多轴加载下混凝土细观破坏模拟的强度准则探讨

实际工程结构中混凝土材料大多处于双轴或三轴的复杂应力状态,已有的细观力学数值研究工作大多针对单轴加载问题,对于双轴或者三轴加载条件下混凝土破坏模拟的研究相对较少。复杂受力条件下的混凝土材料破坏模拟中,细观组分强度准则选取的合理与否将成为混凝土破坏模式及宏观力学性能数值研究准确和成功与否的关键。本文旨在探讨单轴强度准则,如最大拉应变准则在多轴加载条件下混凝土破坏过程研究中运用的合理性。鉴于此,首先在细观尺度上建立了混凝土试件的二维随机骨料模型,分别采用弹性损伤本构关系模型及塑性损伤本构关系模型来描述细观组分(即砂浆基质)的力学性能,对双轴加载条件下混凝土的细观破坏过程进行数值模拟,对比了单轴强度准则和多轴强度准则下混凝土试件破坏路径及宏观应力-应变关系的差异。数值结果表明,简单的单轴强度准则难以反映双轴加载下混凝土内部应力状态的复杂性,不宜采用单轴强度准则来描述多轴加载下混凝土的破坏行为。     

On the influence of material non-linearities in geometric modeling of kink band instabilities in unidirectional fiber composites

The axial compressive failure of aligned fiber composites triggered by kink band instabilities is the topic of investigation herein. Particular emphasis is put on the accurate prediction of the post-failure regime, where fiber composites are known to exhibit substantial post-failure strength. In this regard, a previous analytical model, based on geometric relationships and energy principles, is enhanced by consistently taking into account material non-linearities. Therefore, a non-linear constitutive law is introduced herein based on a newly developed exponential formulation. This non-linear constitutive law is subsequently implemented into the stress–strain response in interlaminar shearing as well as the compression response. The model enhancements are validated against published experimental data yielding excellent comparisons. Furthermore, the relevance of modeling non-linear material behavior in interlaminar dilation and bending is assessed using a bilinear constitutive law. However, implementing non-linear material behavior does not yield any improvements and can therefore be neglected.     

爆炸荷载下钢筋混凝土梁的变形和破坏

利用爆炸压力模拟器进行钢筋混凝土简支梁爆炸冲击实验,详细介绍了实验设计,通过实验系统分析了钢筋混凝土(RC)梁变形破坏特征以及钢筋作用机理和对变形破坏的影响,并建立了RC梁的分离式有限元模型,利用LS-DYNA分析了实验过程,对计算结果与实验结果进行了比较,分析了误差产生的原因,得到了爆炸冲击荷载作用下RC梁的损伤破坏特征和机理,可为毁伤评估和结构抗爆设计提供参考。     

An analysis of the shear failure of rigid-linear hardening beams under impulsive loading

A theoretical rigid-plastic analysis for the dynamic shear failure of beams under impulsive loading is presented when using a travelling plastic shear hinge model which takes into account material strain hardening. The maximum dynamic shear strain and shear strain-rate can be predicted in addition to the permanent transverse deflections and other parameters. The conditions for the three modes of shear failure, i.e., excess deflection failure, excess shear strain failure and adiabatic shear failure are analyzed. The special case of an infinitesimally small plastic zone is discussed and compared with Nonaka's solution for a rigid, perfectly plastic material. The results can also be generalized to examine the dynamic response of fibre-reinforced beams.     

Interfacial debonding of coated-fiber-reinforced composites under tension-tension cyclic loading

A new degradation function of the friction coefficient is used. Based on the double shear-lag model and Paris formula, the interfacial damage of coated-fiber-reinforced composites under tension-tension cyclic loading is studied. The effects of strength and thickness of the coating materials on the debond stress, debond rate as well as debond length are simulated. The subject supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.59778034), Teaching and Research Award Program for Outstanding Young Teachers in Higher Education Institutions of MOE, China and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (G-S737)     

A 3D mechanistic model for brittle materials containing evolving flaw distributions under dynamic multiaxial loading

We present a validated fully 3D mechanism-based micromechanical constitutive model for brittle solids under dynamic multiaxial loading conditions. Flaw statistics are explicitly incorporated through a defect density, and evolving flaw distributions in both orientation and size. Interactions among cracks are modeled by means of a crack-matrix-effective-medium approach. A tensorial damage parameter is defined based upon the crack length and orientation development under local effective stress fields. At low confining stresses, the wing-cracking mechanism dominates, leading to the degradation of the modulus and peak strength of the material, whereas at high enough confining stresses, the cracking mechanism is completely shut-down and dislocation mechanisms become dominant. The model handles general multiaxial stress states, accounts for evolving internal variables in the form of evolving flaw size and orientation distributions, includes evolving anisotropic damage and irreversible damage strains in a thermodynamically consistent fashion, incorporates rate-dependence through the micromechanics, and includes dynamic bulking based on independent experimental data. Simulation results are discussed and compared with experimental results on one specific structural ceramic, aluminum nitride. We demonstrate that this 3D constitutive model is capable of capturing the general constitutive response of structural ceramics.     

