垂直入射电磁波在大气压非平衡等离子体层中的传播特性

用数值模拟的方法对大气压非平衡等离子体薄层中，不同的电子密度分布对微波反射、吸收和透射的影响进行了研究。所采用的理论分析方法是分层模型和镶嵌不变原理。计算中考虑了微波在子层间的多次反射和吸收。数值结果表明，对于电磁波的吸收来说，等离子体中具有二次分布的电子密度，其效果要高于线性分布10%左右；而对于反射来说，线性分布效率更高。功率反射系数随波长的增大而增大，功率吸收系数A也不是单调的，当电子密度不变时，A存在一个峰值，随着电磁波波长的增加而增加，达到最大值后，缓慢降低。     

金等离子体平均离化度随电子温度变化关系的研究

用Cowan的原子结构从头算程序和自旋轨道劈裂阵模型计算各阶电离的金离子能级和跃迁， 在碰撞辐射模型下求解能级布居数方程，计算给定等离子体密度和电子温度下等离子体中离子的分布，给出了平均离化度随电子温度的变化关系.发现稀薄的金等离子体中，在一定的电子温度范围内电子温度的升高平均电离度反而下降的反常现象.讨论了电离势对平均离化度的影响. 关键词： 金等离子体 碰撞辐射模型 布居数 平均电离度     

FDTD analysis on the effect of plasma parameters on the reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave

In this paper, the dielectric constant of dispersive medium is written as rational polynomial function, and the relationship between D and E is derived in time-domain. It is named shift operator FDTD (SO-FDTD) method. Compared to the analytical solution, the high accuracy and efficiency of this method is verified by calculating the reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave through a cold plasma slab. The effect on reflection coefficient is calculated by using the SO-FDTD method. The result shows that some factors effect on reflection coefficient. They are as follows: plasma thickness, electron density, electron distribution and incident frequency. And on most conditions, parabola distribution helps reduce reflection coefficient more effectively than homogeneous distribution.     

等离子体的SO-FDTD算法和对电磁波反射系数的计算分析

将一类色散介质的介电常数写成有理分式函数形式，进而导出FDTD中电位移矢量D和电场强度E之间的关系，形成SO-FDTD方法. 应用该方法计算了冷等离子体平板对电磁波的反射系数，通过与解析结果的比较，验证了该算法的高效性和高精度，同时，应用SO-FDTD方法，计算了等离子体层对垂直入射电磁波的反射系数，结果表明：等离子体厚度、电子密度、电子密度的分布形式和入射波频率是影响反射系数的重要因素. 关键词： 等离子体 电磁波 FDTD方法     

磁控直流辉光等离子体放电特性

本文利用单探针诊断等离子体参数来研究自行设计的磁控直流辉光等离子体实验装置的放电特性, 从而得出电子密度与气体压强、电子密度分布与磁场位型以及磁场强度等的关系. 另外, 用有限元的方法对线圈通电产生的磁场进行数值计算, 模拟出不同接线方式的两种磁场位型分布. 通过实验得出这两种不同的位型的磁场均对等离子体的状态有一定的“控制”作用, 而且这种“控制”作用与现有理论相符合.     

大气中固体燃烧等离子体与微波相互作用的实验研究

 设计制造了含特定组分的化学药剂，利用热力学方法对其在大气中燃烧所产生的等离子体的电子密度进行了理论计算，对该等离子体对2~15 GHz波段微波的透射衰减和反射进行了测试。测试结果表明，该等离子体对该波段微波具有宽波段强吸收和弱反射性能，波段内的平均吸收大于25 dB，反射信号几乎淹没在背景噪声中。并从理论上分析了带电子与中性粒子的造成这一现象的主要原因是碰撞吸收。     

Charge density determination in icosahedral AlPdMn quasicrystal using quantitative convergent beam electron diffraction

