发射光谱法同时测定钛基复合材料中的镍铁钼锰和硼的研究

研究了用碳粉、碳酸钙、氧化铜和氧化铍作缓冲剂同时测定钛基复合材料中的镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的发射光谱法,选择铍作内标线,不需分离、不需化学处理,直接压样于杯形的石墨电极中,具有简便、快速、准确。对测定条件、干扰因素进行了研究,从而建立测定镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的新方法。镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的分析线分别为300.36,248.33,315.82,260.57和249.68 nm,内标线选择为铍的298.61 nm,镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的线性范围分别为0.003%～0.30%;0.001%～0.20%;0.003%～0.30%;0.001%～0.20%;0.001%～0.20%。镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的检测限分别0.003%,0.001%,0.003%,0.001%,0.001%,其回收率在95.80%～104.8%范围内,当n=9时,相对标准偏差RSD均小于5%。用于样品的测定取得了满意的结果。     

秦巴山区汉中中药材姜黄中无机元素的测定

用ICP-AES测定陕西汉中市中药姜黄中的2种常量营养性元素(钙、镁)和5种微量元素(铜、铬、铁、锌、锰)含量.钙6010.5μg·g-1、镁6250.1μg · g-1、铜18.8μg·g-1、铬4.2μg·g-1、铁331.8μg·g-1、锌208.6μg·g-1、锰477.4μg·g-1,加标回收率均在96.4％...     

Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on artistic bronze and copper artificial patinas

To prevent the natural processes of decay and to develop and improve the treatments of conservation and restoration of artistic bronzes meaning statues and sculptures, it is important understanding the patination processes and the knowledge of artificially corroded surfaces. Chemical and physical characterization of artificial patinas obtained on artistic bronzes and coppers by using the 19th century Western traditional patination techniques and recipes by means of SEM-EDS, light microscopy and ATR/FT-IR has been done in previous studies [I.Z. Balta, L. Robbiola, Characterization of artificial black patinas on artistic cast bronze and pure copper by using SEM-EDS and light microscopy, in: Proceedings of the 13th European Microscopy Congress, 22-27 August 2004, Antwerp, Belgium, EMC 2004 CD-Rom Conference Preprints; I.Z. Balta, L. Robbiola, Traditional artificial artistic bronze and copper patinas—an investigation by SEM-EDS and ATR/FT-IR, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Non Destructive Investigations and Microanalysis for the Diagnostics and Conservation of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage, 15-19 May 2005, Lecce, Italy, ART’05 CD-Rom Conference Preprints]. Differences in morphology (structure, thickness, porosity, adherence, compactity, uniformity, homogeneity) and also in composition, on both artistic cast bronze and pure copper patinas, were clearly evidenced. Further in-depth investigation is required to be carried out in order to better understand the patinas mechanisms of formation and the layers kinetics of growth. The elemental and chemical analysis, either on a surface monolayer or in a depth profile, by using the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, can provide this kind of information, unique at trace-level sensitivity. SIMS has proved to be a suitable analytical technique for analyzing small amounts of material with high atomic sensitivity (ppm or even ppb) and high depth/lateral resolution in the micron and sub-micron range [R.G. Wilson, F.A. Stevie, C.W. Magee, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Handbook for Depth Profiling and Bulk Impurity Analysis, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989; M. Dowsett, A. Adriaens, The role of SIMS in cultural heritage studies, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 226 (2004) 38-52]. XPS has the ability to provide detailed chemical information on virtually each kind of solid sample, and elemental identification is therefore possible due to the core level photoemission. The most important advantage is the high surface sensitivity of the chemical information (a few monolayers) [E. Ciliberto, G. Spoto, Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2000]. In addition elements’ relative abundance can be made semi-quantitative or quantitative and information on chemical bonds can be derived.The aim of the present work is to highlight the advantages and the limits of XPS and Dynamic SIMS surface analytical techniques for the characterization of artistic bronze and copper artificial patinas. The results obtained on the analyzed samples allowed the distribution of the main elements in the corrosion patinas layers and the contribution of each elements present in bronze matrix to the color of the resulting patinas to be precisely revealed. This information could be used for comparative studies between artificial and natural patinas, and also for provenience and authentication studies for artistic and archaeological bronzes.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定磁化杯中铅、镉和铁

