A model of nanofluids effective thermal conductivity based on dimensionless groups

Thermal conductivity is an important parameter in the field of nanofluid heat transfer. This article presents a novel model for the prediction of the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on dimensionless groups. The model expresses the thermal conductivity of a nanofluid as a function of the thermal conductivity of the solid and liquid, their volume fractions, particle size and interfacial shell properties. According to this model, thermal conductivity changes nonlinearly with nanoparticle loading. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data of alumina-water and alumina-ethylene glycol based nanofluids.     

A new semi-analytical model for effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids

A new theoretical model for thermal conductivity of nanofluids is developed incorporating effective medium theory, interfacial layer, particle aggregation and Brownian motion-induced convection from multiple nanoparticles/aggregates. The predicated result using aggregate size, which represents the particle size in the actual condition of nanofluids, fits well with the experimental data for water-, R113- and ethylene glycol (EG)-based nanofluids. The present model also gives much better predictions compared to the existing models. A parametric analysis, particularly particle aggregation, is conducted to investigate the dependence of effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids on the properties of nanoparticles and fluid. Aggregation is the main factor responsible for thermal conductivity enhancement. The dynamic contribution of Brownian motion on thermal conductivity enhancement is surpassed by that of static mechanisms, particularly at high volume fraction. Predication also indicated that the viscosity increases faster than the thermal conductivity, causing the highly aggregated nanofluids to become unfavourable, especially for d_f = 1.8.     

A novel method for determining the viscosity of polymer solution

The relative viscosity η_r and, thus, the reduced viscosity η_sp/C of polymer solution could be obtained by recording the flow times of the polymer solution and the pure solvent in a capillary viscometer. Our experimental results indicated that the measurement of the flow time of the pure solvent was unnecessary. In particular, if the recorded flow time of the pure solvent was used to determine the viscosity of polymer solution, the reduced viscosity η_sp/C exhibited either a drastic increase or a significant decrease in an extremely dilute solution, depending upon the properties of the polymer solution investigated. In this research work, a new method for determining the viscosity of polymer solutions is reported. In the proposed method, the flow time of polymer solution at zero concentration, t₀^*, instead of the measured flow time of the pure solvent, was used to determine the viscosity of polymer solution. The reduced viscosity η_sp/C determined by the new method is proportional to concentration C even in an extremely dilute solution. The relative viscosity η_r vs. C plot also indicated clearly that t₀^*, instead of the measured flow time of the pure solvent, should be used for determining the viscosity of polymer solution. At low concentrations, the flow time of the polymer solution was proportional to C. As a result, t₀^* could be determined by extrapolating the flow time of the polymer solution to C=0.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of water-based nanofluids viscosity

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The shear viscosity coefficients of water and water-based nanofluids with copper particles are calculated by the molecular dynamics method. Copper...     

A new method for determination of intrinsic viscosity

The Huggins and Kraemer equations generally used to determine intrinsic viscosity frequently do not yield identical results, and their constants often do not add up to 1/2 as is mathematically required. To overcome these difficulties an equation has been deduced which through linear plots gives unambiguous intrinsic viscosities, constants which meet the 1/2 condition, as well as two other flow constants. Extensive tests of the equation with precise data on solutions of poly(methyl methacrylates) and polystyrenes in benzene and toluene confirm the validity of the new equation in every respect. It is further shown that the four constants involved are interrelated, and that it is possible to express the values of three of these in terms of the fourth.     

A new and reliable model for predicting methane viscosity at high pressures and high temperatures

In recent years, there has been an increase of interest in the flow of gases at relatively high pressures and high temperatures. Hydrodynamic calculation of the energy losses in the flow of gases in conduits, as well as through the porous media constituting natural petroleum reservoirs, requires knowledge of the viscosity of the fluid at the pressure and temperature involved. Although there are numerous publications concerning the viscosity of methane at atmospheric pressure, there appears to be little information available relating to the effect of pressure and temperature upon the viscosity. A survey of the literature reveals that the disagreements between published data on the viscosity of methane are common and that most investigations have been conducted over restricted temperature and pressure ranges. Experimental viscosity data for methane are presented for temperatures from 320 to 400 K and pressures from 3000 to 140000 kPa by using falling body viscometer. A summary is given to evaluate the available data for methane, and a comparison is presented for that data common to the experimental range reported in this paper. A new and reliable correlation for methane gas viscosity is presented. Predicted values are given for temperatures up to 400 K and pressures up to 140000 kPa with Average Absolute Percent Relative Error (EABS) of 0.794.     

Artificial intelligence model and correlation for characterization and viscosity measurements of mono & hybrid nanofluids concerned graphene oxide/silica

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Graphene oxide/silica composite’s rheological behavior was studied in this investigation. This composite was made to reduce the cost of...     

A new method for determining molecular masses of polyheteroarylenes

It is shown that the nondestructive ablation of polyheteroarylenes induced by submillimeter radiation of a free electron laser may be used to determine the molecular masses of polymers. The experimental procedure is described, and its results are compared with GPC data.     

