高效液相色谱法测定咪唑生产工艺中反应液中咪唑及2种杂质2-甲基咪唑和4-甲基咪唑

建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)外标定量分析咪唑生产工艺中反应液中咪唑及杂质2-甲基咪唑和4-甲基咪唑含量的方法。在色谱分析中,选用Supersil-ODS-B色谱柱为固定相;选用体积比为40∶60的乙腈-离子对试剂(溶液pH为3.5,内含16 mmol·L~(-1)十二烷基硫酸钠和17mmol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾)溶液为流动相进行等度洗脱;采用二极管阵列检测器进行检测,检测波长为210nm。结果显示:咪唑、2-甲基咪唑及4-甲基咪唑标准曲线的线性范围均为10～100mg·L~(-1),检出限(3S/N)分别为0.02,0.02,0.03mg·L~(-1)。咪唑在20mg·L~(-1)和100mg·L~(-1)添加水平下的平均加标回收率分别为100%,99.2%,相对标准偏差(n=8)为0.27%。用本方法对同一批反应液不同反应阶段的9个样品中咪唑进行了测定,测定值为10.11%～10.71%;杂质2-甲基咪唑有检出,但低于测定下限;杂质4-甲基咪唑未检出。与气相色谱法进行了比对,两者测定结果基本一致。试验结果表明,该方法准确度好、灵敏度高、重现性好,能够准确测定咪唑生产工艺中反应液中咪唑、2-甲基咪唑及4-甲基咪唑的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定咪唑中2-甲基咪唑和4-甲基咪唑

采用高效液相色谱法测定咪唑中2-甲基咪唑和4-甲基咪唑的含量。采用XDB C18色谱柱为分离柱,以pH 3.5的0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲溶液与甲醇以体积比95比5组成的混合溶液为流动相,流量为1.0mL·min-1,在波长210nm处进行二极管阵列检测。2-甲基咪唑和4-甲基咪唑均在0.10~25.0mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)分别为20,40mg·kg-1。在1.00,5.00,20.0mg·L-1 3个浓度水平进行加标回收试验,回收率在89.0%~103%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)在0.58%~3.0%之间。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定焦糖色素中副产物2-甲基咪唑、4-甲基咪唑和2-乙酰基-4-(1,2,3,4-四羟基丁基)咪唑

建立了固相萃取法结合高效液相色谱同时检测焦糖色素中2-甲基咪唑(2-Methylimidazole,2-MEI)、4-甲基咪唑(4-Methylimidazole,4-MEI)和2-乙酰基-4-(1,2,3,4-四羟基丁基)咪唑(2-Acetyl-4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl) imidazole,THI)的方法.样品经加水涡旋提取后,经混合型强阳离子交换固相萃取小柱富集净化,以乙腈-0.05％氨水(10∶90,V/V)为流动相,流速为0.6 mL/min,用反向色谱柱Polaris C18-A(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)柱分离,分别在二极管阵列检测器215 nm波长条件下检测焦糖色素中的2-甲基咪唑、4-甲基咪唑和287 nm波长条件下检测2-乙酰基4.(1,2,3,4-四羟基丁基)咪唑的含量.2-甲基咪唑、4-甲基咪唑和2-乙酰基-4-(1,2,3,4-四羟基丁基)咪唑在0.2～ 20 mg/L之间线性关系良好(r＞0.9996),在10,25和100 mg/kg添加浓度的回收率范围为75.3％ ～93.4％,相对标准偏差均小于10％,检出限分别为为2.6,3.0和1.5 mg/kg,定量限分别为8.5,10.0和5.0 mg/kg.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定食醋中4-甲基咪唑和2-乙酰基-4-(1,2,3,4-四羟基丁基)咪唑

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测食醋中4-甲基咪唑(4-Methylimidazole,4-MEI)和2-乙酰基-4-(1,2,3,4-四羟基丁基)咪唑(2-Acetyl-4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)imidazole,THI)的方法。样品经超纯水稀释,用氨水溶液调节pH=9.0,采用0.22μm水系微孔滤膜过滤,以乙腈和0.05%氨水为流动相,流速为0.4mL/min,用反相色谱柱Polaris C18-A(150×4.6 mm,3μm)进行分离,采用电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,以d6-4-甲基咪唑(d6-4-methylimidazole,d6-4-MEI)作为内标进行定量。4-MEI和THI在0.01~1.0mg/L之间线性关系良好(r0.9996),4-MEI和THI在所有醋中0.2mg/L、0.5mg/L和2.0mg/L三个添加浓度的回收率范围为80.2%~101.4%,相对标准偏差均小于6.4%,浅色的白醋和米醋的检出限为0.06 mg/L,定量限为0.2 mg/L;深色的香醋和陈醋的检出限为0.15mg/L,定量限为0.5mg/L。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同步检测食品中的2-甲基咪唑及4-甲基咪唑