Charge density distribution in icosahedral AlPdMn quasicrystal has been studied on a single-crystal specimen by using quantitative convergent beam electron diffraction (QCBED) technique. The QCBED systematic row method was used in the refinement of structure factors. To refine the low-order structure factors, the wave-mechanical formulation of electron diffraction dynamical theory was used in the calculation of electron diffraction intensities for the quasicrystal in fitting the experimental intensity line scan profiles. The shapes of atomic surfaces (occupation domains) were described with symmetry-adapted series of surface harmonics. An iterative procedure was used in determination of structure factors of the quasicrystal. The structure factors of nine strongest symmetry inequivalent reflections according to X-ray diffraction experiment were refined with QCBED technique. The average of refinement results for a given reflection performed on several CBED patterns, which were slightly different in orientation and sample thickness, and on different line scans, was taken as the value of structure factor for the reflection. The obtained structure factors for electrons were transformed into X-ray structure factors with Mott formula. The bonding charge density map for the quasicrystal was constructed with the obtained nine structure factors. Assuming that the atoms are spheres, the gain or loss of electrons for different atoms were calculated. It shows that identical atoms can have different valences at different kinds of positions. The bonding charge is localized along certain directions.     

高空核爆炸瞬发辐射电离效应的数值模拟

采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了高空核爆炸瞬发辐射中子、γ射线、X射线电离大气的过程,给出了几种爆炸场景下瞬发辐射产生的附加电离电子密度空间分布.针对大气密度随高度非均匀连续变化的特性,采用质量距离抽样方法取代常用的步长抽样方法,无需根据大气密度随高度的变化进行分层处理,提高了计算效率.结果表明:对于不同的爆高,瞬发辐射电离分布存在显著的差异;随着爆高的增加,瞬发辐射附加电离区范围增大,但电子密度的峰值减小. 关键词： 高空核爆炸 瞬发辐射 大气电离 蒙特卡罗方法     

Experimental investigation of nonlocality effects in the electron energy spectrum in an electronegative gas

The nonlocality of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in a dc discharge in oxygen is observed experimentally. A method is developed for measuring the isotropic part of the EEDF in a low-temperature plasma of electronegative gases. The radial dependence of the EEDF and the radial distributions of the electron density, the average electron energy, and the potential are determined. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 63, No. 7, 511–516 (10 April 1996)     

Photoionization microscopy of Rydberg hydrogen atom near a dielectric surface

Based on the semiclassical analysis of photoionization microscopy, we study the ionization of the Rydberg hydrogen atom near a dielectric surface. The radial electron probability density distributions on a given detector plane are calculated at different scaled energies and near different dielectric surfaces. We find due to the interference effect of different types of electron trajectories arriving at a given point on the detector plane, oscillatory structures appear in the electron probability density distributions. With the increase in the scaled energy, more types of electron ionization trajectories appear and the oscillatory structure in the electron probability density distributions becomes complex. Besides, the dielectric constant of the dielectric surface can also affect the electron probability density distributions. Since the photoionization microscopy interference pattern recorded on the detector plane reflects the distribution of the square modulus of the transverse component of the electronic wave function, with the recorded interference pattern, we can investigate the ionization dynamics of the Rydberg atom near surfaces clearly. This study provides some reference values for the future experiment research on the photoionization microscopy of the Rydberg atom near dielectric surfaces.     

Effects of relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities on the interaction of high-power laser beam with an inhomogeneous warm plasma

The influence of relativistic-ponderomotive nonlinearities and the plasma inhomogeneity on the nonlinear interaction between a high-power laser beam and a warm underdense plasma are studied. It is clear that the relativistic ponderomotive force and the electron temperature modify the electron density distribution and consequently change the dielectric permittivity of the plasma. Therefore, by presenting the modified electron density and the nonlinear dielectric permittivity of the warm plasma, the electromagnetic wave equation for the propagation of intense laser beam through the plasma is derived. This nonlinear equation is numerically solved and the distributions of electromagnetic fields in the plasma, the variations of electron density, and plasma refractive index are investigated for two different background electron density profiles. The results show that the amplitude of the electric field and electron density oscillations gradually increase and decrease, during propagation in the inhomogeneous warm plasma with linear and exponential density profiles, respectively, and the distribution of electron density becomes extremely sharp in the presence of intense laser beam. It is also indicated that the electron temperature and initial electron density have an impact on the propagation of the laser beam in the plasma and change the plasma refractive index and the oscillations' amplitude and frequency. The obtained results indicate the importance of a proper choice of laser and plasma parameters on the electromagnetic field distributions, density steepening, and plasma refractive index variations in the interaction of an intense laser beam with an inhomogeneous warm plasma.     

