神光Ⅱ全链路脉冲波形的高精度反演

物理实验对神光Ⅱ装置的输出脉冲波形有很高的精度要求。对于单色光,通常做法是利用增益通量曲线反演激光链路获得注入波形,该方法在求解高通量或复杂波形时的精度比较差,甚至对宽带脉冲失效。针对不同输出通量,提出了智能算法和增益通量曲线的分层使用策略并应用于神光Ⅱ全链路的波形反演,混合算法的计算精度理论上取决于采样点数目。通过模拟仿真验证了混合算法具有稳定性好、精度高和收敛快的特点。     

利用时域波形快速反演海底单参数的方法

海底单参数反演由于反演维数少, 较之多维反演具有实施简单快捷的优点. 首先定义小掠射角下反射损失随掠射角变化率F_dB为单个参数描述海底性质, 构建单参数反演模型; 其次, 从简正波与射线理论出发, 对时域脉冲波形与海底反射性质之间的关系进行了推导, 并讨论衰减机制; 最后, 基于该关系设计出利用最小二乘法对时域波形进行反演的方法. 对北黄海实验数据进行了实际反演, 通过海底采样验证反演结果对海底性质估计的正确性, 同时基于反演结果的传播损失预报值与实测值符合良好. 该方法实施仅需要单个水听器, 待测物理量少, 所获结果较为可靠, 且能满足大多数应用的需要. 关键词： 单参数 地声反演 浅海 海底反射损失     

基于全波形采样的APD阵列激光雷达系统研究

基于全波形采样技术,构建了一套64路APD阵列激光雷达系统.利用分立元件设计了信号处理电路,并使用数据采集卡对电路的输出信号进行全波形采样.通过基于最小二乘的高斯分解法对采集波形数据进行处理,并通过优化后的参量计算分析目标的距离和特性.搭建共光路实验平台,分别测试了全部通道的电路输出波形和测距精度.结果表明,信号处理电...     

模拟回火马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗全波形分析方法

针对传统的全波形分析方法不能快速自动处理全波形数据的缺点,提出了一种模拟回火马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗全波形分析法,用于求解全波形数据中的波峰数和峰值位置等参量.该方法采用Metropolis更新策略求解波峰数量和噪声两个参量,以达到快速求解的目的;而峰值位置和波峰幅值则采用改进的模拟回火策略求解,通过添加的主动干预回火步骤实现对参量更新过程的有效探测,以满足对速度或运算收敛性的要求.模拟回火马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗全波形分析方法以马尔可夫算法为基础,仍保持马氏链的收敛性,从而保证本方法具有良好的鲁棒性,实现对全波形数据的自动化处理.     

全波形激光雷达回波信号建模仿真与分析

全波形回波信号建模仿真与分析是全波形激光雷达探测技术的一项重要研究内容。针对激光束在目标场景中投影点的获取问题,提出了一种基于激光束空间边界的光线求交快速算法,运算效率高,稳定性好。基于激光雷达信号的时空分布特性,推算出目标场景对信号的响应函数,建立二者的作用过程模型。并针对全回波检测技术中的距离选通探测模式,对目标回波信号与距离选通门限的位置关系进行了分类建模和分析。在研究以上三项关键技术的基础上,构建了全波形激光雷达回波信号仿真系统,仿真实现和分析了不同距离选通门限条件下的全波形回波信号特性,并生成了复杂场景下隐蔽目标的全波形激光雷达数据。     

神光Ⅱ全链路脉冲波形的高精度反演EI北大核心CSCD

物理实验对神光Ⅱ装置的输出脉冲波形有很高的精度要求。对于单色光,通常做法是利用增益通量曲线反演激光链路获得注入波形,该方法在求解高通量或复杂波形时的精度比较差,甚至对宽带脉冲失效。针对不同输出通量,提出了智能算法和增益通量曲线的分层使用策略并应用于神光Ⅱ全链路的波形反演,混合算法的计算精度理论上取决于采样点数目。通过模拟仿真验证了混合算法具有稳定性好、精度高和收敛快的特点。     

