基于图像分形相关位移测量新方法的研究

本文从分形理论出发提出了图像分形相关位移测量的新方法。较之20世纪80年代发展起来的以像素的灰度相关为基础的数字散斑相关法，分形相关法更充分地利用了散斑图的相关性特征，有关更深入的发展潜力。为了验证理论与方法的可靠性，进行了验证性实验并和数字散斑相关法的测试结果进行了比较。测试结果显示，测试精度至少可达0.06个像素。最后讨论了这一方法的发展前景。     

Assessment of speckle-pattern quality in digital image correlation based on gray intensity and speckle morphology

In digital image correlation (DIC), speckle patterns are generated on the surface of a specimen to resolve uniqueness issues. Thus, speckle patterns significantly affect the accuracy of image correlation. To assess the quality of speckle patterns, the standard deviation of gray intensities within each speckle (SDGIS) is introduced as a new metric. On the basis of the cumulative distribution of SDGIS, speckle-pattern quality measurement (ρ) is proposed, which integrates the features of gray intensity and speckle morphology. Twelve speckle patterns are generated by changing the spraying time and nozzle sizes of an airbrush because these are associated with the speckle volume fraction and speckle size, respectively. In addition, three displacement fields are used to investigate the effects of speckle patterns on the accuracy of the DIC results. For the 12 speckle images associated with the three displacement fields, the correlation results demonstrate that the proposed speckle-pattern quality measurement is inversely proportional to the averaged error of the subset method. This is statistically confirmed by evaluating the correlation coefficient and p-value. Furthermore, the error of the subset method is more affected by speckle patterns than the subset size when the subset size is sufficiently large.     

A weighting window applied to the digital image correlation method

In the digital image correlation method, two steps are used to calculate the displacements of tested images. The first step is to locate the integer-pixel displacement, and the next one is to compute the sub-pixel displacement based on the first step. The benefit from the computation method for the integer-pixel displacement is that its results directly affect the displacement accuracy of each point in tested images. In this paper, a new method is developed to calculate the displacement fields between two images taken before and after deformation of an object. A new correlation function with a weighting factor related to the position of each point in the image is taken into account. The analysis and experimental results confirm the validity of the new method. In addition, the calculation results from our method have more accuracy than that of the traditional one.     

数字图像相关中基于位移场局部最小二乘拟合的全场应变测量

为了从含噪声的位移场中计算得到可靠的应变场,提出一种基于位移场局部最小二乘拟合的全场应变求解方法。介绍了数字图像相关方法的原理,阐述了基于位移场局部最小二乘拟合的全场应变求解方法,并讨论了计算区域边界、孔洞及裂纹附近区域等情况下的应变计算。对均匀变形和中心带圆孔的薄铝板拉伸实验的计算结果表明,该方法能有效地从原始位移场数据中提取全场应变信息。在均匀变形情况下应选择大的应变计算窗口,计算结果更逼近真值;在非均匀变形情况下,如果位移场中包含较强的噪声,则应选择较大的应变计算窗口,而位移场精度很高时可选择更小的应变计算窗口。     

Digital image correlation with gray gradient constraints: Application to spatially variant speckle images

As a carrier of local deformation information, speckle pattern inside a subset is usually crucial for surface displacement acquisition based upon a digital image correlation (DIC) method, since both accuracy and precision of DIC method are closely related to the amount of speckle information in a subset. Although some comprehensive theoretical frameworks have been developed to estimate the quality of local speckle patterns, it is still a great challenge how to effectively integrate the subset speckle information into the well-developed correlation criteria used for DIC. By means of a well-designed square window function, we here propose the concept of continuous subset in order to modulate subset size in a continuously derivable manner. Afterwards, we further develop a new constrained zero-normalized sum-of-squared differences (CZNSSD) criterion and construct the corresponding iterative algorithm, based on which the subset size involved can be automatically determined according to the necessary amount of speckle information. Numerical results of synthetic speckle images indicate that the set of algorithm can enhance the accuracy and precision of displacement measurement, especially for spatially variant speckle images.     

立体摄影术与数字散斑相关方法相结合用于研究三维变形场

采用立体摄影术与数字图像相关技术相结合的方法测量了三维位移场。首先利用两个CCD摄像机在空间两个不同位置拍摄物体表面在变形前后同一个区域之间的散斑图像;然后利用数字散斑相关技术求解这四幅散斑图像之间的相对位移;最后利用立体摄影的几何转换公式来确定物体表面的三维变形场。给出了该立体摄影测试系统的标定结果以及编织复合材料试件的三维变形测量结果。     

Evaluation of absolute phase for 3D profile measurement using fringe projection

A new method of absolute phase evaluation for three-dimensional (3D) profile measurement using fringe projection is presented, which combines the gray code and the phase shift technique. Two kinds of fringe patterns are projected onto the object surface respectively, one is sinusoidal intensity distribution used for phase demodulation and the other is gray code fringe pattern for unwrapping. These images are acquired by camera and stored into computer. The absolute phase is obtained by analyzing these images. The validity of this method is verified experimentally. The method is superior to other phase unwrapping methods.     

