Imaging the Gouy phase shift in photonic jets with a wavefront sensor

A wavefront sensor is used as a direct observation tool to image the Gouy phase shift in photonic nanojets created by micrometer-sized dielectric spheres. The amplitude and phase distributions of light are found in good agreement with a rigorous electromagnetic computation. Interestingly the observed phase shift when travelling through the photonic jet is a combination of the awaited π Gouy shift and a phase shift induced by the bead refraction. Such direct spatial phase shift observation using wavefront sensors would find applications in microscopy, diffractive optics, optical trapping, and point spread function engineering.     

含负折射率材料的一维光子晶体的光学传输特性

采用光学传输矩阵方法,模拟研究了由正折射率材料和负折射率材料交替组成的一维光子晶体的光学传输特性.计算了这种含负折射率材料的一维光子晶体的透射谱和色散关系.结果表明,在正入射时,含负折射率材料的光子晶体的带隙要比传统的光子晶体要大得多,并具有狭窄的透射带,从光学薄膜理论的色散关系出发解释了形成上述现象的原因.讨论了在不同的偏振模式下,光以中心波长入射时,反射率随着入射角度的变化关系.发现含负折射率材料的一维光子晶体具有更好的角度特性,可以用来实现对中心波长的全方位反射.     

十二重准晶光子结构中的负折射与成像

最近实验证明周期性的光子晶体中存在电磁波的负折射现象，并且观测到亚波长成像．然而，这些研究主要集中在剧期性结构中，对非周期结构的研究还没有相关的报道。文章报道了一种新的理论和实验结果：非周期性十二重准晶光子结构同样存在负折射，并且可以实现超透镜的远场成像。具有这些特性的光子准晶可以广泛的应用于光集成器件中。     

二维光子晶体负折射现象条件及特性研究

结合光子晶体带隙图和等频率线图分析了二维光子晶体中出现负折射现象的条件,得出了负折射现象出现的频率范围.采用有限时域差分法模拟了光在光子晶体界面和内部的传输行为,验证了以上理论所给出的负折射出现的频段,观察到了明显的负折射现象.比较了不同介质、不同晶格结构光子晶体中不同频率的负折射行为.提出一种新结构的六角型二维三角晶格光子晶体分光镜的模型.     

Negative refraction and left-handed properties in two-dimensional photonic crystals

We report on the negative refraction and left-handed behavior of two-dimensional photonic crystals. For the triangular two-dimensional photonic crystals there are two saddle points and a key point in the first Brillouin zone for the second band, which play important role to determine the refraction phenomena. There is no determined relation between the left-handed behavior and the negative refraction. The refraction phenomena depend on the band structure and the configuration of the incident light. For the first configuration, the first Brillouin zone can be divided into three parts. In part I there are negative refraction and left-handed behaviors. In part II there are normal refraction and left-handed behaviors. In part III there are normal refraction and right-handed behaviors. For the second configuration, the first Brillouin zone can only be divided into two parts. For these complex refraction phenomena, it is meaningless to define the phase refractive index, and it is necessary to define the effective refraction index by a Snell-like formula, and the value of the effective index is determined by the configuration and the band structure.     

Alternative approach to realize all-angle negative refraction and far-field imaging effects via two-dimensional all-solid photonic crystals

We systematically investigate the band structures, equifrequency surfaces, and the intensity distributions of Poynting vector in two-dimensional Si/SiO₂ all-solid photonic crystals with different lattice types. It is found that all-angle negative refraction with effective refractive index of nearly ? 1 and far-field imaging effects can be achieved from all-solid photonic crystals. And more important thing is that, the all-solid photonic crystals can realize all-angle negative refraction at lower frequencies and provide far-field images with higher quality compared with normal air–dielectric photonic crystals. Such improved performance provides an alternative approach to realize all-angle negative refraction in super-lens and super-prisms applications.     

用于直接驱动的快速变焦新方案

在直接驱动方式的惯性约束聚变装置中, 实现中心点火对靶丸的辐照均匀性要求极高. 然而, 在激光脉冲持续时间内, 由于激光与靶丸的相互作用致使靶丸逐渐缩小, 从而导致辐照均匀性降低以及交叉光束能量转移等不利因素增强, 进而影响点火的进展. 为此, 提出了用于直接驱动的快速变焦新方案, 即利用特殊设计的电光晶体及电极结构, 对激光束附加一个实时、快速变化的球面波前, 以控制打靶激光束的聚焦位置和焦斑大小, 从而达到提高靶面辐照均匀性和抑制交叉光束能量转移的目的. 通过建立快速变焦的理论模型, 并基于激光与靶丸相互作用物理过程的分析, 对焦斑尺寸、附加球面波曲率半径等参数随时间的变化规律进行了数值模拟和分析. 结果表明, 本文提出的快速变焦方案可有效地实现对焦斑与靶丸半径比的实时控制, 且对空间滤波器滤波效果及三倍频转换效率并无明显影响.     