本文研究了火焰原子吸收光谱法测定磁化杯陶瓷内胆中Ｐｈ、Ｃｄ和Ｆｅ含量的方法。样品经粉碎，用硝酸－高氯酸混合液进行消解后测定。本法灵敏度高，干扰少，简单，快速，具有良好的精密度和准确度，其相对标准偏差分别为Ｐｂ３．９９％，Ｃｄ１０．７％，Ｆｅ０．９％。回收率Ｐｂ１００．６１％，Ｃｄ１０１．１８％，Ｆｅ１０２．４％。     

Energy,Exergy, Exergoeconomic and Exergoenvironmental Impact Analyses and Optimization of Various Geothermal Power Cycle Configurations

Energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic evaluations of various geothermal configurations are reported. The main operational and economic parameters of the cycles are evaluated and compared. Multi-objective optimization of the cycles is conducted using the artificial bee colony algorithm. A sensitivity assessment is carried out on the effect of production well temperature variation on system performance from energy and economic perspectives. The results show that the flash-binary cycle has the highest thermal and exergy efficiencies, at 15.6% and 64.3%, respectively. The highest generated power cost and pay-back period are attributable to the simple organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Raising the well-temperature can increase the exergy destruction rate in all configurations. However, the electricity cost and pay-back period decrease. Based on the results, in all cases, the exergoenvironmental impact improvement factor decreases, and the temperature rises. The exergy destruction ratio and efficiency of all components for each configuration are calculated and compared. It is found that, at the optimum state, the exergy efficiencies of the simple organic Rankine cycle, single flash, double flash, and flash-binary cycles respectively are 14.7%, 14.4%, 12.6%, and 14.1% higher than their relevant base cases, while the pay-back periods are 10.6%, 1.5% 1.4%, and 0.6% lower than the base cases.     

Ultrasonic-assisted catalytic transfer hydrogenation for upgrading pyrolysis-oil

Recent interest in biomass-based fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds has stimulated research efforts on conversion and upgrading pathways, which are considered as critical commercialization drivers. Existing pre-/post-conversion pathways are energy intense (e.g., pyrolysis and hydrogenation) and economically unsustainable, thus, more efficient process solutions can result in supporting the renewable fuels and green chemicals industry. This study proposes a process, including biomass conversion and bio-oil upgrading, using mixed fast and slow pyrolysis conversion pathway, as well as sono-catalytic transfer hydrogenation (SCTH) treatment process. The proposed SCTH treatment employs ammonium formate as a hydrogen transfer additive and palladium supported on carbon as the catalyst. Utilizing SCTH, bio-oil molecular bonds were broken and restructured via the phenomena of cavitation, rarefaction, and hydrogenation, with the resulting product composition, investigated using ultimate analysis and spectroscopy. Additionally, an in-line characterization approach is proposed, using near-infrared spectroscopy, calibrated by multivariate analysis and modeling. The results indicate the potentiality of ultrasonic cavitation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation, and SCTH for incorporating hydrogen into the organic phase of bio-oil. It is concluded that the integration of pyrolysis with SCTH can improve bio-oil for enabling the production of fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds from lignocellulosic biomass.     

页岩油气层核磁共振评价技术综述

对于常规储层,核磁共振是一项十分有效的解释-评价技术,它既能评价岩石物性与孔隙结构,又能评价孔隙流体分布与饱和度,且具有快速、无损、经济等特点;而对于页岩储层,其核磁共振受纳米级孔隙、复杂矿物成分、特殊孔隙结构、较高有机质含量、超低渗透性及内部梯度和受限扩散等因素的影响,面临探测分辨率低、解释模型不适用等瓶颈．为了发挥该项技术在页岩油气勘探开发中的作用,将国内外的页岩油气层核磁共振分析、评价技术与相关的页岩油气层实验室微观分析成果相结合,进行了系统梳理,从探测分辨率的提高、孔隙结构与岩石物性评价模型的建立、孔隙流体分布与识别模型的建立等方面进行了综述,提出需加强纳米孔的核磁共振弛豫机理和提高 D-T₂二维谱分辨率两个基础研究,在此基础上,进一步完善岩石物理及孔隙流体两个评价模型．
     

