Binding of Puerarin to Human Serum Albumin: A Spectroscopic Analysis and Molecular Docking

Puerarin is a widely used compound in Chinese traditional medicine and exhibits many pharmacological activities. Binding of puerarin to human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence, circular dichroism and molecular docking. Puerarin caused a static quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of HSA, the quenching data was analyzed by Stern–Volmer equation. There was one primary puerarin binding site on HSA with a binding constant of 4.12 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ at 298 K. Thermodynamic analysis by Van Hoff equation found enthalpy change () and entropy change () were −28.01 kJ/mol and −5.63 J/mol K respectively, which indicated the hydrogen bond and Van der waas interaction were the predominant forces in the binding process. Competitive experiments showed a displacement of warfarin by puerarin, which revealed that the binding site was located at the drug site I. Puerarin was about 2.22 nm far from the tryptophan according to the observed fluorescence resonance energy transfer between HSA and puerarin. Molecular docking suggested the hydrophobic residues such as tyrosine (Tyr) 150, Tyr 148, Tyr 149 and polar residues such as lysine (Lys) 199, Lys 195, arginine 257 and histidine 242 played an important role in the binding reaction.     

光谱法和分子对接模拟技术研究托拉塞米与胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的相互作用

托拉塞米(TOR)属于吡啶磺酰脲类袢利尿剂,被广泛有效地用于高血压,心脏衰竭,慢性肾功能衰竭和肝脏疾病的治疗。TOR在治疗过程中易引起的不良反应之一为轻微肠胃不适。然而,TOR与消化蛋白酶(胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶)分子间的相互作用鲜有报道。在模拟生理条件下,采用荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、圆二色谱和分子对接技术研究了不同温度下托拉塞米(Torasemide, TOR)与胃蛋白酶(Pepsin)和胰蛋白酶(Trypsin)间的相互作用。所有荧光数据均进行了内滤光校正以获得更准确的结合参数。结果表明,TOR-Pepsin和TOR-Trypsin体系的猝灭常数(K_SV)均与温度呈负相关,说明TOR与Pepsin及Trypsin之间的作用机制均为静态荧光猝灭。利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、同步荧光光谱、3D荧光光谱和圆二色光谱法考查了TOR对Trypsin和Pepsin构象的影响。结果发现胃蛋白酶或胰蛋白酶中酪氨酸残基的极性改变较色氨基更明显,TOR可改变色氨酸残基的微环境并降低Trypsin和Pepsin中β-折叠结构,进而可能影响其生理功能。分子对接结果表明,TOR与Pepsin的结合位点位于由Asp-32和Asp-215组成的活性中心周围,从而抑制Pepsin活性。而TOR通过疏水作用力结合在Trypsin的口袋型底物结合位点(S1口袋),促进底物进入酶活性中心,最终表现为Trypsin活性升高。该研究探讨了TOR与胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的结合作用和毒性机制,为TOR的安全使用提供重要依据。     

贝诺酯与牛血清白蛋白位点选择性结合的分子光谱研究

采用荧光光谱、紫外可见光谱、同步荧光光谱及三维荧光光谱等分子光谱方法,研究了生理条件下贝诺酯(BEN)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用。结果表明,BEN对BSA的内源荧光有显著的猝灭作用,猝灭机理为动态猝灭,二者之间的作用力类型以疏水作用为主,BEN与BSA发生反应后,使BSA的疏水环境极性增强,疏水性减弱,荧光强度降低。测得的表观结合常数和结合位点数分别是1 050 L·mol^-1和0.88,同时测得了焓变(ΔH)、熵变(ΔS)和自由能变(ΔG)等热力学参数。同步荧光和三维荧光光谱的结果表明,BEN使BSA的构象发生改变。利用荧光特异性位点探针DA和DP,通过竞争结合实验,监测BEN与BSA的结合位点,测得了位点Ⅰ和位点Ⅱ的表观结合常数分别为4 300 L·mol^-1和21 200 L·mol^-1,表明BEN与BSA优先在位点Ⅱ结合。     

Spectroscopic Analysis of Folate Binding to Thymidylate Synthase Active Site

The fluorescence properties of folate binding to thymidylate synthase (TS) were analyzed. Two antifolates with different binding modes to the TS active site were the ligands. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence was used to evaluate the binding of both antifolates to the wild-type TS and a mutant Escherichia coli TS (K48Q) that is impaired in folate binding. During titration of wild-type TS with PDDF, tryptophan fluorescence was quenched at 330 nm, which was accompanied by an increase in emission at 379 nm, suggesting an energy transfer process from a tryptophan in the TS active site to the folate analogue. Energy transfer was not observed with the mutant TS, as expected. Tryptophan emission is a very useful tool to test for substrate-like inhibitors with biological activity.     

