Power control of optical CDMA star networks

In this paper, we apply the power control concept to optical CDMA star networks. Two approaches are considered, namely, centralized and distributed power control. Both approaches are used to optimize the optical transmit power and to maximize network capacity in terms of the number of users satisfying a target signal to interference (SIR) ratio. Centralized algorithms result in the optimum power vector while distributed algorithms are more suitable for practical system implementation and eliminate the need for a centralized control node. Both analytical and simulation results show significant improvement in the performance of the power controlled optical CDMA system. For instance, in a network of 31 nodes, a doubling of the capacity as compared to the non power control case is obtained. Furthermore, we show in the interference-limited case that the network performance is upper bounded by the number of nodes and the correlation properties of the employed code rather than network attenuation and optical fiber lengths. The concept of network partitioning is then introduced to simplify optimum power calculations. Using network partitioning, we find in the interference-limited case that the optical fibers after the star coupler are irrelevant to the optimum power evaluation.     

Probability density function of noise statistics for optically pre-amplified DPSK receivers with optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer demodulation

We present explicitly semi-analytical probability density functions (pdf’s) of noise statistics in DPSK receivers with Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) demodulation with considering the phase noise for the first time. Error performance of DPSK receivers with MZI demodulation is evaluated by using the calculated pdf’s. It is found that DPSK receivers with MZI demodulation and balanced detection are less sensitive to phase noise impact than those with the single-port detection to some extent. Moreover, it is found that ASE-ASE beat noise induced pdf difference in balanced detection compared to single-port detection may result in ∼3 dB improvement in receiver sensitivity mainly depending on optical filtering, ASE-amplified spontaneous emission. Therefore, the measured receiver sensitivity improvement by using balanced detection consist of the improvements due to signal energy difference and ASE-ASE beat noise induced pdf difference compared to single-port detection.     

Mode-coupling theory for relaxation of coupled two-level systems

A Mori approach to the dynamics of coupled tunnelling units in defect crystals is presented. Transverse and longitudinal correlation functions of a two-level system are given as continued fractions; the memory kernels are evaluated in a usual decoupling approximation. Due to the random configuration of the defects on the host lattice both two-level splitting and relaxation rates show a broad distribution; the corresponding distribution function is derived for the case of a dipolar interaction of the defects. The theory covers both weak and strong coupling; the average interaction energy turns out to be the essential parameter. Dependence on frequency, temperature and concentration of the dynamical susceptibility is discussed. When passing from weak to strong coupling, the zero-temperature susceptibility shows a crossover from a constant value to a decrease with the third power of inverse defect concentration; there is quite a strong relaxational peak in the susceptibility. The theory accounts for several features observed in a recent low-frequency experiment on KCl:Li.     

Ferroelectric properties of Pr6O11-doped Bi4Ti3O12

Praseodymium doped Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (BIT) ceramics with composition Bi_2.9Pr_0.9Ti₃O₁₂ (BPT) were prepared by solid state reaction. These samples have polycrystalline Bi-layered perovskite structure without preferred orientation, and consist of well-developed plate-like grains with random orientation. Pr doping into BIT causes a large shift of the Curie temperature (T_C) of the BIT from 675 to 398 °C. At an electric field of 87 kV/cm, the remanent polarization and the coercive field of the BPT ceramics are 30 μC/cm² and 52 kV/cm, respectively. Furthermore, the dielectric permittivity and the dissipation factor of the BPT ceramics are 300 and 0.003 at 1 MHz, 1 V, and room temperature. Ferroelectric properties of the BPT ceramics are superior to V-doped Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (∼20 μC/cm² and 80 kV/cm) and (Sr, Ta)-doped Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (∼12 μC/cm² and 71 kV/cm) ceramics. In addition, the dense ceramics of praseodymium-doped B₄Ti₃O₁₂ were obtained by sintering at 1100 °C, about 100-200 °C lower than those of the SrBi₂Ta₂O₉ system.     