Physical Manipulation of Lanthanide‐Activated Photoluminescence

Versatile manipulation of lanthanide photoluminescence not only enables a more thorough understanding of the luminescent mechanism, but also promotes their widespread applications including advanced display and security, bioimaging and biotherapy, and sensors. The traditional chemical methods, engineering of composition, concentration, size, morphology, and surface defects, can easily tune the excitation, energy transfer and emission processes and have been frequently used. Despite the powerful ability to control luminescence intensity and selectivity, these chemical approaches suffer from cumbersome synthesis processes and are usually time consuming and irreversible. Recently, there have been numerous examples of physical approaches realizing in situ, real time, and reversible luminescence manipulation for certain materials under a given excitation. Herein, the existing physical strategies comprising temperature, magnetic field, electric field, and mechanical stress are summarized. For each approach, the action mechanism, material design, applications, as well as current challenges are discussed, and possible development directions and broadening of the potential application areas are considered.     

Astrophysical combustion

There are three main astrophysical combustion systems: the evolution of stars, formation of interstellar dust and particulates, and the transition to hadrons in the early universe. These are described in terms of general combustion concepts, such as ignition, laminar and turbulent flames, detonations, multiphase flows, and particle and soot formation. Viewed in this way, the universe and many of its most important astronomical components are combustion systems, and we should use these as naturally occurring laboratories for exploring new and familiar combustion regimes. A more detailed discussion focuses on one type of combustion system, the ignition and development of turbulent flames in Type Ia supernovae, and the importance of the transition to a detonation.     

ICP-MS在城市道路尘土中非常规监测微量元素污染评价中的应用

采集了石河子城区32个站点的道路尘土样本,测定了样品中10种非常规监测微量元素(B,Be,Bi,Co,Ga,Li,Sb,Sn,Tl,V)的含量。并采用地积累指数法、元素相关性分析和主成分分析法对尘土中的微量元素污染程度和来源进行了分析。结果表明：道路尘土中微量B,Be,Bi,Co,Ga,Li,Sb,Sn,Tl和V的平均含量分别为41.11,1.68,0.52,13.58,36.26,24.91,3.37,3.64,0.42,72.66 mg·kg-1。其中,Co,Li和Tl的平均含量均低于新疆土壤元素背景值,B,Be和V的平均含量和新疆土壤元素背景值相似,Bi,Ga,Sb和Sn的平均含量高于新疆和世界土壤元素背景值。地积累指数计算结果表明：B,Be,Co,Ga,Li,Tl和V污染级数为0,说明无污染,而Sb,Bi和Sn污染较为严重(污染等级分别为2,1,1)。元素相关性分析和主成分分析多元统计方法计算结果表明,Bi,Co,Sb和Tl主要是人为来源,B,Be,Li和V主要是自然来源,而Ga和Sn可能受自然因素和人为因素的共同影响。     

Infrared Spectroscopy and Morphological Assessments on the Nutritional Value of Prickly Pear Fruit

The prickly pear fruit helps in combating viral based infections. It is used to treat diabetes and declared to possess hypoglycemic effects. There is also record of the usage of the fruit in the olden days as a remedy for diabetes, lipid disorders, inflammation, ulcers, and pharmacologic side effects. The chemical composition and nutritional values of skin, flesh and seed of prickly pear fruit were investigated and discussed on a dry weight situation. The infrared spectra as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to identify the functional groups of carbohydrates, amino acids, and protein. The infrared spectral data of all three (skin, flesh, and seeds) species were recorded and assigned to the presence of distinguish peaks that referred to the three different sugars (glucose, fructose and saccharose) and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons moieties. On the other hand, the SEM is a powerful tool to investigate the morphological features of the components. SEM assays were examined on the surfaces of skin, flesh and seed branches showing a small particle that tends to form clusters with different shapes compared to each other. The Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample. The EDX spectral technique of the skin, flesh and seeds were confirmed the presence of different essential and useful elements such as carbon, oxygen, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, aluminum, silicon, chloride, and phosphorus.     