由槐米中提取槲皮素的光谱学表征

从槐树(Sophara Japonica L.)的花蕾(槐米)中提取芦丁,再在酸性条件下由芦丁直接水解得到槲皮素,采用UV,IR,ESI-MSn[质谱(电喷雾电离源)],1H,13C,DEPT(无畸变极化转移增益法)和1H-1HCOSY(氢-氢化学位移相关谱),HSQC(异核单量子相关谱),HMBC(异核多键相关谱)二维核磁技术对槲皮素进行了结构鉴定.     

光谱法及分子模拟研究青蒿素与小牛胸腺DNA的相互作用

在pH 7.4的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中,采用紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱结合溴化乙锭（EB）荧光探针、共振散射光谱以及DNA熔点（T_m）实验和分子模拟等技术,研究了青蒿素（QHS）与小牛胸腺DNA（ctDNA）分子间结合位点与结合机制。光谱实验结果显示,QHS与DNA发生减色效应,QHS的加入使EB-DNA体系发生静态荧光猝灭,QHS与DNA作用后其467 nm处共振散射峰锐增,与QHS作用引起DNA的T_m值升高5℃,说明QHS竞争性地嵌插入DNA的碱基对中。通过计算获得QHS与DNA间结合常数K_a为1.43×10³ L/mol（298 K）、0.99×10³ L/mol（304 K）。分子模拟结果表明,QHS吡喃环部分结构嵌插到DNA小沟区域GA碱基对间,氢键和范德华力是两者间结合的主要非共价作用方式,该结论与光谱法和热力学所得结果一致。     

Characterization of the Binding of Adriamycin to Dna by Spectroscopic Methods

Adriamycin(ADM) binds to the double helical DNA with a high affinity, as deduced from the absorption and fluorescence spectral data. Extensive hypochromism, red shifts, and an isosbestic point in the absorption spectra were observed when ADM binds to calf thymus DNA(CT DNA), which suggested the intercalation mechanism of ADM into DNA bases. Upon binding to DNA, the fluorescence from ADM was efficiently quenched by the DNA bases, with no shifts in the emission maximum. the large increases in the polarization upon binding to CT DNA supported the intercalation of ADM into the helix. Iodide quenching studies showed that the magnitude of K_sv of the bound ADM was lower than that of the free ADM. the results of competitive binding studies showed that ethidium bromide could be displaced by Adm. Thermal denaturation experiments exhibited that the quenching of the fluorescence from ADM by single strand(ssDNA) was smaller than that by double strand(dsDNA). the results of all further studies also proved the intercalation of ADM into DNA base stack.     

多光谱法和分子模拟技术研究氟罗沙星与人血清白蛋白的相互作用

氟罗沙星(FLRX) 是一种含氟喹诺酮类抗菌素,有关它对人血清白蛋白(HSA)的影响及作用机理,特别是对HSA二级结构的影响及内滤光(影响荧光数据的准确性)校正的研究报道较少。采用多光谱法和分子模拟技术探究了FLRX 与HSA的相互作用。荧光光谱结果表明,FLRX对HSA的猝灭是由于形成结合常数在105 L·mol-1水平上的1∶1 FLRX-HSA基态复合物引起的静态猝灭作用。由Van’t Hoff方程确定的FLRX与HSA结合过程中的ΔH=-107.99 kJ·mol-1和ΔS=-240.99 J·mol-1·K-1,表明FLRX与HSA之间的主要作用力是氢键和范德华力。同步荧光光谱、红外光谱和三维荧光光谱结果表明,静态猝灭过程所产生的中间复合物使HSA的构象发生改变。通过对HSA与FLRX作用前后红外光谱酰胺Ⅰ带进行傅里叶去卷积和分峰拟合,获得代表HSA二级结构的不同子峰,对各子峰进行二级结构归属,根据各子峰的积分面积计算出各二级结构的相对百分含量。结果表明：FLRX与HSA结合后,α-螺旋从51.5%减小到33.2%,β-折叠从30.3%减小到20.7%,β-转角从15.6%增加到33.6%。取代实验显示FLRX与HSA的结合位点在HSA的site Ⅰ(亚域ⅡA)。分子对接实验结果表明,FLRX可以通过氢键、疏水作用和范德华力等多种作用力很好的结合在亚域ⅡA的疏水腔中。实验获得的可信数据将有助于阐明FLRX与HSA的作用机制,也有助于理解FLRX在储运过程中对蛋白质功能的影响。     