A multi-axial constitutive model for metal matrix composites

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) generally do not follow the classical plasticity theory, even though the matrix metals do deform plastically. A tension-compression yield asymmetry is typically observed in MMCs. For particulate-reinforced MMCs, this non-classical response is mainly due to the variation of damage evolution with loading modes. In this paper, a viscoplastic multi-axial constitutive model for plastic deformation of MMCs is constructed using the Mises-Schleicher yield criterion. The subsequent plastic flow is characterized by an associated and decomposed flow rule considering effects from both deviatoric and hydrostatic stresses. This model is capable of describing the multi-axial yield and flow behavior of MMCs by using simulated or measured asymmetric tensile and compressive stress-strain responses as input. As an example, the influence of damage evolution in terms of interfacial debonding in MMCs (obtained from FEM simulations) is incorporated through the different tensile and compressive stress-strain behaviors. Applying this model to predict the torsion and the pressure-dependant tensile responses of some commonly used MMCs provides good agreement with experimental data.     

A criterion for high-cycle fatigue life and fatigue limit prediction in biaxial loading conditions

This paper presents a criterion for high-cycle fatigue life and fatigue strength estimation under periodic proportional and non-proportional cyclic loading. The criterion is based on the mean and maximum values of the second invariant of the stress deviator. Important elements of the criterion are: function of the non-proportionality of fatigue loading and the materials parameter that expresses the materials sensitivity to non-proportional loading. The methods for the materials parameters determination uses three S–N curves: tension–compression, torsion, and any non-proportional loading proposed. The criterion has been verified using experimental data, and the results are included in the paper. These results should be considered as promising. The paper also includes a proposal for multiaxial fatigue models classification due to the approach for the nonproportionality of loading.     

纤维增强陶瓷基复合材料的D失效判据

经典唯象强度理论适用于正交各向异性线弹性体.对于非线性纤维增强复合材料,通过加卸载试验和损伤力学的分析方法,可以得到一种虚拟的线性化应力-应变关系;依据损伤等效假设,针对线性损伤和非线性损伤,对基于应力的经典二次失效准则进行变换,建立了一种基于损伤的强度理论,即"D失效判据",这一强度理论可以作为经典判据的补充和扩展.针对平纹编织C/SiC复合材料的拉/剪组合试验,进行了实例计算,结果表明:利用D失效判据预测的失效包络线比蔡-希尔准则的预测曲线低,而且,失效曲线的形式与材料的损伤演化规律相关.     

爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土梁的动力响应及破坏形态分析

对基于Timoshenko梁理论建立的非线性动力有限元法作了改进。根据压区理论得到混凝土的平均剪应力和平均剪应变关系,建立了能反映箍筋的抗剪作用的材料模型;此外,对结构在爆炸荷载作用下可能出现的各种响应现象进行了描述,以准确地预测梁破坏时不同位置截面上钢筋和混凝土的受力、变形及破坏情况。应用改进的材料模型,对爆炸荷载作用下的五个钢筋混凝土试验梁的动力响应和破坏形态进行了数值模拟,结果表明,该数值方法能较好地模拟钢筋混凝土梁的弯曲、弯剪和剪切等破坏形态。     

Opening and contact zones of an interface crack in a piezoelectric bimaterial under combined compressive-shear loading

A plane problem for a tunnel electrically permeable interface crack between two semi-infinite piezoelectric spaces is studied. A remote mechanical and electrical loading is applied. Elastic displacements and potential jumps as well as stresses and electrical displacement along the interface are presented using a sectionally holomorphic vector function. It is assumed that the interface crack includes zones of crack opening and frictionless contact. The problem is reduced to a combined Dirichlet–Riemann boundary value problem which is solved analytically. From the obtained solution, simple analytical expressions are derived for all mechanical and electrical characteristics at the interface. A quite simple transcendental equation, which determines the point of separation of open and close sections of the crack, is found. For the analysis of the obtained results, the main attention is devoted to the case of compressive-shear loading. The analytical analysis and numerical results show that, even if the applied normal stress is compressive, a certain crack opening zone exists for all considered loading values provided the shear field is present. It is found that the shear stress intensity factor at the closed crack tip and the energy release rates at the both crack tips depend very slightly on the magnitude of compressive loading.     

Creep of composites with a porous fibre/matrix interface under variable loading

A micromechanical model of island-type fibre/matrix interface is described and experimental data are represented and analysed. Changes in the interface strength during a cycle loadings and, correspondingly, changes in the creep resistance of a composite due the island-like scheme of the fibre/matrix interface are described.     