Experimental and simulation investigations of the peculiarities of relativistic electron beam scattering at a small angle of incidence on a thin flat target

The refraction angles θ _d of electron beams passing through aluminum and thin flat copper foils and reflection angles θ _r are measured. A microtron with 7.4 MeV particles is used as a source of electrons. The angle between the particle trajectory and the target surface α is varied in the range 5°–30°. The dependences of the refraction and reflection angles on the α angle and foil thickness δ are measured. A dosimetric film is used to make pictures of cross sections of the electron beam scattered by a thin 50 μm copper foil. Image processing allows the spatial distributions of refracted and reflected particles to be obtained. The processes of relativistic electron scattering at a small angle of incidence on a flat target are simulated by the Monte Carlo method. The results of simulation are compared with experimental data. Particle scattering at a bimetallic target consisting of 200-μm aluminum and 70-μm lead layers are simulated. A dependence of the spatial-energy distributions on the order of metal layers placed along electron trajectories is found.     

On the Kinetics of the Active Zone of the Stationary SF6 Beam Discharge Plasma

The paper deals with the impact of intensive electron attachment on the kinetics of the electrons in the active zone of the stationary band-like beam discharge plasma in SF₆ which is an alternative useful plasma medium for “dry etching”. The energy distribution of the electrons in this plasma was obtained by numerically solving the Boltzmann equation which includes apart from elastic collisions, different exciting collision processes, attachment in electron collisions, direct ionization, the ambipolar loss of electrons, Coulomb interaction between electrons and of electrons with ions and the power input to the electrons by the turbulent electric field. In particular, due to the needed fulfilment of the consistent electron particle balance, for an extended region of the turbulence energy density in this plasma a large impact on the electron kinetics of the intensive electron attachment, which is the prevailing electron loss process, was found enforcing independent of the turbulence energy density always a large power input to the electrons, smooth and only slowly decreasing energy distributions even in the energy region of direct ionization.     

Pomraning-Eddington approximation for solving the Spencer-Lewis equation

By means of Pomraning-Eddington approximation and maximum entropy method the Spencer-Lewis equation in an infinite medium has been solved explicitly. The behaviour of the approximate solution for the total electron density are shown graphically, and compared with that obtained by using the flux-limited approach. The results reported in this article provide further evidence of the usefulness of both Pomraning-Eddington and flux-limited. Knowing the electron density distribution allows us to calculate directly some physical quantity, such as the reflection function and energy deposition profile.     

时空非均匀等离子体鞘套中太赫兹波的传播特性

高超声速飞行器再入地面的过程中,其周围等离子体的电子密度是非均匀且随时间变化的.对于不同的再入高度,飞行器周围的温度和压强也会发生改变.因此,研究电磁波在时空非均匀等离子体鞘套中的传播特性意义重大.首先建立了时变非均匀的等离子体鞘套模型,然后通过经验公式得到温度、压强与碰撞频率三者的关系.采用时域有限差分方法计算了太赫兹波段中不同电子密度弛豫时间、温度、压强时的反射系数、透射系数和吸收率.研究结果表明:在太赫兹波段中,电子密度的弛豫时间越长,温度越高,压强越大,电磁波越容易穿透等离子体;弛豫时间越短,温度越低,压强越小,等离子体对电磁波吸收率的变化越明显.这些结果为解决"黑障"问题提供了理论依据.     