原子吸收光谱法测定水泥中的钠、钾、镁和铁

对火焰原子吸收光谱法测定水泥中的钠、钾、镁和铁的方法进行研究。在选定的最佳仪器条件下,测定钠、钾、镁和铁的RSD分别为1.81%、1.05%、2.68%、1.12%。水泥样品中钠、钾、镁和铁的回收率分别为102.0%—104.0%、98.4%—100.4、98.0%—102.0%、98.0%—100.3%。方法操作简单,测试快速,结果准确稳定。     

安徽齐云山恐龙蛋化石的显微结构和拉曼光谱特征

安徽齐云山恐龙蛋化石为最新发现,为研究恐龙蛋壳形成方式的多样性提供了新的资料。利用偏光显微镜和激光拉曼光谱仪分析了齐云山恐龙蛋蛋壳的内部矿物组成和结构特征,结果表明：齐云山恐龙蛋壳的主要组成为方解石和有机基质,其次还包括少量的石英、蛋白石、白云母、白云石、海绿石和针铁矿,成因归属于矿质填充作用和碳化作用。偏光显微结构特征显示,原生方解石和次生方解石呈明暗交替的文象结构。原生方解石结晶较差,为蛋壳成岩石化的产物,次生方解石结晶较好,其中可见少量的石英。拉曼测试原生方解石和次生方解石的主要特征峰均位于1 087,282,713和155 cm-1附近,但次生方解石比原生方解石的特征拉曼峰散射强度更强,结晶程度更高,颗粒更粗大,与镜下观察结果一致。有机基质微晶振动和晶面内C-C伸缩振动的拉曼峰分别位于1 360和1 600 cm-1附近。466,209,130,357和404 cm-1附近的拉曼峰为石英的特征峰。此外,898,629,1 458,654和481 cm-1附近的特征峰分别代表蛋白石、白云母、白云石、海绿石和针铁矿,表明围岩中的矿物质已通过蛋壳气孔或裂隙进入其内部。该结论为研究恐龙蛋壳化石的矿物成因和赋存层位的沉积环境提供了重要的参考资料。     

Haliotis tuberculata hemocyanin (HtH): analysis of oligomeric stability of HtH1 and HtH2, and comparison with keyhole limpet hemocyanin KLH1 and KLH2

The multimeric/higher oligomeric states of the two isoforms of Haliotis tuberculata hemocyanin (HtH1 and HtH2) have been assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of negatively stained specimens, for comparison with previously published structural data from keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH1 and KLH2) [see Harris, J.R., Gebauer, W., Guderian, F.U., Markl, J., 1997a. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), I: Reassociation from Immucothel followed by separation of KLH1 and KLH2. Micron, 28, 31–41; Harris, J.R., Gebauer, W., Söhngen, S.M., Nermut, M.V., Markl, J., 1997b. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). II: Characteristic reassociation properties of purified KLH1 and KLH2. Micron, 28, 43–56; Harris, J.R., Gebauer, W., Adrian, M., Markl, J., 1998. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH): Slow in vitro reassociation of KLH1 and KLH2 from Immucothel. Micron, 29, 329–339]. In purified samples of both HtH isoforms, the hollow cylindrical ca 8 MDa didecamer predominates together with a small number of decamers, but tri- and longer multidecamers are detectable only in the HtH2. The stability of the two HtH isoforms under varying ionic conditions have been monitored, thereby enabling conditions for the production of stable decamers to be established. The ability of these decamers to reform multimers in the presence of 10 and 100 mM concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions in Tris–HCl buffer (pH 7.4), and also of individual HtH1 and HtH2 subunits (produced by pH 9.6 dissociation in glycine-NaOH buffer), to reassociate in the presence of calcium and magnesium ions, has been assessed. For the HtH1 decamers, the predominant multimeric product is the didecamer at 10 and 100 mM calcium and magnesium concentrations, whereas for the HtH2 decamers, large numbers of multidecamers are produced, with the reaction proceeding more completely at the higher calcium and magnesium concentration. With the HtH1 subunit, reassociation in the presence of 10 and 100 mM calcium and magnesium ions yielded an almost 100% conversion into didecamers, whereas the HtH2 subunit produced a mixture containing large numbers of short multidecamers and relatively few didecamers, together with a considerable number of smaller diameter helical/tubular polymers. The association properties of the HtH1 and HtH2 decamers, and the subunit reassociation, firmly indicate the integrity and structural competency of the protein under the experimental conditions used. Data on the association of KLH2 decamers is also presented, which together with previously published data on the association KLH1 decamers and the reassociation of KLH1 and KLH2 subunits, enables a detailed comparison of the two hemocyanin isoforms from both molluscan species to be made. Biochemical manipulation of the oligomer states and the subunit reassociation of molluscan hemocyanins can usefully be assessed by the study of negatively stained TEM specimens.     