Kink Band Formation in Wood Species Under Compressive Loading

The design of wood structures, such as columns and beams, requires the knowledge of the compressive behavior of wood. Several wood species, hardwoods and softwoods, are tested under compression parallel to grain to investigate experimentally the formation of kink bands and the relationship between this localized mode of failure and wood anatomy. In order to determine the correct test method for successful observation of kink banding, an experimental plan is first carried out. Then, several characteristics of kink bands, as well as the compressive behavior of the specimens, are comparatively analyzed for the various wood species. Based on these observations and some theoretical predictions corroborated by experimental data, it is shown that compressive kinking strength of wood is governed mainly by its yield strength in shear and by certain features of its anatomy related to the so-called ray cells.     

不同加载速率下砂岩弯曲破坏的细观机理

岩石细观破裂形貌是岩石破坏机制的重要反映,为研究不同加载速率对砂岩弯曲破坏的影响,通过三点弯曲实验和扫描电镜方法,对某煤矿关键层砂岩弯曲破断裂纹细观形态以及裂纹的自相似性进行了研究。选取6个不同加载速率对岩样进行三点弯曲实验,观察其宏观断裂情况,并利用扫描电镜对弯曲断裂面表面裂纹细观结构进行观察,并拍摄不同倍数下的扫描电镜图片。对图片进行图像处理后得到砂岩弯曲断裂破坏细观裂纹信息,并计算得到微裂纹的分形盒维数值。结果显示:随着加载速率的提高,砂岩穿晶断裂的比例也随之升高,裂纹分形维数亦随着加载速率的增大而增加,同时,分形维数还与弯曲断裂破坏荷载和抗弯强度成正比。可见,加载速率对断裂方式有一定的影响,且加载速率越大断裂所需的破坏能越大,裂纹分布越广,表明开采速度与岩爆等岩体动力灾变有密切关系。     

Constitutive modelling of cyclic plasticity of metal particulate-reinforced brittle matrix composites under compression-compression loading

The Mori-Tanaka approach is used to modelling metal particulate-reinforced brittle matrix composites under cyclic compressive loading. The J₂-flow theory is considered as the relevant physical law of plastic flow in inclusions. Ratchetting of the composite is prevented by the strong constraint exerted by the matrix on the inclusions, even under the assumption of evanescent kinematic hardening. However, the weakening constraint power of the matrix caused by microfracture damage around inclusions is closely coupled with the plasticity of inclusion and leads to ratchetting even when the plastic deformation of inclusions is described by an isotropic hardening rule. A detailed parametric study has revealed that ratchetting is followed by either plastic or elastic shakedown, depending on the load amplitude, composite parameters and the mean length of microcracks.     

压剪联合冲击下K9玻璃中的失效波

对K9玻璃进行了冲击速度为150~400 m/s,倾斜角为10、15的纵剖试样斜撞击实验。结果表明,在加载剪切横波(S+)和卸载纵波(P-)之间有波速超过了纵波波速的波阵面存在,此波的存在对卸载纵波和卸载横波的幅值有一定的影响。由于失效波的产生与材料的表面性质密切相关,为消除纵剖试样中间界面的影响,模拟VISAR的实验条件,进行了冲击速度为70~300 m/s、倾斜角为10的横剖试样斜撞击实验。可以确定在此冲击范围失效波的波速在0.98~1.4 km/s,产生失效波的临界状态为：压应力0.86~1.01 GPa,对应剪应力0.053~0.071 GPa。表明剪应力的存在极大降低了失效波产生的阈值。在此基础上初步分析了撞击面的动摩擦因数和相对滑移速度。     

Compressive response and failure of balsa wood

Balsa wood is a natural cellular material with excellent stiffness-to-weight and strength-to-weight ratios as well as superior energy absorption characteristics. These properties are derived from the microstructure, which consists of long slender cells (tracheids) with approximately hexagonal crosssections that are arranged axially. Parenchyma are a second type of cells that are radially arranged in groups that periodically penetrate the tracheids (rays). Under compression in the axial direction the material exhibits a linearly elastic regime that terminates by the initiation of failure in the form of localized kinking. Subsequently, under displacement-controlled compression, a stress plateau is traced associated with the gradual spreading of crushing of the cells through the material. The material is less stiff and weaker in the tangential and radial directions. Compression in these directions crushes the tracheids laterally but results in a monotonically increasing response typical of lateral crushing of elastic honeycombs. The elastic and inelastic properties in the three directions have been established experimentally as a function of the wood density. The microstructure and its deformation modes under compression have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy. In the axial direction it was observed that in the majority of the tests, failure initiated by kinking in the axial–tangential plane. The local misalignment of tracheids in zones penetrated by rays ranged from 4° to 10° and axial compression results in shear in these zones. Measurement of the shear response and the shear strength in the planes of interest enabled estimation of the kinking stress using the Argon–Budiansky kinking model. The material strength predicted in this manner has been found to provide a bounding estimate of the axial strength for a broad range of wood densities. The energy absorption characteristics of the wood have also been measured and the specific energy absorption was found to be comparable to that of metallic honeycombs of the same relative density.