93钨合金断裂特性研究

 用一级压缩气体炮加载技术与锰铜压阻传感技术结合，实验研究了93钨合金的层裂特性。实时测量实验证明，断裂强度与拉抻应变速率相关，也与合金元素、材料制备工艺相关。软回收样品内部损伤的金相和扫描电镜分析表明，93钨合金的层裂是以钨晶粒破裂为主的脆性断裂，损伤度也与拉伸应变速率相关。     

冲击加载下FeMnNi合金相变和层裂特性实验研究(英文)

采用激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)联合测试技术,利用等厚对称加载和逆向加载实验,研究了Fe MnNi合金的冲击相变和层裂行为。结果发现:加载压力大于6.5 GPa时,Fe MnNi合金样品发生α→ε相变;中心稀疏波的卸载作用使内压力降至4~5 GPa时,Fe MnNi合金样品发生ε→α逆相变,并伴有卸载稀疏冲击波形成。分析Fe MnNi合金样品中塑性波、相变波、稀疏波和稀疏冲击波的传播作用过程,发现加载压力大于其相变应力时,等厚对称加载下Fe MnNi合金存在产生层裂行为的物理机制。     

烧结钕铁硼的层裂强度及断裂机理

利用一级气体炮对烧结钕铁硼(Nd-Fe-B)永磁材料进行平板撞击实验,实现一维应变下的层裂;采用激光干涉测速技术,测量样品自由面粒子速度历史,确定了冲击压缩后层裂强度与加载应力的关系。结果表明:加载应力在0.375～2.512 GPa范围内时,层裂强度随着加载应力的增加先增加后减小,存在一个阈值,当加载应力超过该阈值时,材料发生压缩损伤,层裂强度随之减小。通过扫描电子显微镜观察样品断口形貌,发现在冲击载荷下烧结钕铁硼出现明显的穿晶断裂。     

Z箍缩驱动混合堆第一壁热-力学瞬态响应分析

利用ANSYS程序对Z箍缩驱动聚变-裂变混合堆(Z-FFR)第一壁在瞬态热流加载下的热-力学响应进行了模拟计算，分析了第一壁温度、应力随时间和深度的分布。结果表明，周期性脉冲加载不会导致第一壁产生温度累积效应，第一壁温度峰值409 ℃，出现在钨层表面，钨层最大应力140 MPa，锆合金基底最大应力33 MPa。     

高纯铝层裂的自由面速度剖面特征分析

 采用任意反射面激光干涉测速（VISAR）系统,对高纯铝（纯度为99.999%）材料开展了层裂实验研究,获得了未完全层裂和完全层裂样品的自由面速度剖面。基于实验测量中观察到的层裂回跳（Pullback）信号的脉冲宽度、速度幅值差异以及回跳信号上升过程中的两次速度斜率变化特征,详细讨论了高纯铝材料从出现损伤到完全断裂的过程中波剖面演化的行为特征。结合“软回收”样品的细观分析,指出这些自由面速度变化特征可能与材料中应力波的能量释放速率以及材料中晶粒的断裂行为密切相关。研究结果可以为延性金属损伤断裂的演化过程提供有意义的认识。     

Fe基α相合金的冲击相变及其对层裂行为的影响研究

利用正向加载和逆向加载相结合的实验方法,实验研究了从低压到高压三种不同压力范围内Fe基α相合金(Fe-85.03wt%,Mn-7.63wt%,Ni-7.01wt%,Al-0.3wt%)的冲击相变和卸载逆相变历程及对应加载状态的层裂行为特征.给出了Fe基α相合金含冲击相变和卸载逆相变的加卸载Hugoniot线,发现冲击相变阈值、逆相变阈值和冲击加载压力共同决定其冲击加卸载历程,冲击相变强烈影响其层裂行为,导致样品发生了"异常"层裂.利用获得的冲击加卸载历程从应力波相互作用的角度解 关键词： α相合金')" href="#">Fe基α相合金 相变 逆相变 层裂     