光谱及成像技术在果蔬损伤检测研究中的应用现状与展望

果蔬在收获、运输、贮藏、分拣、包装和销售过程中均会遭受不同程度的挤压、碰撞或摩擦,从而造成果蔬损伤,如挤伤、开裂、擦伤等外部损伤,同时,在生长过程中会产生黑心、水心、褐腐、霉心等内部损伤。果蔬损伤初期特征不明显,外观与正常果实基本无异,然而随着时间的推移,损伤组织恶化扩散,最终导致整个果实腐烂变质,又进而接触感染其他果实,造成周边甚至整箱果蔬病变,对果蔬产业造成巨大的经济损失。果蔬采后损伤检测方法多种多样,其中人工检测最为简单常用,但是该方法不仅耗时耗力,容易造成错判和漏判现象,而且无法实现肉眼不可见的皮下或内部损伤检测。近年来,随着计算机技术的快速发展,越来越多的无损检测技术被广泛应用于果蔬损伤检测,其中最为常用的当属光谱和成像技术。光谱成像技术通常结合图像处理、光谱分析、化学计量学方法、统计分析等手段,利用损伤果蔬和正常果蔬的图谱信号差异实现损伤检测,具有无损、快速等优点,能解决人工检测耗时耗力且准确率低的问题。在此主要概述了8种光谱及成像技术（近红外光谱、拉曼光谱、荧光光谱、高光谱成像、空间频域成像、核磁成像、X射线成像和热成像）在果蔬损伤检测的最新研究进展,包括检测原理及其技术特点,总结分析了各技术在果蔬损伤检测方面的应用情况,并展望未来发展趋势,以期为果蔬损伤无损检测提供借鉴与参考。     

基于高光谱技术的酸奶中常见致病菌的快速鉴别及计数

酸奶是一种发酵型乳制品饮料,因其特殊的功能性和良好的口感而广受欢迎。但由于商业链的不正当运行,如奶源非法获取、灭菌不充分等原因,导致酸奶中致病菌大量滋生,酸奶中毒事件频繁发生。酸奶中常见的致病菌主要有大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌,这三种致病菌由人体摄入并达到一定的数量时会产生腹痛、腹泻等严重的消化道疾病,并且会破坏人体肠道内的正常菌群平衡,因此国标对奶制品中这三种致病菌的数量已有明确的限量规定。由于酸奶的主要消费对象为老人和小孩,故其潜在危害不容小觑。传统菌落检测方法虽具有简单,灵敏、可操作性强等优点,但当不同菌落混杂在一起时无法同时进行定性定量的检测,且具有试剂成本高,检测周期长,人为因素影响较大等缺点。因此开发一种快速、简单、准确的混合鉴定计数方法为避免致病菌对酸奶的潜在危害提供了有效的途径。高光谱技术同时包含样本的光谱信息与图像信息,既能够根据化学组分的微小变化进行精确识别（光谱信息）,又能够反映出菌株在外部多层次的变化（图像信息）。因此该研究尝试对比高光谱图像技术和光谱技术,采用模式识别的方法,对比不同的模型识别结果,优选出最佳识别率的识别模型作为计数模型,最后通过最佳鉴别计数模型的识别分类结果来达到对酸奶中常见致病菌鉴定计数的目的。首先,购买酸奶中常见的乳酸菌种（保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌）和潜在污染的致病菌种（金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌）等标准菌株进行培养,提取经过48 h培养后的菌落图像信息和光谱信息。采用几种不同的预处理方式（SNV,MC,MSC,1stDER,2ndDER）对所提取的光谱数据进行预处理,并应用遗传算法筛除光谱数据中冗余的波段,保留有效波段。利用图像处理技术对图像信息中的菌株与培养基背景进行去除,然后采用主成分分析法从每幅图中优选出3个特征波长,并运用图像处理技术从特征波长所对应图像中提取菌株的18个基于GLCM的纹理特征信息。挑选合适的主成分分别建立不同的鉴别模型（LDA,KNN,BP-ANN,LS-SVM）,通过其最终的鉴别模型的识别率来确定最佳鉴别计数模型。最后从标准菌株中分别挑选出30株进行计数测试,通过比较模式识别的分类数量结果与菌株的实际数量来验证模式识别效果的准确率。研究表明,运用SNV预处理后光谱数据在提高信噪比效果上明显优于其他几种预处理方式。745.790 8,773.098 4和779.207 0 nm为图像信息中方差贡献率最大的三个波长,运用从特征波长所对应的图像中所提取的纹理特征信息建立图像识别模型。通过对比图像信息和光谱信息的模式识别结果发现,光谱特征鉴别模型普遍优于图像纹理特征鉴别模型,且当主成分数为9时,运用光谱特征所建立的LS-SVM模型的校正集识别率为96.25%,预测集的识别率为91.88%,为最优模型。采用优选的最优模型对菌株进行识别计数,大肠杆菌计数的相对误差为3.33%,金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌计数的相对误差均为0,验证了高光谱技术应用于酸奶中常见致病菌的鉴别计数的可行性。     