The specular component of light scattering and the charac- terization of the height distribution for random surfaces

The relations between the specular reflection component of the intensity scattered by random surfaces and the height distributions of the surfaces are analyzed theoretically. In the extraction of the height distribution, both the phase and the amplitude of the specular wave are required. The measured specular intensity data versus the perpendicular component of the wave vector are used for the retrieval of the phase distribution of the specular wave, in which the Ger-chberg-Saxton iterative algorithm is employed, and the characterization of the height distribution of random surfaces is accomplished. In the experiment, two samples with Gaussian and quasi-two level height distributions, respectively, are practically measured and the results of the height probability density function obtained by light scattering method are in good accordance with those by atomic force microscopy. The method of this paper is of important significance for the characterizations and studies of random surfaces.     

超短脉冲激光在电介质材料中传输及破坏深度微观理论计算

基于Fokker-Planck方程和激光传输方程建立超短脉冲激光在电介质材料中的传输及材料破坏理论模型,计算材料内不同位置处导带电子数密度及激光电场强度随时间的变化,进而得到激光的反射率、透射率及沉积率随激光能量密度的变化特征.选取导带电子数密度阈值作为材料破坏的判断条件,计算了不同激光能量密度下的破坏深度,发现破坏深度随激光能量密度的变化曲线呈现先增长后减小,讨论了激光能量沉积特性对破坏深度的影响.计算最大破坏深度随激光脉宽的变化发现,激光脉宽越短则最大破坏深度越小. 关键词： 超短脉冲激光 电介质材料 破坏深度 微观理论模型     

闪电放电通道等离子体成分及相关特性的研究

以无狭缝摄谱仪获得了青海和西藏地区的云对地闪电回击过程的光谱,依据谱线波长和相对强度等信息,结合等离子体相关理论,得到了放电通道温度和电子密度;在此基础上,根据Saha方程、电荷守恒方程和粒子数守恒方程计算了闪电通道主要元素各级电离的离子数密度,进而得到通道质量密度、压强及平均电离度, 并分析了不同强度闪电放电通道的电离度、粒子数密度及其分布特征。结果表明：回击通道接近于完全电离,一次电离离子占主要地位,且NⅡ离子数密度最高;不同强度的闪电放电通道中,NⅡ和OⅡ离子的相对浓度值变化不大;计算过程中考虑带电离子间库仑相互作用以后,原子电离能的计算值降低,中性原子以及一次电离离子数密度的计算值变小,高次电离离子数密度的计算值变大。     

Ultrafast electron spin dynamics in bulk CdTe investigated by femtosecond pump-probe reflection spectroscopy

The transient spin polarization dynamics in bulk cadmium telluride (CdTe) at 70 K is investigated by the circularly polarized pump-probe reflection technique. A general expression is derived from the rate equations of a two-level system with small signal approximation to describe the light-helicity-dependent reflection spectrum. The initial degree of electron spin polarization in the excited state and the electron spin relaxation time in bulk CdTe at low temperature with different carrier density are analyzed according to this model. Our experimental results reveal that the D?yakonov–Perel? mechanism based on a fully microscopic kinetic spin Bloch equation (microscopic KSBE) approach dominates in the electron spin relaxation process in bulk CdTe crystal.     

THz电磁波在时变非磁化等离子体中的传播特性研究

本文建立了时变非磁化等离子体平板的一维模型,并采用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法对太赫兹(THz)电磁波在时变等离子体中传播时的反射、透射系数及吸收率进行了计算.然后根据计算结果分析了时变等离子体的上升时间、电子密度、温度以及等离子体平板厚度等参数对不同频段THz波在等离子体中传播特性的影响.分析结果表明:THz波在时变等离子体中传播时,其反射系数受等离子体电子密度和上升时间的影响较大;而吸收率则随着上升时间的减小、电子密度及平板厚度的增加而增大;此外,THz电磁波能够穿透量级为1020m-3的高密度等离子体层,可以作为再入段飞行器通信以及高密度等离子体诊断的理想工具.