摩擦化学的主要研究领域及其发展趋势

本文从摩擦过程中表面产生的化学效应、干摩擦及油润滑状态下的摩擦化学三个方面评述了摩擦化学的研究内容和进展; 介绍了摩擦化学在材料制备中的应用及摩擦化学的研究方法; 对摩擦化学研究中存在的问题及其发展趋势进行了讨论。     

机械化学及其应用

简要介绍了机械化学及其重要分支摩擦化学的基本特征和物理过程，在无机及有机合成化学领域中的典型应用，并强调了摩擦化学在润滑，节能和国民经济建设上的重要作用。     

摩擦化学过程及其模型

本文介绍了与工程技术特别是高技术关系密切的摩擦化学过程.对比了力学激励和热激励所导致的化学反应的差别.介绍了摩擦化学这一学科的形成和定义,研究对象及常用方法.对目前比较流行的“热点”模型和“变形”模型的根据和物理实质及各自的缺点做了阐述和分析.     

化学知识与环境化学知识的关系

化学知识是环境化学知识的基础。化学概念和理论能够对大气环境中的化学反应、土壤环境中的化学反应、水体环境中的化学反应以及水体中存在的平衡等内容进行分析和解释。环境化学知识是运用化学知识研究物质的环境化学行为以及治理化学污染物质而形成的知识体系。对环境化学问题的深入研究能够促进化学的发展。     

以化学学科思想方法为统领的课堂教学模式探讨

化学学科思想方法是化学知识的高级形式,可以统领化学教学.在实践研究的基础上,形成了以学科思想方法整合教学内容,以核心知识为主干组织教学活动的"整体-部分-整体"教学模式.     

化学假说在中学化学教学中的运用

中学化学教学的主要目标之一是让学生掌握基础化学知识的同时掌握化学知识形成的方法——化学科学研究方法.只有掌握化学科学的一般方法,学生才能自如地、不受限制地进行思维,从而将知识学深学透,形成化学学习的能力,发展学生的创造能力.     

俄歇化学位移及其在表面化学上的应用

从俄歇电子激发过程讨论了化学位移和元素化合价以及电负性的关系, 提供了常用元素在不同化合物中的俄歇电子动能及化学位移数据, 运用俄歇化学位移研究了氧在锌表面的吸附和初始氧化反应, Ti/SiO_2的界面固相反应机理以及摩擦过程中润滑膜的组成和结构.     

论化学史教育的职业教育功能

在化学教学中适当地穿插化学史事例进行的教学,一般称之为化学史教育。学习和研究化学史的重要意义已为化学家和化学史家所重视,并且也为教育领导部门所重视。在1988年,我国著名化学家和化学教育家戴安邦教授就说过：“全面的化学教育既要传授化学知识与技术,更应训练科学方法和思维,还应培养科学精神和科学品德。”著名化学家傅鹰也说过：“化学给人以知识,化学史给人以智慧”。因此,化学史教育也是全面的化学教育的一个组成部分。通过化学史教育,不仅可以培养学生的职业道德,还可以培养学生的科学实践意识,发展学生的创造力。     

以史明鉴: 化学认识论对教学的启示

化学认识论体现了学科发展的历史轨迹, 经由经验的感知到粗犷的实验尝试, 而后转向精致的科学研究, 如今已发展到知识集成、学科交叉、方法整合的新高度。知识的形成犹如个体的发展, 化学知识的呈现过程应与化学学科的发展历程相契合。读史明鉴, 认识论启发化学教学应以学生熟识的经验作为学习的出发点, 注重知识的生成过程, 然后臻于知识创新的境界, 从而提升学生的科学素养。     

化学,别把文科学生拒之门外——开设《现代人与化学》课程之探索

对文科学生进行体现化学知识应用的化学素养教育,普及化学知识,使之适应２１世纪对人才素质的要求已迫在眉睫。本文借鉴美国化学课程改革的经验,结合我国为非理科专业大学生开设化学选修课的初步尝试,推出在内容和体系上具有很大改革力度和鲜明特点的化学素养课程－《现代人与化学》。     

Spectroscopic studies of some novel CuI and CuII complexes derived from the tribochemistry reactions of Kbr, KI and CaI2 with CuII-Girard's T complex [Cu(GT)Cl2(H2O)2(EtOH)]Cl.H2O

Novel CuI and CuII complexes derived from the tribochemistry reactions of [Cu(GT)Cl2(H2O)2(EtOH)Cl.H2O with KBr, KI and CaI2 have been isolated and characterized. The reactions of KI and CaI2 with [Cu(GT)Cl2(H2O)2(EtOH)]Cl.H2O in the solid state are accompanied by colour change, reduction of CuII to CuI and substitution of the chloride by iodide ions. Also, the tribochemistry reaction of KBr with the CuII-GT complex is accompanied by change in colour, substitution of chloride by bromide ions but no reduction has been occurred. All the isolated solid complexes have been characterised by spectral (UV-vis, IR, 1H-NMR), magnetic and thermal measurements. The effect of the variation of the ratio between alkali and/or alkaline earth metal halides (KI, KBr, and CaI2) and the CuII-GT complex has also been investigated.     

Spectroscopic studies of complex compounds derived from the tribochemistry reactions of KBr and HgX2(Cl, Br, I, CN) with crown ethers (DC18C6 and DB18C6)

Several new K and Hg(II) complexes derived from crown ethers (DC18C6, DB18C6) have been prepared by tribochemistry reactions. The isolated solid complexes have been characterized by I.R. spectral measurements. The isolated solid complexes are compared with the corresponding metal complexes prepared in solution. Also, the IR and NMR spectra of the solid complexes have been used to determine the strength of bond between Hg(II) ion and the crown ether.     