A new method of determining chlorine and bromine in compounds of the platinum group metals by the oxygen flask

A new manner of determining Cl and Br in organometallic derivatives of the platinum group metals by the oxygen flask method is described. No interference by the metallic elements is found if the sample is mixed before ignition with ammonium fluoride.     

A dimensionless reaction coordinate for quantifying the lateness of transition states

The Hammond‐Leffler postulate asserts that transition states of exothermic reactions are reactant‐like (early), whereas transition states of endothermic reactions are product‐like (late). Related postulates have been proposed to describe the sensitivity of activation barriers for reactions occurring on catalytic surfaces to the catalyst structure. To evaluate the validity of these postulates for different chemical reactions, a general method for classifying transition states as either early or late is needed. One can envision a dimensionless reaction coordinate that changes continuously and monotonically from 0 to 1 along a minimum energy reaction pathway. The value of the dimensionless reaction coordinate for the transition state (W_TS) classifies transition states as (a) early when W_TS < 0.5, (b) late when W_TS > 0.5, and (c) equidistant between reactants and products when W_TS = 0.5. In this article, we derive such a dimensionless reaction coordinate and illustrate its usefulness for several different chemical reactions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010     

Back propagation modeling of shear stress and viscosity of aqueous Ionic-MXene nanofluids

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Back-propagation modeling of viscosity and shear stress of Ionic-MXene nanofluid is carried out in this work. The data for Ionic-MXene nanofluid of...     

Electrochemical methods for determining group B vitamins

Electrochemical methods for the determination of group B vitamins reported in the last 25 years and the most important chemical and analytical parameters of potentiometry and voltammetry methods for these vitamins in pharmaceutical items, foods, and biological objects are reviewed. Sensor systems, first of all biosensors, seem to be the most efficient; further progress should be anticipated in this area. Possibility of the automation of analysis by coupling of sensors with flow-injection analysis also offers promise.     

A refined method for determining the absolute configuration of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl group

A refined method for the determination of the absolute configuration of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl group in natural products was developed. An interchange between the order of reduction with lithium borohydride and amidation with a chiral amine described in the previous procedure resulted in a high yield of the desired derivative. The refined method is applicable to various natural products with the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl group, even if their available amounts are 0.1 mg. The absolute configuration of the group in the lanostane-type triterpene acid, which had been isolated in a small amount, was established as S.     

A new spectrophotometric method for determining the extraction constant of quaternary complexes

A new spectrophotometric method for determining the extraction constants of quaternary complexes is described. The method has been applied to a study of the distribution between water and toluene in the V(V)-salycylhydroxamic acid-nitrate-trioctyl methyl ammonium system, determining its conditional extraction constant in toluene for several pH values.     

A new luminescence method for determining dysprosium in the presence of terbium

The new luminescence method for determining dysprosium in the presence of terbium is developed based on the difference in the lifetimes of dysprosium and terbium in complexes with 3-(6-benzodioxanyl)pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (τ = 6 and 910 μs, respectively). The possibility of determining the short-lived and weakly luminescent dysprosium(III) ion in the presence of long-living and intensively luminescent terbium(III) was demonstrated for the first time using time-resolved luminescence. The developed method was used to determine dysprosium in luminescent materials doped with both lanthanides.     

A model for determining the steady state flux of inorganic microfiltration membranes

The present paper provides a model based on dimensional analysis that gives the basis for design of the cross-flow microfiltration processes. This gives the permeate flux f in terms of the pressure drop across the filtration membrane ΔP and the velocity V of cross-flow of the feed fluid in the membrane tubes. The model is compared with an extensive series of experimental results with magnesium hydroxide slurries. The model has certain similarities with previous ones and can be used for unit optimization.     

A new microcolumn flotation cell for determining the wettability and floatability of minerals

Flotation is one of the most important physicochemical processes for mineral separations and other recovery operations. Flotation machines have been developed since the beginning of the 19th century and are still under intensive research and development. The cell we devised is a combination of the Canadian column flotation cell and the Partridge-Smith cell. The materials used for the construction of the new cell are cheap and use available laboratory accessories and aquarium materials. The cell functions well in terms of its scale, control, and sample requirement. It can be used both in the laboratory for research and in classrooms for demonstrations of experiments. Some of the data obtained by the flotation method using this cell are in good agreement with data measured independently on the same minerals by the contact angles method. The critical values of surface tension of wetting (gamma(c)) for talc, sulfur, and chemically treated surfaces of calcite and barite obtained by the contact angle measurements were 31, 26, 30.5, and 31.2 mN/m, respectively. On the other hand, the gamma(c) values of those minerals, obtained using our new designed flotation cell, were 30, 28, 31.4, and 34.5 mN/m, respectively. The measurements obtained in our experiment are also comparable to those previously published for the same minerals.