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同步检测食品中2-甲基咪唑(2-MEI)和4-甲基咪唑(4-MEI)的分析方法。大多数食品超声提取后可直接进样,基质极其复杂的样品(如酱油、咖啡、茶叶等)需经强阳离子交换柱(PCX)萃取净化,采用同位素内标法定量。在优化条件下,2-MEI和4-MEI的检出限分别可达0.5 ng/g和1.4 ng/g,回收率分别为82.6%~98.1%和89.5%~108.1%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.3%~4.5%和1.0%~5.0%,日间RSD分别为2.0%~5.4%和1.9%~6.5%。采用该方法对市售90余种加工食品进行抽样检测,结果发现2-MEI仅在少量食品中存在且含量较低,而4-MEI在多种食品中存在,含量较高的食品包括老抽酱油(3 224.20~18 795.93 ng/g)、咖啡(0~5 554.35 ng/g)、曲奇(63.48~584.78 ng/g)、焦糖色素饼干(373.12~1 899.60 ng/g)、可乐(44.13~342.77 ng/g)、大麦茶(3131.05~3 335.60 ng/g)等。该文还首次报道了不同品种茶叶(16~761.89 ng/g)中4-MEI的含量。     

表面增强拉曼光谱法测定饮料中4-甲基咪唑和2-甲基咪唑

以金纳米粒子为拉曼活性基底,采用便携式拉曼仪进行分析,建立了饮料中4-甲基咪唑(4-MeI)和2-甲基咪唑(2-MeI)的表面增强拉曼光谱分析法,并对检测条件进行优化.在最优条件下(Na2SO4溶液为团聚剂,金纳米粒子用量分别为250和200 μL),4-MeI和2-MeI的线性范围分别是0.05 ～5.00 mg/L和1.0 ～20.0 mg/L,检出限分别为1.70 μg/L和0.21 mg/L;将本法应用于含焦糖色素饮料中4-MeI和2-MeI的检测,4-MeI含量在0.093 ～0.110 mg/L之间,2-MeI无检出.回收率分别为80.2％ ～ 82.7％和78.1％ ～93.5％,相对标准偏差均小于7.1％.本方法简单、快速、准确,为含焦糖色素饮料中4-MeI和2-MeI的快速检测提供了新方法.     

高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨率质谱检测酱油中的4-甲基咪唑与2-甲基咪唑

建立了高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨率质谱测定酱油中4-甲基咪唑(4-MI)和2-甲基咪唑(2-MI)的方法。酱油样品经水稀释,过MCX固相萃取小柱,经5%的氨化甲醇洗脱后,于45℃下氮气吹干,用乙腈水溶液溶解残渣,涡旋充分混合后过0.45μm滤膜。采用Agilent HILIC Plus(2.1 mm×100 mm,3.5μm)色谱柱进行分离,以乙腈-5.0 mmol/L乙酸铵(80∶20)为流动相进行等度洗脱。质谱采用正离子模式,在质荷比(m/z)50~100范围内通过高分辨质谱全扫描模式提取目标化合物的精确质量数,以一级母离子为定量离子,外标法定量。在所建立的色谱条件下,4-MI和2-MI能够得到较好的分离。该方法对4-MI和2-MI的检出限可达2.5 mg/kg。在25~500 ng/m L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99。对生抽、老抽、黄豆酱油及有机酱油中4-MI和2-MI进行3个水平的加标实验,平均回收率为78.3%~95.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于9.4%。该方法样品处理过程简单,适用于酱油中4-MI和2-MI的测定,对规范酱油生产和焦糖色素的加入具有重要意义。     

1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮的纯度测定

建立了一种简便、准确的测定1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮纯度的气相色谱分析方法,通过对反应过程中产物的跟踪测试,指导合成,使其产品纯度达到99.9%以上.     

高效液相色谱检测反应香精中的2-氨基-N-甲基-5-苯基咪唑并吡啶(PhIP)方法研究

建立了用高效液相色谱快速检测反应香精中2-氨基-N-甲基-5-苯基咪唑并吡啶的方法. 反应香精中的2-氨基-N-甲基-5-苯基咪唑并吡啶用二甲基甲酰胺直接超声振荡提取; 高效液相色谱的色谱柱为Eclipse XDB-C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm); 流动相为V(二甲基甲酰胺)∶V(甲醇)∶V(水)=8∶50∶42; 流速为0.5 mL/min; 光电二极管阵列检测器检测波长为UV-327 nm. 10种反应香精中均未检出该种物质, 回收率为78.9%～85.9%, 检出限为19.2 ng/mL.     

