提出一种利用深海直达声区脉冲多途到达时间进行水下声源距离估计的方法。结果表明:当接收器深度位于南海深海海底附近而声源深度较浅时,直达声区水平宽度可达30 km,传播损失相对影区来说较小,有利于水下声源探测;直达声区的直达波与海底-海面反射波的到达时延差随着收发距离的增大单调减小,可被用于水下声源距离估计。得到水下声源的距离估计结果与实验GPS测量结果较为一致,距离估计均方误差为0.28 km。      

基于矢量水听器的深海直达波区域声传播特性及其应用

对于深海近水面声源产生的声场, 处于较大深度处的接收器在一定水平距离范围内能接收到直达波. 2014年在某深海海域进行的水声考察实验中, 应用深度为140 m的拖曳声源发射实验信号, 布放在水下3146 m深处的矢量水听器成功地接收到了直达波信号. 本文应用射线理论, 分析了深海直达波区域声场的传播特性, 得出了水平振速与垂直振速的传播损失与声线到达接收点处的掠射角以及收发水平距离之间的关系. 在以上分析的基础上, 提出了一种利用水平振速与垂直振速的能量差估计声源距离的方法, 并结合2014年实验数据对实验中两条航线上8 km范围内的目标声源进行了测距, 测距结果与目标的GPS数据符合得较好.     

深海中利用单水听器的影区声源无源测距测深方法

在典型深海情况下当声源与接收水听器位于海水表层时,在影区内由声源海底接收器、声源海面海底接收器、声源海底海面接收器和声源海面海底海面接收器4条声线形成声场干涉结构,声强随着频率具有两种干涉周期,随着收发距离的增加而增大,分别随着声源深度、接收水听器深度的增加而减小。因此由单水听器记录的声场干涉结构即可实现宽带声源目标的无源测距测深,仿真分析验证了其有效性。在南海深海声学实验中观测到海面宽带噪声源在声场影区所形成的声场干涉结构,数据分析结果验证了深海声场干涉结构用于声源无源定位的有效性。与传统无源定位方法相比,该方法不需要宽带引导声源、精确的海底声学参数和大规模的拷贝场计算。      

利用宽带声场频率—掠射角干涉结构的深海直达声区目标深度估计方法

针对典型深海环境中宽带声源的深度分辨问题,通过研究深海声场随频率起伏的干涉结构与垂直线阵频域波束输出图中的干涉结构,给出一种直达声区内可区分多水下目标的宽带声源深度估计方法.该方法以近水面目标的射线声场模型为基础,推导出近海面宽带声源接收声场的波束输出表达式,阐明了频域波束输出图中干涉结构与声源深度的对应关系.然后利用...     

西太平洋远距离声传播特性

声信号在海水中能够传播上千千米,远距离声传播与近距离声传播的特性不同.本文利用西太平洋声源与接收最远距离近2000 km的水声实验数据,对实验海区的海洋环境信息、实验使用的接收垂直阵信息进行处理,分析大洋完全声道环境下,远距离声传播能量衰减规律和多途到达结构特性.在远距离传播能量衰减规律方面,随着传播距离增大,海水吸收对声能衰减的作用凸显,海水吸收系数的选取对声场能量预报的准确性至关重要.较低频信号海水吸收较小,中心频率100 Hz的声信号,传播距离从1000—2000 km,传播损失仅增大6 dB左右.深海声道远距离声传播多途到达结构特性方面,实验海区温跃层声速较高,使得到达接收点的本征声线数目更多,多途到达结构更复杂,海面反射声线形成的到达结构处在整体到达结构的靠前位置,且能量相对较强;受西北太平洋副热带模态水的影响,声速剖面存在双跃层结构,导致部分声线到达接收点的时间较早,多途到达结构在时间轴上的长度延长.     

深海会聚区声场多途时延差分析及声源距离估计*

深海会聚区声道由于具有传播距离远、传播损失低等优势,对实现声呐远程探测具有十分重要的意义。本文基于虚源理论推导了深海会聚区的多途到达时延结构,给出了会聚区内不同声线路径的时延差曲线随接收深度变化的近似表达式,通过分析时延差曲线与声源水平距离之间的关系,提出了一种利用多途时延差估计深海会聚区近海面声源距离的方法,仿真实验验证了该方法原理的正确性。南海实验结果表明,当收发距离在42km~52 km时,会聚区爆炸声源距离估计结果同实际爆炸距离吻合较好,估计误差为0.6%~6.1％,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Source Ranging Using Ensemble Convolutional Networks in the Direct Zone of Deep Water

Using deep convolutional neural networks as primary learners and a deep neural network as meta-learner, source ranging is solved as a regression problem with the ensemble learning method. Simulated acoustic data from the acoustic propagation model are used as the training data. Real data from an experiment in the South China Sea are used as the test data to demonstrate the performance. The results indicate that in the direct zone of deep water, signals received by a very deep receiver can be used to estimate the range of underwater sound source.Within 30 km, the mean absolute error of the range predictions is 1.0 km and the mean absolute percentage error is 7.9%.     