Tribological behavior of the low-concentration boric acid and ZDDP lubricating oil mixtures

Zinc dithiophosphate (ZDDP)-free environmental friendly lubricating oil research studies have gained importance due to the governmental regulations over the last decade. In this study, low concentration boric acid-base oil and ZDDP-base oil mixtures were investigated with a ball on flat reciprocating tribometer to evaluate their tribological performances. The tribological performances of 1, 3, and 5% additive and base oil mixtures were evaluated at boundary lubrication condition in three main contexts including wear rates, surface tribochemistry, and friction. Results showed that there was no significant difference between boric acid and ZDDP friction coefficients. However, boric acid showed poor wear resistance when compared with ZDDP and it cannot be an alternative additive alone to ZDDPs.     

面向水利供给的农地制度模式选择

农田抛荒现象频发,直接原因是劳动力不足、耕种不方便等,深层原因则是种田成本日渐增高,其中最大的影响因素是水利供给。水利供给与土地制度密切相关。改革开放以来,集体土地所有权不断弱化,依附于土地的乡村治理体系随之变化,乡村组织的水利供给能力难免同时弱化。“三权分置”背景下,经营权流转并不必然带来规模经营,不能将分化的农民整合为有共同利益诉求的主体,进而有效解决水利供给问题。从各地农地制度模式的经验来看,土地制度安排应关注“水土关系”,面向水利供给,优化土地权利结构,激活种田农户与村集体的利益关联,激发农民主体性,再造集体土地所有权,重建乡村组织体系。     

How mobile NMR can help with the conservation of paintings

The conservation of paintings is fundamental to ensure that future generations will have access to the ideas of the grand masters who created these art pieces. Many factors, such as humidity, temperature, light, and pollutants, pose a risk to the conservation of paintings. To help with painting conservation, it is essential to be able to noninvasively study how these factors affect paintings and to develop methods to investigate their effects on painting degradation. Hence, the use of mobile nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as a method of investigation of paintings is gaining increased attention in the world of Heritage Science. In this mini-review, we discuss how this method was used to better understand the stratigraphy of paintings and the effect different factors have on the painting integrity, to analyze the different cleaning techniques suitable for painting conservation, and to show how mobile NMR can be used to identify forgeries. It is also important to keep in mind its limitations and build upon this information to optimize it to extend its applicability to the study of paintings and other precious objects of cultural heritage.     

Polylactic acid/polypropylene polyblend fibers for better resistance to degradation

Polyblend fibers were produced from five ratios of polylactic acid/polypropylene (PLA/PP) in an effort to improve the resistance to hydrolysis and biodegradation, and to improve the dyeability of PLA. The inherent limitations of PLA such as its relatively poor resistance to hydrolysis have restricted the use of PLA. When made into polyblend fibers, the two polymers, PLA and PP, show partial compatibility and the mechanical properties of the blends are inferior compared to the pure PLA or PP fibers. However, PLA in the blends had substantially better resistance to biodegradation and hydrolysis, and dyeability with disperse dyes, resulting in a polyblend fiber with much better resistance to hydrolysis and similar dyeability to PLA. Blending PP with PLA could be a simple and effective method to create a new fiber with better resistance to hydrolysis and lower price than PLA, and better dyeability, sustainability and faster degradability than PP.     

高校无机化学实验室资源合理配置的探索与实践

高校实验室是“立德树人”的重要阵地,实验技术队伍是实现“三全育人”的重要保障。高校快速发展过程中,对实验技术队伍赋予了建设和管理的多重任务,而自身缺乏明确的发展方向和目标,实验技术队伍职业化研究成为高校发展的现实需求。构建适应高等学校发展的实验技术队伍专业化管理体系,明确实验队伍职业化发展路径选择的具体措施,促进实验技术队伍稳定性,强化实验技术队伍在高等学校治理结构和提升内涵建设的有效作用,为提升高校实验室育人功能奠定基础,为高等学校快速发展提供有力支撑。     

Advancing the Drug Discovery and Development Process

The current state of affairs in the drug discovery and development process is briefly summarized and then ways to take advantage of the ever‐increasing fundamental knowledge and technical knowhow in chemistry and biology and related disciplines are discussed. The primary motivation of this Essay is to celebrate the great achievements of chemistry, biology, and medicine and to inform and inspire students and academics to enter the field of drug discovery and development while, at the same time, continue to advance the fundamentals of their disciplines. It is also meant to encourage and catalyze multidisciplinary partnerships between academia and industry as scientists attempt to merge their often complementary interests and expertise to achieve new improvements and breakthroughs in their respective fields, and the common goal of applying them to the discovery and invention of new and better medicines, especially in areas of unmet needs.     

The electrochemistry of electrode edges and its relevance to partially blocked voltammetric electrodes

Analytical mathematics and digital simulation are used to predict the response, to a potential jump, of the junction between insulating and conducting regions of an electrode. The simulation is carried out differentially and employs other novel features. Concentrations in the vicinity of edges of positive and negative curvatures, as well as straight edges, are analyzed by the model and thereby the faradaic current densities and currents are predicted. It is shown that, in addition to the well-understood cottrellian current arising from the surface of the conducting electrode, currents are generated that are proportional to the length of the edge and to its curvature. These results are then applied to inlaid disks and to partially blocked electrodes. The possibility is explored of using the response to a potential step to gain information on the geometry of a partially blocked electrode.