Frequency degenerate oscillation in semilinear photorefractive oscillator with reflection gratings

The oscillation intensity of a semilinear photorefractive oscillator with reflection gratings is calculated for different cavity losses, different pump intensity ratios and different crystal orientations. Distinct from an oscillator with transmission gratings, this oscillator always has a soft excitation in the vicinity of the threshold. The theoretical results are in reasonable agreement with that of experimental studies with BaTiO₃:Co as a photorefractive crystal.This revised version was published online in March 2005. In the previous version, the published online date was missing     

Observation of helicon-excited electron paramagnetic resonance in a high-mobility semiconductor

Helicon waves can be exploited in EPR studies of localized magnetic moments in high-conductivity semiconductors when the free carriers have small effective mass and high mobility. In an electron plasma helicons have precisely the polarization required to elicit EPR, and the plasma background actually enhances the resonance intensity. Microwave transmission experiments on Hg_1-xMn_xTe, a narrow-gap semiconductor with localized Mn⁺⁺ magnetic moments, are described to illustrate this effect.     

可编程光电混合二值图象代数处理器

本文采用新的光学方法实现图象代数最基本的变换和操作,建立了基于液晶电视空间光调制器、CCD摄象机和微机的可编程光电混合二值图象代数处理器装置,并给出了其在图象处理、目标识别中的应用实例。     

On the charge distribution in manganese borides studied by X-ray photoelectron and emission spectroscopy

For the borides of the Mn-B system the values of binding energies of Mn 3p, $\text{2p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$, $\text{2}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ and B1s core levels were measured on an electron spectrometer. Depending on boride composition the variation of inner level energies is very similar, showing a change of sign in the region of the monoboride phase. The same variation has been observed for some characteristics of X-ray emission spectra from these borides. An attempt is made to understand which of the chemical bonding factors are chiefly responsible for a regular concentration dependence of the X-ray and photoelectron spectra.     

Ultrabroad infrared luminescence from Bi-doped aluminogermanate glasses

We report ultrabroad infrared luminescence from Bi-doped aluminogermanate glasses. The infrared luminescence almost covers the whole low loss wavelength region (1200-1650 nm) of silica glass fiber when excited by a diode laser at 980 nm. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the luminescence is 510 nm. The luminescence peak can be divided into three Gaussian peaks, and the fluorescence lifetime of the three emissions are 297 μs, 470 μs and 1725 μs, respectively. These fluorescence properties indicate that the glasses are promising material for broadband optical amplifiers.     

Demonstration of feasibility of a complete 160 Gbit/s OTDM system including all-optical 3R

A complete 160 Gbit/s single-channel OTDM system experiment is presented. The OTDM system includes all-optical transmitter, 3R (Retiming, Reshaping, and Reamplification), and receiver. Performance measurements of the single subsystems are also reported. Finally Q-factor measures verify the effectiveness of the whole system.     

Improved chromatic dispersion monitoring technique

We consider and investigate an improved chromatic dispersion monitoring method using two RF tones with an inserted dispersion offset. This improved technique can be used to monitor both the positive and negative accumulated dispersion caused by optical fibers as well as other optical components in optical networks. We experimentally demonstrate that the monitoring range of the improved technique can be greater than 1150 ps/nm and the monitoring sensitivity better than 0.064 dB/ps/nm by selecting appropriate RF frequencies and dispersion offsets. Our investigations reveal that the RF modulation index should be greater than 10% but less than 20% so as to acquire a large monitoring range with a small power penalty. We also examine the CD monitoring errors caused by polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and self-phase modulation, and show that the use of a dispersion offset can effectively reduce the PMD-induced monitoring errors.     