The characteristic of sound propagation in deep water and underwater source localization in the direct zone

The multiple-path sound propagation in deep water is conducive to source localization of an underwater target.The transmission losses(TLs) and broadband pulse multiple-path propagation characteristics from a deep receiver is analyzed by using the experimental data from deep water area in the South China Sea(SCS).The results indicate that the width of the direct zone near the bottom of 4300 m water depth is about 30 km.The TLs in the direct zone near the bottom are much less than those in the shadow zone.It is meaningful for underwater sound source detection.Moreover,the time delay between the direct path and the bottomsurface-reflected path for a receiver near the bottom decreases monotonically with the source range.According to the linear relationship between the time delay of multipath and source range,a source localization method is presented to estimate the range of underwater target.The experimental results show that the estimated ranges are consistent with the global position system(GPS) measurements,and the mean square error of the estimation results is less than 0.28 km.     

Blind dereverberation in the deep sea

Experimental data are presented on the blind dereverberation of the noise-type signal generated by a sound source moving in the deep sea. The noise emitted by a towed source is received by a drifting hydrophone with a high excess of the signal over the ambient noise, which results in a stable interference pattern of high contrast. The observed interference structure indicates that the signal arrives at the receiver along different paths. With the use of the blind dereverberation technique for the signal processing and without any a priori information on the properties of the propagation channel, the parameters (the delay, the amplitude, and the phase) of each of the seven interfering signals are determined. From the data obtained, the frequency response of the filter that provides a strong suppression of the reverberation is calculated and the spectrum of the received signal is obtained without any interference distortions.     

Experimental study of mode selection in shallow-water sea

The possibilities of matching low-frequency underwater sound pulses to the parameters of an oceanic waveguide are considered. The objective is to optimize the system of few-mode tomographic observation in a shallow-water sea. Experimental data are analyzed for two methods of selecting the low-frequency fewmode pulses propagating in a shallow-water sea. The first method excites probe pulses by vertically elongated arrays, with spatial filtering after vertical or horizontal arrays receive the pulses. The second method is based on exciting broadband signals with linear frequency modulation by a single transmitter. The selection of the few-mode signal is performed by time strobing the signals at the output of the matched filter after a horizontal array receives the pulses. The distance between the sound sources and receiving systems varied from 10 to 300 km.     

深海海底反射会聚区声传播特性

在深海声道条件下,海水折射效应会使得声场出现会聚效应;在不完全声道条件下,深海海底对声场具有重要影响.利用在中国南海海域收集到的一次深海声传播实验数据,研究了深海不完全声道环境下的海底反射对声传播的影响.实验观测到不同于深海会聚区的海底反射会聚现象,在直达声区范围内的海底地形隆起可导致海底反射会聚区提前形成,并使得部分影区的声强明显提高.由于不平坦海底和海面的反射破坏了完全声道环境下的会聚区结构,在60 km范围内存在两个海底反射会聚区,会聚区增益可达10 dB以上,同时在11 km附近的影区和51 km附近形成高声强区域.当接收深度与声源深度相同时,第二会聚区的增益高于第一会聚区.在第一会聚区内,随着接收深度的增加,声线到达结构趋于复杂,多途效应更加明显.使用抛物方程数值分析结合射线理论对深海海底反射会聚区现象产生的物理原因进行了分析解释.研究结果对于声纳在深海复杂环境下的性能分析具有重要的指导意义.     

水下水平阵对空中运动声源的线谱探测

由于空气、海水介质声阻抗差异巨大,空中声源辐射的噪声透射入水的能量损失很大,加之水中声源目标的干扰,从水下探测空中声源相对困难。海试数据分析表明,空中高速运动声源噪声透射入水后信号较弱,在频繁存在干扰的水下声场环境中,常规宽带波束形成方法难以生效.针对空中声源普遍存在线谱的特点,首先利用线谱识别、提取与跟踪以及线谱加密技术对水下水平阵接收信号进行线谱分析,再通过剔除强干扰目标的线谱,成功分离出包含空中声源的线谱信号,实现对空中运动声源的探测,最远距离达16.8 km。通过理论和实验数据分析,验证了探测结果的正确性.      

Focusing of sound pulses using the time reversal technique on 100-km paths in a deep sea

Numerical and analytical studies are performed on how unstable fluctuations of the parameters of the medium in a deep sea affect the focusing of sound pulses using the time reversal method. The simplest situation, when point sources and receivers are used for emission and reception, is considered. Pulse propagation in the direct and backward directions is numerically simulated by the parabolic equation method. Calculations are performed for sound signals with frequencies of several tens of hertz. It is shown that, in the presence of sound velocity fluctuations caused by random internal waves, noticeable attenuation of the field amplitude at the center of the focal spot can be observed beginning from distances of 200 to 400 km. As the central frequency of the pulsed signal increases, the effect of nonstationarity of the perturbation on the focusing is amplified. This phenomenon is explained qualitatively and quantitatively in the geometrical optics approximation.