光谱法和分子对接模拟技术研究异烟肼对人血清白蛋白和过氧化氢酶的特异性结合及抑制作用

异烟肼(Isoniazid, INH)是最常用的一线抗结核药物之一。据报道,人体内高浓度的异烟肼可导致癫痫, 肝功能衰竭, 甚至死亡。因此,研究异烟肼对人血清白蛋白(HSA)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的结构和活性的潜在结合影响有利于评估其毒性和副作用。在模拟生理条件下,利用多种荧光光谱和分子对接技术研究INH与HSA和CAT之间的相互作用。所有荧光数据均进行了内滤光校正以获得更准确的结合参数。结果表明,INH-HSA和INH-CAT体系的猝灭常数(K_sv)随着温度的升高而降低,表明INH对HSA及CAT的荧光猝灭机理为静态猝灭。利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、同步荧光光谱、和圆二色(CD)光谱法研究了INH对HSA和CAT构象的影响。结果发现,INH可改变色氨酸残基的微环境并降低HSA和CAT中α-螺旋结构,导致蛋白质结构发生伸展,进而可能影响其生理功能。分子对接结果表明,INH与HSA的结合位点位于HSA的site Ⅰ,ⅡA子域。INH可以进入CAT中β-折叠的桶状空腔,从而抑制CAT的活性。Hill系数结果表明,INH与左氧氟沙星(LVFX,一种安全有效的二线抗结核药物,与其他抗结核药物联合使用可以提高抗结核疗效)之间存在药物协同性,促进INH与HSA的相互作用。另外,CD光谱测定表明INH与LVFX的协同作用改变HSA的二级结构,使α-螺旋结构降低约7.9%。该研究探讨了INH与HSA和CAT之间的结合作用和毒性机制,为INH的安全使用提供重要依据。     

Investigation of Binding Properties of Umbelliferone (7Hydroxycoumarin) to Lysozyme

The binding interaction of lysozyme and umbelliferone (7hydroxcoumarin, 7HC) was investigated by UV–vis absorption and fluorescence quenching. It was obtained from fluorescence spectra that the fluorescence quenching of lysozyme by 7HC was probably a result of the formation of lysozyme-7HC complex and binding parameters were determined according to the Stern-Volmer equation. The effects of various common metal ions on the binding were also studied. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated at different temperatures which indicated that hydrophobic interaction. The binding distance (r) between the donor (lysozyme) and the acceptor (7HC) was 3.81 nm based on the Förster theory of non-radioactive resonance energy transfer.     

光谱法比较木犀草素及槲皮素与牛血清白蛋白相互作用

在模拟生理pH条件下,采用荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、同步荧光光谱和圆二色谱法研究木犀草素及槲皮素与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的相互作用的异同.结果确定木犀草素及槲皮素对BSA的荧光猝灭是以静态猝灭为主,同时伴随非辐射能量转移猝灭.木犀草素结合BSA的位点与荧光发射基团的距离比槲皮素的小.结合常数Ka表明二者与BSA的结合都属于强的非共价键结合,且结合位点数都约为1.二者均主要通过氢键和范德华力与BSA作用.二者都能影响BSA的酪氨酸残基附近环境的极性,且高浓度下能够引起BSA构象轻微地改变.结果表明黄酮C环上3位羟基的引入会降低其对BSA的亲和力.     

吲哚美辛与牛血清白蛋白结合作用的研究

应用紫外光谱和荧光光谱研究了生理条件下吲哚美辛与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用机理,确定静态猝灭和非辐射能量转移是导致吲哚美辛对BSA荧光猝灭的两大原因。利用荧光猝灭反应求得药物与牛血清白蛋白之间的结合常数和结合位点数,根据热力学参数确定它们之间的作用力类型,依据能量转移理论计算二者相互结合时给体-受体间的距离和能量转移效率,结合紫外吸收光谱和荧光光谱结果, 探讨了吲哚美辛与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用模式。     

Study on the Binding Behavior of Lysozyme with Cephalosporin Analogues by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