Individual and interactive effect of ultrasound pre-treatment on drying kinetics and biochemical qualities of food: A critical review

One of the earliest and most prevalent processing methods to increase the shelf-life of foods is drying. In recent years, there has been an increased demand to improve product quality while lowering processing times, expenses, and energy usage in the drying process. Pre-treatments are therefore effectively used before drying to enhance heat and mass transfer, increase drying efficiency, and lessen degradation of final product quality. When food is dried, changes are expected in its taste, color, texture, and physical, chemical, and microbial properties. This has led to the need for research and development into the creation of new and effective pre-treatment technologies including high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultraviolet irradiation, and ultrasound. Sound waves that have a frequency >20 kHz, which is above the upper limit of the audible frequency range, are referred to as “ultrasound”. Ultrasonication (US) is a non-thermal technology, that has mechanical, cavitational, and sponge effects on food materials. Ultrasound pre-treatment enhances the drying characteristics by producing microchannels in the food tissue, facilitating internal moisture diffusion in the finished product, and lowering the barrier to water migration. The goal of ultrasound pre-treatment is to save processing time, conserve energy, and enhance the quality, safety, and shelf-life of food products. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of ultrasound, its mechanism, and how the individual effects of ultrasonic pre-treatment and the interactive effects of ultrasound-assisted technologies affect the drying kinetics, bioactive components, color, textural, and sensory qualities of food. The difficulties that can arise when using ultrasound technology as a drying pretreatment approach, such as inadequate management of heat, the employment of ultrasound at a limited frequency, and the generation of free radicals, have also been explained.     