高精度数字图像相关测量系统及其技术研究

研制双CCD长距显微数字图像相关测量系统,它融合光电子、数字图像相关方法和散斑技术于一体,具有非接触式、高精度、宽量程、准实时、测试方法简便等优点,它可用于材料力学性能(特别是柔性高分子材料力学性能)测量、低膨胀系数新型材料线胀系数等的测量。若将其用于应变测量,灵敏度优于1με,而传统数字图像相关方法测量应变的理论灵敏度为20με。利用列阵光学元件解决了0.05 mm高衬比度微小标记的方便设置;提出消除了数字图像灰度噪声的时间平均法,使相关测量精度稳定地达到0.01 pixel。还给出金属材料拉应变的测量结果,实验结果与经典理论值相当接近。此外,还阐述数字图像相关测量技术是一种超光学系统衍射极限分辨力的测量技术。     

基于液晶显示投影技术的数字影栅云纹相移实现方法

影栅云纹是物体离面变形和表面形貌测量常用的一种比较简单的方法,用单纯的影栅云纹法即便在最好的光学系统配置情况下测量精度也只有1~100μm左右,在影栅云纹测试方法中引进相移技术是提高测量精度的主要手段。采用液晶投影仪和数字图像处理技术实现数字影栅云纹测量的准确数字相移,避免了在影栅云纹法中使用结构比较复杂或特制的相移机构。由计算机产生相移条纹图经液晶显示投影,应用实时图像灰度算术相减技术得到数字相移影栅云纹条纹图。该方法具有“基准栅”的栅距和相移步长实时可调,配置高速图像采集系统和图像后处理软件,可将相移技术引入动态测量中,从而提高动态测量的精度的优点。最后的悬臂梁实验结果证实了该方法的有效性。     

一种空域和频域相结合的运动图像亚像素配准技术

针对视频图像运动检测问题,提出了一种结合空域灰度投影和频域相位相关的亚像素图像配准方法。首先,采用灰度投影算法在空域对运动图像进行粗配准,即在图像行和列方向上计算图像灰度投影特征数据,根据灰度相关函数最小化准则,估计像素级运动量;然后,在经过粗配准的两幅图像中心选取尺寸相同的区域,进行快速傅里叶变换,在频域采用扩展的相位相关算法对图像进行精确配准。该方法利用图像的功率谱信息,减少对图像内容的依赖,运用基于最小二乘的曲面拟合法,实现亚像素图像配准参数估计,具有从粗到精的特点,有效提高了图像检测精度。文中最后对样本图像进行了图像配准对比实验,结果表明,该方法可以检测0.01 pixel的运动量,最大配准误差为0.004 8 pixel。     

数字散斑亚像素小角位移测量的曲面拟合法

与传统测量方法相比,数字散斑相关法由于其目标特征单元网格划分的灵活性,能够更好地满足不同场合小角位移的测量需求。针对该方法亚像素小角位移测量的曲面拟合参数选择问题,研究了亚像素测量图像小角旋转前后的九点二次曲面拟合法,并根据计算机生成模拟散斑进行模拟实验分析,得到最佳误差效率优化条件下的曲面拟合法求解亚像素小角位移的最佳散斑尺寸3.5 pixel、计算窗口尺寸41×41 pixel和拟合窗口尺寸3×3 pixel。实验验证了上述测量参数的有效性,为进一步的曲面拟合法数字散斑成像角位移测量提供参考。     

A new information dimension of complex networks

The fractal and self-similarity properties are revealed in many complex networks. The classical information dimension is an important method to study fractal and self-similarity properties of planar networks. However, it is not practical for real complex networks. In this Letter, a new information dimension of complex networks is proposed. The nodes number in each box is considered by using the box-covering algorithm of complex networks. The proposed method is applied to calculate the fractal dimensions of some real networks. Our results show that the proposed method is efficient when dealing with the fractal dimension problem of complex networks.     