基于无人机高光谱遥感的冬小麦全氮含量反演

氮素是作物生长发育必需的营养元素之一,作物的全氮含量是表征其氮素状况的主要指标。田块尺度的冬小麦全氮含量空间分布监测可以辅助其精准定量追肥,减少环境污染。无人机高光谱遥感具有分辨率高、时效性高、成本低等优势,可为作物长势信息反演提供重要数据源。XGBoost（extreme gradient boosting）作为一种新兴集成学习算法,运行效率高,泛化能力强,可以有效的应用于构建冬小麦全氮含量遥感反演模型,预测田块尺度冬小麦全氮含量空间分布。以农业部蒙城砂姜黑土生态环境站内拔节期冬小麦为研究对象,开展以下工作: （1）以低空无人机搭载高光谱成像仪获取冬小麦拔节期冠层成像光谱影像,结合地面采样数据,获取126个样点全氮含量数据;（2）分析拔节期冬小麦冠层光谱特征,并根据Person相关系数分析176个波段的光谱反射率与全氮含量之间的相关性;（3）构建基于XGBoost算法的不同土壤肥力条件下拔节期冬小麦全氮含量无人机高光谱反演模型。结果表明: （1）176个波段（400~1 000 nm）的光谱反射率与冬小麦全氮含量之间具有较强的相关性,除了735.5 nm外其他波段光谱反射率与全氮含量之间的相关系数均大于0.5;（2）基于XGBoost算法构建的拔节期冬小麦全氮含量无人机高光谱遥感反演模型具有较高的反演精度（R2=0.76,RMSE=2.68）;（3）基于XGBoost算法的冬小麦全氮含量反演模型可以获取不同土壤肥力条件下田块尺度的全氮含量空间分布图,总体上呈现较为显著的空间差异。该研究可为冬小麦精准定量追肥提供一定的科学依据,也为发展无人机高光谱遥感的精准农业应用提供了参考。     

南疆农田土壤全氮含量的中红外光谱反演模型

快速准确监测农田土壤全氮含量,可显著提高土壤肥力诊断与评价工作的效率。传统测定土壤全氮的方法存在耗时费力、成本高、环境污染等缺点,而基于光谱学原理的土壤全氮定量方法克服了传统测量的劣势。中红外(MIR)光谱相较于可见光-近红外(VNIR)光谱而言,具有更多的波段数和信息量,如何利用中红外光谱监测土壤全氮含量是具有重要应用前景的研究课题。为了探索中红外光谱对土壤全氮监测的可行性,以新疆南疆地区采集的246个农田土样为研究对象,以室内测定的全氮含量和中红外光谱反射率数据为数据源,分析了不同全氮含量土样的中红外光谱特征差异,以主成分分析法(PCA)和连续投影算法(SPA)对光谱数据进行降维,然后采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)和反向传播神经网络(BPNN)四种建模方法分别构建基于全波段和降维数据的土壤全氮含量定量反演模型。研究结果表明：(1)土壤在中红外波段光谱反射率随全氮含量的增加而增加,在3 620, 2 520, 1 620和1 420 cm^-1附近存在明显的吸收谷;将中红外光谱数据进行最大值归一化处理后,可明显提高土壤光谱反...     

水平层状横向同性地层中频率测深资料全参数快速迭代反演

提出水平层状横向同性地层中频率测深资料的全参数快速迭代反演算法,以便从测量资料中同时确定各个地层的横向、 纵向电导率及层界面深度.首先,利用水平层状介质中电磁场并矢Green函数在频率波数域中的解析解和Sommerfeld积分的 快速计算技术确定正演响应.然后,利用摄动理论和Fourier逆变换公式,研究建立一套快速求解全参数Fréchet导数的 有效算法,并利用规范化处理和奇异值分解技术给出迭代反演过程.最后,给出数值试验证明反演理论的有效性以及反演算法 的抗噪声能力.     