Negative refractive behavior of a two-dimensional negative-index photonic crystals using a wave vector diagram method

We have theoretically studied the negative refractive behavior and the focusing effect in a two-dimensional square-lattice photonic crystal made of air rods in a dielectric background. Detailed explanations are given for the effect of the negative refraction, and the imaging of the plano-concave lens is shown by the use of a wave vector diagram formalism. The typical negative refractive behavior is demonstrated by considering the Bloch mode with the wave vector inside the first Brillouin zone, because only those wave vectors inside the first Brillouin zone of multiple Brillouin zones have a definite meaning. The single propagating beam is analyzed by the use of the wave vector diagram formalism following the folding of the wave vectors. Good-quality focusing of a plane wave can be realized by using a photonic crystal plano-concave lens, while a plane wave is formed by a point source placed at the focal point. Our results are in good agreement with the experimental ones shown for a negative-index plano-concave lens by Vodo et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 201108]. Finally, we also have shown the focusing behavior of a plane wave and a Gaussian pulse by a plano-concave lens structure with high-index modulation instead of air in the concave region.     

Focusing of light by negative refraction in a photonic crystal slab superlens on silicon-on-insulator substrate

We experimentally demonstrate the light focusing by negative refraction in a photonic crystal slab superlens at wavelengths lambda of 1.26-1.42 microm. The photonic crystal slab was fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrate with an interface structure optimized for low reflection and diffraction losses. The light focusing in the photonic crystal slab was clearly observed through the intentional out-of-plane radiation or scattering of guided light in the slab. The minimum focused spot width was limited to 1.8 microm(1.4 lambda) owing to aberrations. The focusing characteristics were in good agreement with those obtained from photonic band and finite-difference time-domain analyses.     

Negative Refraction and Near-Field Imaging of an Elliptical-Rod Photonic Crystal Slab in the Second Band

Negative refraction and imaging properties of the electromagnetic wave through a two-dimensional photonic crystal （PC） slab, which consists of a square lattice of elliptical dielectric rods immersed in the air background, is studied by the plane-wave expansion method and the finite-difference time-domain method. A point source placed in the vicinity of the PC slab can form a good-quality image spot through the PC slab for the incident frequencies within the second photonic band. The calculated result also shows that negative refraction occurs in this kind of PC slab.     

动态聚焦中小焦斑的波前判据

在直接驱动中, 由于靶丸在内爆过程中不断压缩变小, 激光束的初始焦斑与压缩后的靶丸不再匹配, 导致能量从靶丸边缘流失. 光学动态聚焦是指在靶丸压缩变小的过程中, 动态减小辐照焦斑的尺寸, 这对提高光束与靶丸的耦合效率有着非常重要的意义. 靶丸压缩后期小焦斑的实现条件是解决光学动态聚焦的首要问题. 根据光的全频段传输规律, 本文采用构造低频和中高频波前畸变源的方法, 在不同目标焦斑的束匀滑条件下, 分别给出了小焦斑尺寸与低频波前、中高频波前的定标关系, 作为小焦斑实现方式的波前判据. 根据波前判据即可找出要实现不同的小焦斑需对低频和中高频波前畸变矫正控制的范围. 关键词： 直接驱动 光学动态聚焦 波前畸变 焦斑尺寸     

用于快点火的激光驱动器组束方式

 根据实现快点火激光的预估参数要求,分析了非相干组束和相干组束是否可满足快点火所需的激光功率密度和能量。引入与实际情况相当的畸变波前分析远场焦斑,为了满足能量要求非相干组束需要组合更多的光束,并改进驱动器的稳定性将角漂控制在±2 μrad范围内;相干组束可获得更小的焦斑有利于提高功率密度,同时可降低对能量的要求,但仅对单路光分别进行波前补偿并不能提高能量集中度,需要引入复杂的监测和控制设备对整个通光孔径内的波前(包括束内和束间)进行全局控制。基于目前提出的参数要求和波前校正能力,非相干合成更易实现快点火,但相干合成则具有更广泛的应用潜力。     

径向偏振光下的长焦、紧聚焦表面等离子体激元透镜

表面等离子体激元透镜(plasmonic lens, PL)是一种通过激发和操控表面等离子体激元 (SPPs), 突破衍射极限, 实现亚波长紧聚焦的纳米光子器件. 如何实现高效率的紧聚焦及调控, 一直是研究PL的重点. 如果选取电矢量沿径向振动的径向偏振光作为PL的入射光, 可从各个方向激发SPPs, 提高紧聚焦的能量效率. 本文提出了一种在径向偏振光激发下的长焦深、长焦距、亚波长紧聚焦的表面等离子体激元透镜, 该透镜由中心T 形微孔、阶梯形同心环和同心环结构组成. 本文首先利用有限元方法数值分析了中心微孔-同心环结构透镜的聚焦特性, 结果显示径向偏振光由底部入射可高效激发SPPs, 并且中心微孔透射光与散射至自由空间的SPPs由于多光束干涉形成了紧聚焦. 为进一步压缩焦斑、增加焦距、加深焦深、改善透镜聚焦特性, 本文引入中心T形微孔-阶梯形同心环结构, 从而对阶梯表面的SPPs同时提供了相位调制和传播方向的控制. 经过参数优化, 该透镜结构实现了光斑焦深、半高宽、焦距分别是入射光波长的2.5倍、0.388 倍、3.22倍的亚波长紧聚焦; 而且该透镜具有结构紧凑、尺寸小、易于集成的优点, 满足了纳米光子学对于器件微型化和高度集成化的要求. 该研究结果在纳米光子集成、近场光学成像与探测、纳米光刻等相关领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