It was first found that the intrinsic fluorescence of lysozyme at 340 nm can be quenched by cephalosporin analogues through the static quenching and non-radiative energy transferring procedure. In the acetate buffer solution with pH 7.0 and 298 K, the quenching fluorescence intensity was in a good linearity over the concentration of drugs in the range of 1–100 μmol L⁻¹, 0.1–100 μmol L⁻¹, 0.5–100 μmol L⁻¹ and 0.05–100 μmol L⁻¹ for cefradine, cefuroxime, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, respectively. The quenching ability or the binding ability of the studied drugs followed the pattern: ceftriaxone > cefotaxime > cefuroxime > cefradine, which was close to the order of their antibacterial ability. The binding parameters including the association constant and the number of binding potential point were calculated at different temperatures (288, 298 and 308 K), and thermodynamic parameters ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° were given. The binding mode of lysozyme with cephalosporins showed that the hydrophobic effect might play a major role. The binding distance between cephalosporin and tryptophan residue in lysozyme was obtained. The results provided the quantitative information for the binding of cephalosporin to lysozyme, and it was suggested that the drugs probably bound to the active site near Trp62 in lysozyme.     

光谱法和分子对接技术研究氟罗沙星与溶菌酶的相互作用

在模拟人体生理条件下,应用光谱法和分子对接技术对氟罗沙星(FIE)与溶菌酶(LYSO)的相互作用进行了研究。结果表明,FIE与LYSO的猝灭方式是静态猝灭,且在298和310 K温度下的猝灭常数K_a分别为4.10×104和0.74×104 L·mol-1。根据热力学参数的计算结果可知,FIE与LYSO的结合作用力主要是氢键和范德华力,结合距离(r=3.16 nm, ＜8 nm)表明从LYSO到FIE发生了非辐射能量转移。希尔系数的计算结果表明,在不同温度下的n_H＜1,LYSO和FIE的相互作用属于负协同作用。圆二色谱结果表明,LYSO和FIE的结合使LYSO的α-螺旋的含量由21.1% 减少到 8.8%。紫外光谱、三维荧光光谱、同步荧光光谱结果表明,LYSO和FIE的相互作用改变了LYSO的构象和微环境。分子对接进一步显示FIE通过氢键、极性键、疏水作用力等与LYSO活性部位的ASP-52,TRP-62,TRP-63等氨基酸残基相互作用。溶菌酶的活性实验表明,由于以上实验结果说明FIE引起了LYSO的构象改变,LYSO的活性随着FIE浓度的增大而降低,抑制了LYSO的活性。该研究结果为阐明FIE在机体内与LYSO的结合机理提供了可靠的实验数据和结果,为FIE对溶菌酶的的毒性评价和毒理学研究提供了理论依据。     

Spectroscopic and Binding Properties of Berberine to DNA and Its Application to DNA Detection

Berberine(BER) binds to the double helical DNA with a high affinity There is only a much smaller hypochromism and no shifts in the absorption spectra when BER binds to calf thymus DNA(CT DNA) The fluorescence yields increase dramatically when BER binds to DNA, with no shifts in the emission maximum. These spectral changes are in contrast to the behavior observed with many fluorescent intercalates Groove binding rather than intercalation was suggested to be the cause of these spectral changes. Consistent with groove binding, for polyamide anion quenching studies showed that the magnitude of K_sv of the bound BER was higher than that of the free BER. The addition of salt to the solution releases the DNA-bound drug action from the groove and causes a decrease in the fluorescence yield. The results of all above studies proved the groove binding of BER to DNA. The large fluorescence enhancements observed when BER binds to DNA and the poor fluorescence yield of BER in the absence of DNA can be used for sensitive detection of DNA The linear concentration range was 0–20μg/ml The limit of detection for CT DNA was 12 ng/ml     

Spectroscopic and Molecular Modeling Based Approaches to Study on the Binding Behavior of DNA with a Copper (II) Complex

Blocking the division of tumor cells by small-molecules is currently of great interest for the design of new antitumor drugs. The interaction of a new metal complex with DNA was investigated through several techniques. Absorption spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis studies on the interaction of the Cu-complex of (2a-4mpyH)₂ [Cu(pyzdc)₂ (H₂O)₂].6 H₂O with DNA have shown that this complex can bind to CT-DNA with binding constant 3.99?×?10⁵ M^?1. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) responses of the metal complex in the presence of CT-DNA have shown that the metal complex can bind to CT-DNA through partial intercalation mode and this is consistent with molecular docking analysis, quenching process and thermal denaturation experiments. The cytotoxicity of this complex has been evaluated by MTT assay. The results of cell viability assay on DU145 cell line revealed that the metal complex had cytotoxic effects.