Quantitative ultrasound brain imaging with multiscale deconvolutional waveform inversion

High-resolution images of human brain are critical for monitoring the neurological conditions in a portable and safe manner. Sound speed mapping of brain tissues provides unique information for such a purpose. In addition, it is particularly important for building digital human acoustic models, which form a reference for future ultrasound research. Conventional ultrasound modalities can hardly image the human brain at high spatial resolution inside the skull due to the strong impedance contrast between hard tissue and soft tissue. We carry out numerical experiments to demonstrate that the time-domain waveform inversion technique, originating from the geophysics community, is promising to deliver quantitative images of human brains within the skull at a sub-millimeter level by using ultra-sound signals. The successful implementation of such an approach to brain imaging requires the following items: signals of sub-megahertz frequencies transmitting across the inside of skull, an accurate numerical wave equation solver simulating the wave propagation, and well-designed inversion schemes to reconstruct the physical parameters of targeted model based on the optimization theory. Here we propose an innovative modality of multiscale deconvolutional waveform inversion that improves ultrasound imaging resolution, by evaluating the similarity between synthetic data and observed data through using limited length Wiener filter. We implement the proposed approach to iteratively update the parametric models of the human brain. The quantitative imaging method paves the way for building the accurate acoustic brain model to diagnose associated diseases, in a potentially more portable, more dynamic and safer way than magnetic resonance imaging and x-ray computed tomography.     

非理想背光照相对靶壳阿贝尔密度反演的影响

建立了背光照相的模拟手段,研究了记录屏像素尺寸、背光强度分布、背光光谱非单色、针孔弥散及针孔形状对惯性约束聚变中常用塑料球壳的阿贝尔密度反演的影响。结果表明：较大的记录屏像素尺寸会掩盖密度分布的细节;高斯型的背光空间分布会使密度分布低于真实值,可能导致非物理的负密度分布;采用Mo的L带谱线作为背光源也会导致反演密度偏离真实值;当壳层厚度小于针孔尺寸时,针孔弥散效应会显著降低峰值密度,利用维纳滤波法处理背光图像后密度反演的结果得到明显改善;相同针孔面积条件下,椭圆形针孔给出的峰值密度要低于圆形针孔的结果。     

环形阵列超声断层扫描高分辨率成像方法

介绍了针对环形阵列超声断层扫描的高分辨率全波形反演成像方法,不同于传统的延时叠加和渡越时间断层扫描,该方法充分考虑声传播的透射、反射、散射等特点,通过数据匹配的方法重构目标体声学参数图像。开发了环形超声换能器阵列构建超声断层扫描成像系统,并设计了适合检验成像算法的数值和物理模型,分别使用基于射线理论的回波延时叠加和初至波渡越时间断层扫描、以及基于波动理论的全波形反演方法对目标体进行图像重建,并对比其原理、分辨率、计算量等方面的特点,系统性分析了波动方法相对传统射线方法的优点和不足。结果表明,全波形反演这类充分考虑接收信号多种物理特征的方法可用于较高分辨率的声参数成像,适合与传统方法结合设计有效的超声断层扫描成像系统。     

Effect of strontium ranelate on bone mineral: Analysis of nanoscale compositional changes

Strontium ranelate has been used to prevent bone loss and stimulate bone regeneration. Although strontium may integrate into the bone crystal lattice, the chemical and structural modifications of the bone when strontium interacts with the mineral phase are not completely understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate apatite from the mandibles of rats treated with strontium ranelate in the drinking water and compare its characteristics with those from untreated rats and synthetic apatites with and without strontium. Electron energy loss near edge structures from phosphorus, carbon, calcium and strontium were obtained by electron energy loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope. The strontium signal was detected in the biological and synthetic samples containing strontium. The relative quantification of carbon by analyzing the C_K edge at an energy loss of ΔE = 284 eV showed an increase in the number of carbonate groups in the bone mineral of treated rats. A synthetic strontium-containing sample used as control did not exhibit a carbon signal. This study showed physicochemical modifications in the bone mineral at the nanoscale caused by the systemic administration of strontium ranelate.     