1,2-二甲基咪唑啉的合成及表征

对1,2-二甲基咪唑啉的合成进行了详细研究. 以甲胺水溶液和2-溴乙胺氢溴酸盐(1)为原料进行反应, 在两种原料物质的量之比为5∶1, 缓缓回流12 h的条件下, 得到N-甲基乙二胺(2), N-甲基乙二胺经过乙酸化得到N-甲基-N,N′-二乙酰基乙二胺(3), 然后, N-甲基-N,N′-二乙酰基乙二胺和氧化钙在高温下关环得到1,2-二甲基咪唑啉(4). 并对所得到的产物1,2-二甲基咪唑啉经元素分析, 1H NMR, IR和GC-MS得到了表征.     

Alkylation of 2-methylimidazole with iodomethylsilanes

2-Methyl-1,3-bis[(1-methylsilolan-1-yl)methyl]-1H-imidazolium triiodide, 1,3-bis{[dimethyl-(phenyl)silyl]methyl}-2-methyl-1H-imidazolium iodide and triiodide, and cyclic 3,3,5,5,10-pentamethyl-4-oxa-7-aza-1-azonia-3,5-disilabicyclo[5.2.1]deca-1(10),8-diene iodide were synthesized by solvent-free reactions of 2-methyl-1H-imidazole with 1-(iodomethyl)-1-methylsilolane, (iodomethyl)(dimethyl)phenylsilane, and ethynyl(iodomethyl)(dimethyl)silanes, respectively, in the absence of base catalyst.     

Synthesis of ribonucleosides of 4(5)-cyano-5(4)-methylimidazole and related 4-substituted-5-methylimidazole ribosides

4-Cyano-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-methylimidazole ( 4 ) and its corresponding 5-cyano-4-methyl substituted isomer ( 5 ) have been obtained by ribosylation of 4(5)-cyano-5(4)-methylimidazole ( 3 ) via the mercuric cyanide method or by ribosylation of the trimethylsilyl derivative of 3 . Treatment of 4 with methanolic ammonia, ammonium chloride in liquid ammonia and potassium hydrosulfide provided 4-cyano-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-5-methylimidazole ( 6 ), 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-5-methylimidazole-4-carboxamide ( 2 ) and 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-5-methylimidazole-4-thiocarboxamide ( 11 ) respectively. Reaction of 6 with hydroxylamine afforded the corresponding 4-carboxamidoxime substituted nucleoside ( 13 ) which on catalytic reduction in the presence of ammonium chloride, was transformed into 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-5-methylimidazole-4-carboxamidine ( 14 ) as hydrochloride salt.     

Complexes of copper(II) with 4-methylimidazole

Summary The ligand, 4-methylimidazole L, reacts with Copper(II) to yield hexacoordinated and tetragonal complexes, CuL₄X₂ (X = Cl, Br, NO₃, ClO₄, NCS or 0.5 SO₄) and CuL₆(BF₄)₂; and tetracoordinated square-planar complexes, CuL₂(N₃)₂, (CuL₄)H9Cl₄) and (Me₄N)(CuLCl₃). The complexes obtained were characterized on the basis of analytical data, i.r. and electronic spectra, conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements. T.g.a, d.t.g and d.t.a studies have been made for some of the complexes which were found to decompose with loss of imidazole ligand. The stoichiometry of the thermal decompositions was determined.     

Specific ion-molecule interactions of imidazole and 1-methylimidazole in nitrobenzene

We have studied, by conductivity measurements, the formation of hydrogenbonded complexes between imidazoles and ions in the three systems triethylammonium picrate (Et₃NHPic)+imidazole (Im), triethylammonium bromide (Et₃NHBr)+Im, and Et₃NHPic+1-methylimidazole (1-MeIm) in nitrobenzene in order to specify the importance of the two functions of the imidazole molecule, the tertiary nitrogen N₃, and the imino group N₁-H. While 1-MelIm forms only a single complex with the cationic species Et₃NH⁺, imidazole enters into specific interactions as well with the cations through its basic site N₃ and with the anions through its imino group. The complexing of the anions by imidazole, always weaker than the complexing of the cations, is more effective for Br^– than for Pic^–. Moreover, if imidazole is used as ligand, a 1:2 complex is formed between the cation and the imidazole, in which the second molecule of imidazole is bonded to the N-H group of the first by a hydrogen bond at the tertiary N atom. We did not observe a correlation between the equilibrium constants K ₁ ⁺ for the complexing of the cation Et₃NH⁺ by imidazole and pyridines (k ₁ ⁺ for pyridine, 3–4 dimethylpyridine, and imidazole are 8, 24, and 165, respectively) and the pK _a values of these ligands due to the fundamental difference in the structure of the imidazole and pyridine molecules, although both are considered as aromatic nitrogen bases.     