强激光加载铝材料动态损伤特性及其微介观结构观测

在神光-Ⅱ装置上利用强激光加载铝材料进行高应变率(高于106s-1)层裂实验,研究不同初始温度下高纯铝材料的动态损伤特性。采用任意反射面速度干涉仪测量样品自由面速度剖面,由自由面速度剖面计算纯铝样品层裂强度与屈服应力。结果表明:随着温度升高,材料层裂强度减小,屈服应力增大。对激光加载前后样品进行金相分析,观察不同初始温度下纯铝材料的微介观结构变化及其损伤特性。结果表明:随着温度升高,样品晶粒尺度缓慢增大,但在873K(近熔点)时晶粒尺度急剧增加;层裂面附近小孔洞数目较多,孔洞尺寸也较大,而远离层裂面处,孔洞数目相对较少,且尺寸也较小;材料的断裂方式随温度升高由沿晶断裂为主逐渐变为穿晶断裂为主。     

AD95陶瓷的层裂强度及冲击压缩损伤机理研究

采用激光位移干涉测试技术测量了AD95 陶瓷在一维应变冲击压缩下的自由面或样品/窗口界面粒子速度剖面, 确定了层裂强度及其与加载应力的变化关系, 在此基础上讨论了冲击压缩损伤程度与加载应力的关系. 研究结果表明: AD95陶瓷发生冲击压缩损伤的阈值应力约为3.7 GPa, 小于其雨贡纽弹性极限(HEL, 约5.47 GPa); 小于阈值应力不发生冲击压缩损伤, 层裂强度随加载应力的增加逐渐增大; 大于阈值应力冲击压缩损伤快速发展, 层裂强度迅速降低; 在HEL附近层裂强度降低到零, 丧失了抗拉能力, 表明材料发生了严重的冲击压缩损伤.     

氮化硅陶瓷层裂强度的研究

 用一级轻气炮冲击加载装置，对氮化硅陶瓷进行了冲击性能实验研究。发展了一种新的方法用于研究层裂特性，即通过在样品中埋设电磁粒子速度计来记录氮化硅陶瓷内部的层裂特性。该方法不同于常用的VISAR激光干涉法和锰铜计法，记录的是样品内部粒子速度的变化特征，位于层裂面后方的粒子速度计能清晰地表征材料的层裂特性。通过实验，得到了密度为3.12 g/cm³的氮化硅陶瓷的层裂强度为0.73 GPa，和Nahme等得到的强度较为接近，对称碰撞得到的裂片厚度与该次实验的飞片厚度相当。实验表明，电磁粒子速度计的方法可以用于研究非磁屏蔽材料的层裂特性。由于采用多个计进行记录，还得到了材料在弹性区内（1.8~3.6 GPa）的Hugoniot冲击绝热线。     

短脉冲载荷下金属材料的层裂破坏

 本文用点炮加载聚酯薄膜飞片撞击金属靶材料，飞片速度0.714~2.24 km/s，脉冲宽度40~80 ns，击靶压力为2.280~11.952 GPa。在回收的铝、铜和钢靶样品上观察到层裂现象。通过金相分析发现它们的破坏方式与在一般较长脉冲加载下的破坏方式相似，铝和铜以延性方式破坏；钢则以脆性方式破坏。一维和二维数值模拟结果表明通常的几种层裂判据在这个应力、应变和应变率范围内也基本上适用。     

单晶钨纳米线拉伸变形机理的分子动力学研究

利用分子动力学方法, 对本课题组率先采用金属催化的气相合成法制备出的高纯度单晶钨纳米线进行拉伸变形数值模拟, 通过分析拉伸应力-应变全曲线及其微观变形结构, 揭示出单晶钨纳米线的拉伸变形特征及微观破坏机理. 结果表明: 单晶钨纳米线的应力-应变全曲线可分为弹性阶段、损伤阶段、相变阶段、强化阶段、 破坏阶段等五个阶段, 其中相变是单晶钨纳米线材料强化的重要原因; 首次应力突降是由于局部原子产生了位错、孪生等不可逆变化所致; 第二次应力突降是发生相变的材料得到强化后, 当局部原子再次产生位错导致原子晶格结构彻底破坏而形成裂口、且裂口不断发展成颈缩区时, 材料最终失去承载能力而断裂. 计算模拟得到的单晶钨纳米线弹性模量值与实测值符合较好. 关键词： 分子动力学 应力应变曲线 微观机理 单晶钨纳米线     