唐卡主色矿物颜料光谱分析

唐卡作为一件艺术品,具有较高的历史价值和艺术价值。对唐卡的矿物颜料进行鉴别分析,对唐卡的鉴定、修复、数字化存档、再现等具有非常重要的意义。该研究对唐卡主色矿物颜料进行体系性的光谱分析,选用唐卡绘制过程中5种主色常用的矿物颜料,深入分析矿物颜料的可见光、近红外、短波红外光谱特征产生机理,总结了不同色系矿物颜料可见光、近红外、短波红外谱段光谱特征。通过分析同一矿物颜料粉末、调和骨胶颜料以及颜料上布色卡光谱特征,发现粉状颜料调和骨胶后,反射率整体下降,在1 447和1 928 nm附近出现两个水的强吸收特征。而当骨胶溶物涂绘上布后,随着膏状颜料中水分的减少,上述两个吸收特征均变弱,个别颜料在1 447 nm处的吸收特征甚至消失。因此,矿物颜料粉末和颜料上布色卡光谱极为接近,可以在后期的唐卡颜料分析中直接利用唐卡矿物颜料粉末光谱进行匹配分析。唐卡红色矿物颜料为朱砂,矿物成分主要为HgS,其光谱在可见光波段先降后升,500 nm附近形成一个较深的吸收特征,且吸收峰较宽（430～530 nm）,红光谱段附近反射率急速升高,近红外波段反射率变化较为平直,在1 940和2 250 nm附近有弱吸收特征。唐卡黄色矿物颜料主要有三种：土黄（雄黄、雌黄）,赭石及金箔,主要成分分别为硫化砷、氧化铁及金。其特征光谱在可见光谱段集中在400～500 nm之间,不同颜料的吸收特征位置和吸收深度均不同。赭石在近红外波段的反射率整体较低,且860 nm附近还出现了吸收特征;而雄黄、雌黄和土黄则在近红外和短波红外谱段表现出反射率较高且波形平直,在1 890和2 230 nm附近有弱吸收特征;金箔在可见光波段的吸收特征窄浅,可作为区分的依据。唐卡蓝色矿物颜料为石青,主要矿物成分为蓝铜矿,其光谱在500～1 000,1 500,2 040,2 285和2 350 nm附近均有较强吸收特征,而在1 885和1 980 nm处有弱吸收特征。唐卡绿色矿物颜料为石绿,主要矿物成分为孔雀石,其光谱在550～1 000 nm有较强的宽吸收特征,在2 270和2 350 nm有明显吸收特征。尽管石青和石绿主要矿物成分皆为碳酸铜,但石绿在900～1 900 nm红-近红外谱段反射率增加较缓,1 500 nm无吸收特征,可以作为区分石青和石绿的依据。唐卡白色矿物颜料为砗磲和白土,主要矿物成分分别为碳酸钙和高岭土。在可见光谱段范围,砗磲在370 nm有弱吸收特征,而白土则在370和730 nm处有两个明显的吸收特征,可作为区分。在短波红外和近红外谱段,白土在1 425,1 930和2 230 nm均具有明显吸收特征,砗磲则在1 930和2 320 nm有明显吸收特征,1 440 nm处吸收特征较弱。且同种矿物颜料粉末,矿物粉末颗粒越大,颜料颜色越深,其光谱特征反射率越低。     

XRF与ICP-MS法在福建省安溪县和华安县的铁观音茶中元素含量测定的应用研究

安溪是铁观音茶的源产地,茶叶总产值每年数亿元,但不同品质的铁观音茶价格参差不齐,市场上存在以次充好的现象。福建省安溪县和华安县为铁观音主要的茶产地,两县市的茶叶产量市场占有率较高,地理位置毗邻,但茶叶品质和风味各有不同,造成茶叶市场的困扰。铁观音中微量元素种类和含量的检测,对产地的溯源具有重要的意义。采用X射线荧光光谱无标样半定量分析法(XRF)和微波消解/电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对福建省主要茶产区安溪县(感德、西坪、祥华)和华安县(良村、华丰、仙都)的30份铁观音进行元素含量对比分析。XRF法检测出两县茶样中存在的元素种类有K, Ca, S, P, Mg, Al, Si, Cl, Fe, Mn, Rb, Zn, Na和Sr,但含量上存在一定的差异。根据XRF法检测结果进行快速、准确稀释茶样用于ICP-MS法对比测定金属元素,优化样品前处理方法以满足痕量检测要求。对比发现当测定Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn和Zn金属元素时,相关性系数R²在0.824 8～0.892 8,趋势线斜率在0.806 0～0.944 9, XRF法和ICP-MS法的可...     

Development and Infrared Applications of Chalcogenide Glass Optical Fibers

Chalcogenide glass fibers based on sulphide, selenide, telluride, and their rare earth doped compositions are being actively pursued both at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. (NRL) and worldwide. Great strides have been made in reducing optical losses using improved chem ical purification techniques, but further improvements are needed in both purification and fiberization technology to attain the theoretical optical losses. Despite this, current singlemode and multimode chalcogenide glass fibers are enabling numerous applications. Some of these applications include laser power delivery, chemical sensing, imaging, scanning near field microscopy spectroscopy, fiber infrared (IR) sources lasers, amplifiers, and optical switches. The authors assert that the research and development of chalcogenide glasses will grow in the foreseeable future, especially with respect to improvements the optical quality of the fibers and the performance of the fibers in existing future applications.