Amphoteric-like refraction in a two-dimensional photonic crystal

High-index contrast photonic crystals possess an intricate photonic band structure that is responsible for surprising phenomena as the surperprism effect, self-collimation, power splitting or negative refraction. Recently, it was reported that at the interface between an isotropic medium and a uniaxial crystal (or between two uniaxial crystals) a phenomenon known as amphoteric refraction, that is, positive as well as negative refraction, can take place. By means of a equifrequency contours analysis and finite-difference time-domain simulations, we show that a two dimensional photonic crystal can also present amphoteric refraction by properly choosing the lattice orientation and the termination. However, total transmission is difficult to achieve because a Bloch mode is excited inside the photonic crystal and the coupling efficiency from this mode to an external plane wave is lower than one.     

Negative refraction at infrared wavelengths in a two-dimensional photonic crystal

We report on the first experimental evidence of negative refraction at telecommunication wavelengths by a two-dimensional photonic crystal field. Samples were fabricated by chemically assisted ion beam etching in the InP-based low-index constrast system. Experiments of beam imaging and light collection show light focusing by the photonic crystal field. Finite-difference time-domain simulations confirm that the observed focusing is due to negative refraction in the photonic crystal area.     

高能拍瓦激光系统中大口径离轴抛物面聚焦特性研究

为进行快点火实验,需对高能拍瓦激光聚焦系统中的核心元件即大口径离轴抛物面,进行深入量化研究,以便对其结构选型和精密调整提供准确的理论依据。利用基于严格的矢量衍射理论的数值计算方法,并结合像差分析得到了大孔径、大离轴量的抛物面镜(OAP)的物理光学成像特性。首先用理想平行光入射,得出OAP的三维平动公差与其焦深密切相关,OAP绕旋转对称轴的转动可归结为平动问题,其公差与焦深也有简单关系;入射光轴失准时,像散占主导作用,并可由一结构因子来定性描述其对像斑的影响。其次当入射光有一定的发散角时,除引起最佳像面位置变化外,还会由于OAP不对称性而引起的彗差使得像斑的峰值光强大大降低,并论述了OAP的结构参数对此的影响。     

基于空气孔的光子晶体亚波长成像的特性研究

负折射率材料因为其奇异的特性成为广泛研究的对象,尤其是光子晶体平板的完美成像.本文采用空气孔在硅介质中周期性排列构成六角结构的光子晶体结构,用平面波展开法及FDTD方法,研究了该光子晶体的亚波长成像能力还研究了入射波长以及温度漂移对该光子晶体平面亚波长成像的影响.     

Sign of the refractive index in lossy metamaterials

One of the criteria for determining the existence of negative index of refraction in artificial electromagnetic structures (metamaterials) is the occurrence of opposite directions of the group and phase velocities. In this work, we study specific examples of metamaterials where we show that the above criterion does not hold when losses are taken into account and dominate the interaction of light with the metamaterial. The structure are three-dimensional superlattices of consisting of plasmonic and polaritonic particles and are studied by a rigorous multiple-scattering theory and effective-medium approximation.     

Automatic alignment of a Kirkpatrick-Baez active optic by use of a soft-x-ray Hartmann wavefront sensor

We present what we believe to be the first automatic alignment of a synchrotron beamline by the Hartmann technique. Experiments were performed, in the soft-x-ray range (E=3 keV, lambda=0.414 nm), by using a four-actuator Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) active optic. A system imaging the KB focal spot and a soft-x-ray Hartmann wavefront sensor were used alternatively to control the KB optic. The beam corrected with the help of the imaging system was used to calibrate the wavefront sensor. With both closed loops, we focused the beam into a 6.8 microm x 9 microm FWHM focal spot.     

Negative refraction and focusing of electromagnetic wave through two-dimensional photonic crystals

The negative refraction of electromagnetic waves in photonic crystals was recently demonstrated experimentally, and the physical properties were analyzed. Microsuperlenses based on two-dimensional photonic crystals were designed and the subwavelength images were observed. In this review, after providing a brief history of the research related to the above phenomena, we will summarize our research works in this field including the method of creating a negative refraction region, generating an absolute negative refraction, the focusing of unpolarized electromagnetic waves, and the effect of interface and disorder on the image by the two-dimensional photonic crystal flat lens. The discussion on the negative refraction and the focusing by high symmetric quasicrystals is also presented.