噪声对数字图像相关法计算结果的影响研究

不同的散斑场会显示出不同的灰度分布特征,并对数字图像相关方法的计算结果有着重要影响。使用计算机模拟生成一系列单向拉伸图像和双向拉伸图像,并在生成的图像中添加噪声,从而获得一系列含噪声单向拉伸图像和含噪声双向拉伸图像。使用数字图像相关方法对无噪声图像和含噪声图像分别进行相关计算,并分析研究图像应变量与相关计算结果正确率间的关系,研究结果表明发现当图像的应变量在一定范围内时,数字图像相关方法计算结果的正确率较高。同时发现,当图像的应变量较小时,噪声对相关计算结果的影响较大,随着图像应变量的增大,噪声对相关计算结果的影响逐渐减小,当图像的应变量到达一定程度时,噪声对相关计算的影响就不明显了。     

Effect of surface lay in the surface roughness evaluation using machine vision

This work explores the influence of orientation of surface lay pattern of the machined components, while quantifying the surface roughness using machine vision approach. The surface images are captured from milled low carbon steel specimens with different roughness values using a vision system with coaxial lighting arrangement at different angular orientations of the work pieces (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 135°, 150°, and 180°). The captured images are subjected to preprocessing in order to retain the frequency components that attribute to roughness using a Gaussian filter by adapting the filtering procedures specified in ISO 4288. Numerous image based parameters such as gray level average (G_a), gray level co-occurrence matrix based image quantification parameters namely contrast, correlation, energy or uniformity, maximum probability and differential box courting based fractal dimension are computed from the surface images captured at different angular positions of the work piece. The computed vision based parameters are compared and correlated with the roughness average (R_a) obtained using a stylus instrument and the results are analyzed. The results clearly indicated that it is important to consider the orientation of the work piece when the machine vision approach is used to quantify the surface texture parameters.     

基于数字图像相关的透明材料厚度测量

提出了一种测定透明材料厚度的新方法。该方法是基于透明材料对光的折射特点,利用光斑点面内位移与材料厚度的变化关系,将厚度的测量转化为对面内位移的测量。将此方法与数字图像相关法相结合,实现了单摄像机对厚度的测定。对轴向拉伸状态下的有机玻璃板的厚度变化进行了测定,将实验结果与理论值进行了对比,两者符合较好,证明了该实验方法的有效性和可行性。     

斜光轴面内位移测量的数字散斑相关法研究

以工程环境中远距离位移和位移场的光学测量为研究课题,分析了远距离斜光轴成像时,像模糊和成像位置变化对白光数字散斑相关方法产生的影响,给出了这两种影响的误差理论计算公式。提出使用参考测量技术克服斜光轴成像位置变化带来影响,给出一种新的远距离斜光轴高精度测量面内位移的方法,在2～50m处作静载挠度测量,其最大相对误差小于1％,测量精度在实验室环境和工程测量环境中都得到了验证。该方法无需共轴光路的测量环境要求,特别适用于桥梁、高速公路立交桥的静载挠度测量等工程应用。使用高速图像采集卡,该方法可应用于斜光轴动态位移测量,拓展了数字散斑相关方法的应用范围。     

一种基于超复数系的数字全息图像生成方法

提出了一种基于超复数系的数字全息图像生成方法，通过定义超复数系，由此构成n维向量空间，然后采用分形迭代方法在n维向量空间中选择不同截面来绘制分形图像，因而能够在高维空间生成分形数字图像序列，并能够制作出具有动态效果和美感的激光全息图。由于分形数字全息图像生成具有较好的参数可控制性和不可逆转性，全盛的防伪标专难以仿制，在激光全息防伪领域有着良好的应用前景。     

基于空间二进制编码的3 D形貌测量方法

介绍了一种基于空间二进制编码的非接触３ Ｄ 形貌测量方法。它用一台ＬＣＤ 投影仪对被测物体表面进行空间编码,再用一台ＣＣＤ 摄像机获取物体编码信息,最后用三角法原理从摄像机图像中获取三维形貌数据。提出了基于三角法的空间二进制码的重要特性,描述了高效编码的构造方法。用这个构造方法构造出一个完全数字化的７ 位字长的二进制编码。基于这种编码的３ Ｄ 形貌测量方法在被测物体表面非常不连续和非构造的环境下取得了良好的测量结果。     

基于单摄像机的三维位移测试方法

基于三维位移测量手段在工程技术领域的必要性和重要性,开展了基于单摄像机和数字图像相关的三维位移测试方法研究.基于图像位移场矢量中心和斜率与面内和离面位移的分别对应关系,采用Savitzky-Golay(SG)微分滤波器分离图像位移子区内的常数项与一次项,可实现物体三维位移分量的有效分离.以针孔摄像机成像模型为基础,开展了相应的数值模拟实验及悬臂梁端部受载的实验,发展了与三维线性变形对应的散斑图模拟方法,验证了基于二阶位移模式的牛顿-拉夫森迭代法的精度和适用性.数值模拟与实验结果均验证了三维位移测试方法用于实现物体三维位移重构的可行性和优越性.