Concentration dependence of F nuclear magnetic resonance decay shapes and second moments in bone mineral

¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-echoes and free induction decays (FIDs) have been observed from samples of fluoridated trabecular canine bone powder, with fluoride concentrations ([F]) ranging from approximately 10 to 33 mg F/g Ca. Curve fitting of echo envelopes and FIDs was performed using a two-component model function, where one of the components incorporates the effects of one-dimensional dipolar coupling. This function provides a good match for both echo envelopes and FIDs. Estimates of the total second moment and its homonuclear (F–F coupling) component were obtained from the fitting procedure. Based on the second moment measurements, it is argued that ¹⁹F spins in bone mineral typically experience weaker heteronuclear dipolar coupling than those in the mineral hydroxyapatite (HAP), which is often considered to be a prototype for bone mineral.     

Ultrasonic density measurement for process control

A method has been devised for determining the density of a fluid by measuring the velocity and amplitude of an ultrasonic pulse passed through it. The theory of the method is presented, together with the results of an experimental verification.     

The effects of strontium on bone mineral: A review on current knowledge and microanalytical approaches

The interest in effects of strontium (Sr) on bone has greatly increased in the last decade due to the development of the promising drug strontium ranelate. This drug is used for treating osteoporosis, a major bone disease affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide, especially postmenopausal women. The novelty of strontium ranelate compared to other treatments for osteoporosis is its unique effect on bone: it simultaneously promotes bone formation by osteoblasts and inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts. Besides affecting bone cells, treatment with strontium ranelate also has a direct effect on the mineralized bone matrix. Due to the chemical similarities between Sr and Ca, a topic that has long been of particular interest is the incorporation of Sr into bones replacing Ca from the mineral phase, which is composed by carbonated hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. Several groups have analyzed the mineral produced during treatment; however, most analysis were done with relatively large samples containing numerous nanocrystals, resulting thus on data that represents an average of many crystalline domains. The nanoscale analysis of the bone apatite crystals containing Sr has only been described in a few studies. In this study, we review the current knowledge on the effects of Sr on bone mineral and discuss the methodological approaches that have been used in the field. In particular, we focus on the great potential that advanced microscopy and microanalytical techniques may have on the detailed analysis of the nanostructure and composition of bone apatite nanocrystals produced during treatment with strontium ranelate.     

环状PIN阵列测量全口径背向散射光空间分布的实验研究

基于由同心环状排布的多个 PIN 探测器组成的环状 PIN 阵列,发展了一种测量激光等离子体全口径背向散射光空间分布的实验方法.采用该方法,在神光Ⅱ装置激光与黑腔靶相互作用实验中,对全口径背向散射光空间分布进行了测量,获得了全口径受激 Brillouin 散射背向散射光空间分布的图像.初步建立了全口径背向散射光空间分布...     

针对高压物质密度诊断的激光X射线照相优化设计

激光驱动冲击波能提供高压的物质状态, 是状态方程研究的重要工具. 超短超强激光与固体靶相互作用产生的X射线源, 具有短脉冲、微焦点、高产额、能量可调的特点, 是高压物质密度测量的首选背光源. 本文基于蒙特卡罗程序Geant4建立了X射线照相模型, 客体密度分布由流体力学程序Multi-1D模拟激光冲击加载高压物质获得. 在一维长方体形密度客体情况下, 定义了均方根、峰值偏差与上升沿斜率比三种指标, 对照相图像求解的密度结果进行评价, 开展了照相结果信噪比、分辨率与对比度等参数优化. 并开展了一维圆柱形密度客体的照相模拟, 建立了基于Radon逆变换法的Abel反演算法. 反演结果与模拟设计密度分布符合良好, 要求X射线源半径在5 μm以内; 反演结果与模拟设计密度分布较为一致, 要求X射线源半径在15 μm以内.