聚变堆熔盐冷却偏滤器靶板结构设计与分析

为提高偏滤器的抗中子辐照能力,兼顾高热承载能力和聚变堆经济性的需要,提出了基于熔盐冷却(MSC)的偏滤器靶板结构设计。它采用FLiNaK作为冷却剂,钨镧合金为热沉材料,钨为第一壁材料。通过数值计算评估了靶板的热负荷承载能力,并完成了偏滤器冷却剂回路设计,优化了偏滤器各模块之间的流量分配。此MSC偏滤器靶板设计可以有效去除10~15MW•m^-2热负荷,为适应未来聚变堆偏滤器靶板发展的需要提供了一种设计解决方案。     

Study on fracture of tungsten wire induced by acoustic cavitation at different hydrostatic pressures and driving electric powers

The near-solid wall multi-bubble cavitation is an extremely complex phenomenon, and cavitation has strong erosiveness. The melting point (about 3410 °C) of tungsten is highest among all pure metals, and its hardness is also very high (its yield strength is greater than 1 GPa). What would happen to pure tungsten wire under extreme conditions caused by collapsing cavitation bubbles at high hydrostatic pressure? In this paper, we have studied the fracture process of pure tungsten wire with diameter of 0.2 mm mounted at the focus of a standing acoustic wave produced by a spherical cavity transducer with two open ends placed in a near spherical pressure container, and also studied the macro and micro morphological characteristics of the fracture and the surface damage at different fracture stages of tungsten wire under various hydrostatic pressures and driving electric powers. The results have shown that the fracture time of tungsten wire is inversely proportional to avitation intensity with hydrostatic pressure and driving electric power, the higher the acoustic pressure caused by higher electric power, the shorter the fracture time. The possible fracture mechanisms of tungsten wire in this situation we found mainly contributed to asymmetrically bubbles collapse near the surface of tungsten wire, leading to tearing the surface apart; consequently cracks along the radial and axial directions of a tungsten wire extend simultaneously, classified as trans-granular fracture and inter-granular fracture, respectively. With the increase of cavitation intensity, the cracks tend to extend more radially and the axial crack propagation path becomes shorter, that is, mainly for trans-granular fracture; with the decrease of cavitation intensity, intergranular fracture becomes more obvious. When the hydrostatic pressure was 10 MPa and the driving electric power was 2 kW, the fibers became softener due to the fracture of the tungsten wire. The fracture caused by acoustic cavitation was different from conventional mechanical fracture, such as tensile, shear, fatigue fracture, on macro and micro morphology.     

钼的晶界内耗峰及少量间隙杂质影响晶界脆性的机制

用扭摆法测出钼的晶界内耗峯,频率约为1周/秒,峯温在1020℃附近,渗氧或渗碳可使晶界峯消失,但在较低温度出现合金晶界峯:氧峯在890℃附近;碳峯在925℃附近。由于钼单晶的内耗曲线上没有出现这些峯,故可认为都是晶界弛豫引起,如果试样中同时有氧和碳,又在960℃和985℃附近出现两个合金晶界峯,用改变频率方法求得各峯激活能,其相对大小与各峯的峯温次序相同,即氧晶界峯的激活能最小(80千卡/克分子);碳晶界峯次之(98千卡/克分子);纯钼晶界峯最大(119千卡/克分子);其他两个峯激活能略小于纯钼晶界峯。配合了断口金相试验,观察到当有氧峯出现时断口晶界面上有黑色氧化物沉淀粒子;当有碳峯出现时,晶界面上有羽毛状碳化物;当试样中同时有氧和碳存在时,也即当内耗曲线上出现960℃和985℃交互作用峯时,晶界面上有大量的有黑圈的白色沉淀物。从以上结果我们对少量间隙杂质在钼的晶界脆性中所起作用,特别是氧和碳同时存在时能起改善脆性的作用提出了一种看法。     