The optical properties of virtual bound state alloys

Optical data on dilute CuNi, AuNi and AgPd alloys are examined in terms of the Anderson model. The results for AuNi and AgPd appear to be consistent with the model while those for CuNi are not. A consistent interpretation of the data is obtained when the effects of the s-d hybridization of the copper conduction states on the Anderson mixing matrix element, V_kd, are considered. The results suggest a rapid increase in V_kd as the energy ?_k approaches the copper d bands.     

Optical property investigation of SiGe nanocrystals formed by electrochemical anodization

We report on the optical property investigation of SiGe nanocrystals (NCs) prepared by electrochemical anodization (ECA) of SiGe layer grown by ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHVCVD). At room temperature, SiGe NCs with higher Ge content demonstrate a redshift of the photoluminescence (PL) peak compared to Si NCs. It was found that the surface chemical composition, density, and the size of the SiGe NCs were very sensitive to the annealing conditions. Various spectroscopy measurements such as PL, FTIR, and XPS have been carried out to reveal the mechanism of the PL peak transition. The results indicated that the PL peak position was determined by two major factors, namely, interface state density and the size of SiGe NCs. It was shown that the higher the interface state density, the more significant the redshift of the peak position. While the smaller the size of the SiGe NCs, the more significant the quantum size effects become, resulting in the blueshift of the PL peak position.     

Differential realizations of polynomial algebras in finite-dimensional spaces of monomials

We give a complete classification of at most second-order differential ladder operators preserving finite-dimensional spaces of monomials and closing under the Lie bracket to give a cubic polynomial of the diagonal generators.     

一种新的LU型隐式格式及其应用

发展了一种新的ＬＵ型隐式格式。新格式除包含ＬＵ－ＳＧＳ格式全部特色外，尽管采用了相似变换而不是近似处理来精确地构造通量矢量的迎风Ｊａｃｏｂｉａｎ矩阵，仍可避免块对角矩阵求逆．且左端项仍可保持矢量化处理。新格式显示出更快的收敛性和更高的稳定性且没有多余的数值耗散和自由参数，尤其适用于求解三维非定常流动问题。     

Intramolecular relaxation processes of some aromatic esters

Dielectric absorption measurements have been made in the frequency range 10²?10⁵ Hz over a variety of temperatures on dimethyl terephthalate, dimethyl 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate, methyl and ethyl benzoates, ethyl-p-chlorobenzoate, methyl and ethyl cinnamates, and methyl salicylate. The solutes have been dispersed in a polystyrene matrix and in four cases also in a polyphenyl ether medium. One compound, methyl salicylate, was also examined as a pure compressed solid. The Eyring parameters have been determined and employed to characterize the relaxation processes. The results are discussed in terms of molecular and intramolecular processes involving the whole ester grouping or the methoxy group or an overlap of both processes. In the case of methyl salicylate the barrier for the methoxy group relaxation has been determined in the compressed solid state.     

Low frequency lattice vibrations of LaF3 by neutron scattering

The phonon modes having frequencies less than 3 THz in the high symmetry directions of LaF₃ are reported. These are compared to the results of previous optical studies. A previously unobserved branch of low group velocity is found near 1.2 THz polarized both parallel and perpendicular to the basal plane. Its significance for the lifetimes of zone boundary acoustic phonons is discussed.     

c-axis-textured LiNbO3 thin films on Si (111) substrates

We have successfully prepared highly c-axis-textured LiNbO₃ films on hydrogen-terminated Si (111) substrate using sol-gel spin-coating and rapid thermal annealing. These highly c-axis-textured films were obtained with a preheating at 300 °C for 15 min followed by a rapid thermal annealing at 500–700 °C for 120 s. The c-axis orientation of the LiNbO₃ film is due to a weak effect caused by the 3-fold symmetry match between the film and the Si (111) substrate. The c-axis orientation of LiNbO₃ films is very useful in integrated optics devices and metal–ferroelectric–semiconductor nonvolatile memory applications. Received: 15 September / Accepted: 4 December / Published online: 3 April 2001