SiC纤维增强Ti17合金复合材料轴向残余应力的拉曼光谱和X射线衍射法对比研究

准确测量和分析SiC纤维增强Ti合金复合材料(SiC_f/Ti)中残余应力状态对优化复合材料的成型工艺和理解其失效模式具有重要意义,但其残余应力的实验测量和分析仍是一个挑战.石墨C涂层作为SiC纤维与Ti17基体合金之间必需的扩散障涂层,承载了由纤维与基体之间热不匹配引入的残余应力.本文采用显微拉曼光谱法对比测量纤维表面C涂层在复合材料中和去掉基体无应力态下G峰的峰位,通过石墨C涂层应力态下峰位移动计算出SiCf/C/Ti17复合材料中SiC纤维受到～705.0 MPa的残余压应力.采用X射线衍射方法测量了不同方向上该复合材料中基体钛合金的晶面间距以获取其空间应变,根据三轴应力模型分析了复合材料中基体钛合金沿轴向方向的残余应力为～701.3 MPa的张应力,并通过线性弹性理论转化为SiC纤维的残余压应力为～759.4 MPa.两种测试方法都确定了SiC纤维在成型过程中受到残余压应力,且获得的应力值较为接近,都可以用于对SiC_f/Ti复合材料的残余应力测量.     

Dynamic cracking resistance of structural materials predicted from impact fracture of an aircraft alloy

A new approach to studying the dynamic strength properties of structural materials is demonstrated with fracture of 2024-T3 aircraft aluminum alloy. The central idea of this approach is the incubation time to failure. In [1], experimental data for dynamic fracture of this alloy were analyzed in terms of the classical fracture criterion, which is based on the principle of maximum critical stress intensity factor [2]. In [1], the dependence of the stress intensity factor limiting value (the dynamic fracture toughness K_Id, which was assumed to be a functional characteristic of the material) on the loading rate was also measured. The same experimental data were analyzed in terms of an alternative structure-time approach [3]. In this approach, the dynamic fracture toughness K_Id is considered as an estimable characteristic of the problem, so that determination of limiting loads does not require a priori knowledge of the loading-rate dependence of the dynamic fracture toughness. The incubation time to failure of the aircraft aluminum alloy is calculated. The difference in the loading-rate dependences of the dynamic fracture toughness, which is observed for various structural materials, is explained. The dynamic fracture toughness of the alloy under pulsed threshold loads is calculated.     

Molecular dynamics study of thermal stress and heat propagation in tungsten under thermal shock

Using molecular dynamics （MD） simulation, we study the thermal shock behavior of tungsten （W）, which has been used for the plasma facing material （PFM） of tokamaks. The thermo-elastic stress wave, corresponding to the collective displacement of atoms, is analyzed with the Lagrangian atomic stress method, of which the reliability is also analyzed. The stress wave velocity corresponds to the speed of sound in the material, which is not dependent on the thermal shock energy. The peak pressure of a normal stress wave increases with the increase of thermal shock energy. We analyze the temperature evolution of the thermal shock region according to the Fourier transformation. It can be seen that the “obvious” velocity of heat propagation is less than the velocity of the stress wave; further, that the thermo-elastic stress wave may contribute little to the transport of kinetic energy. The heat propagation can be described properly by the heat conduction equation. These results may be useful for understanding the process of the thermal shock of tungsten.     

Degradation of tungsten under the action of a plasma jet

The degradation of the surface and structure of single-crystal tungsten and sintered powder tungsten during the action of a pulsed plasma jet is studied. It is shown that the degradation of a tungsten target during the action of a plasma jet with an energy flux density of 0.25–1 MJ/m² is accompanied by surface evaporation and melting and the fracture of surface layers on scales of 150–250 μm. The results of a numerical simulation of the thermomechanical processes that occur in a tungsten target during the action of a plasma jet are presented. The degradation of tungsten during the action of a plasma jet is shown to proceed almost continuously from the action (evaporation, melting) to the times that are more than three orders of magnitude longer than the action time, which is caused by the thermomechanical processes occurring in the tungsten target. Moreover, the action of thermal stresses leads to structural and morphological changes throughout the sample volume, and these changes are accompanied by recrystallization in adiabatic shear bands.     

Enhancement of extreme ultraviolet radiations from a laser-produced plasma using copper–tungsten alloy

Continuous extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission intensity from a laser-produced plasma in the wavelength between 40 and 200 nm for a copper–tungsten alloy target was observed to be 1.3 times higher than that for a tungsten target. Using the alloy target, low-opacity regions of one material were filled with high-opacity regions of another material. This opacity effect resulted in the increase of a calculated Rosseland mean opacity compared with either of the constituents, which may explain the increase of the EUV emission intensity.