One-dimensional coordination polymers of Co(II) and Cd(II)-squarate with 2-methylimidazole and 4(5)-methylimidazole ligands

Two new mixed-ligand coordination polymers, {[Co(μ_1,3-sq)(H₂O)₂(2-Meim)₂]·2(2-Meim)}_n (1) and [Cd(μ_1,3-sq)(H₂O)₂(4(5)-Meim)₂]_n (2), (sq = squarate, 2-Meim = 2-methylimidazole, 4(5)-Meim = 5-methylimidazole) have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The spectral (IR and UV–Vis) and thermal analyses are also reported. The Co(II) and Cd(II) ions are distorted octahedrally coordinated by four oxygen atoms of two O¹–O³-bridging squarate ligands and two trans-aqua ligands, and by two nitrogen atoms of the trans-imidazole (2-Meim or 4(5)-Meim) ligands. The structures of 1 and 2 consist of one-dimensional chains of μ-1,3-squarato bridged metal(II) complex units. These chains are held together by hydrogen bonding interactions, forming three-dimensional framework.     

Determination of 4-methylimidazole in caramel color by capillary isotachophoresis

A method for the determination or 4-methylimidazole in caramel color, based on cationic separation of the sample by capillary isotachophoresis, is described. No pretreatment of the sample is necessary and the detection limit was found to be 5 ppm.     

Individual and joint kinetic fluorometric determination of imidazole and 4-methylimidazole

The oxidation of 1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and copper is favored by imidazole, 4-methylimidazole, or any other compound possessing the imidazole ring. This fluorescent reaction has been used for the individual determination of imidazole and 4-methylimidazole at 10⁻⁵M level by application of several kinetic methods (tangent, fixed-time, and maximum fluorescence intensity) with a precision (%RSD) of about ±1%. A differential-rate principle allows the determination of binary mixtures of both compounds, which is subject to synergistic effects. Mixtures of imidazole and 4-methylimidazole in ratios between 1:1 and 1:9 have been resolved with a %RSD of ±7.1% for imidazole and ±3.1% for 4-methylimidazole.     

1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物焓变的热重分析

The structures of ionic liquids (ILs) based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C_nmim]Cl (n = 2, 4, 6), (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C₂mim]Cl, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C₄mim]Cl, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C₆mim]Cl) were elucidated by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR experiments. The vaporization characteristics of these ILs were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetric experiments were conducted in this study. The purpose of the dynamic experiments was to determine the initial decomposition temperature of the experimental sample and the temperature range for the isothermal thermogravimetric experiments. The purpose of the isothermal experiments was to record the mass dependence of the sample on time in the experimental temperature range. The Langmuir equation and Clausius-Clapeyron equation were used to fit the experimental data and obtain the vaporization enthalpies of these ILs at the average temperature within the experimental temperature range. However, in order to expand the applicability of the estimated values and to compare them with the literature data, the vaporization enthalpy ΔH_vap(T_av) measured at the average temperature was converted into vaporization enthalpy ΔH_vap(298) at ambient temperature. The difference between the heat capacities of the ILs in the gaseous and liquid states at constant pressure, Δ_l^gC_pm^ө proposed by Verevkin, was used in this conversion process. The experimental data for substance density and surface tension at other temperatures were obtained by referring to the literature. In addition, the data for density and surface tension at T = 298.15 K were obtained by applying the extrapolation method to the literature values for other temperatures. The vaporization enthalpy of the 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride IL [C₈mim]Cl was estimated by using the new vaporization model we had proposed in our previous work and compared with the reference value. The estimated value for [C₈mim]Cl was on the same order of magnitude as the reference value. We compared the vaporization enthalpies in the present study with those for the carboxylic acid imidazolium and amino acid imidazolium ILs ([C_nmim]Pro (n = 2-6) and [C_nmim]Thr (n = 2-6), respectively in our previous work. The results revealed that a change in the anion type affects the vaporization enthalpy of the ILs in the order amino acid imidazolium > carboxylic acid imidazolium > halogen imidazolium, when the cation is the same. Considering the structural differences between the three kinds of ILs, the abovementioned order may be related to the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. There were no intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the [C_nmim]Cl (n = 2, 4, 6) ILs studied here. Therefore, the vaporization enthalpy of [C_nmim]Cl (n = 2, 4, 6) was the lowest among the three kinds of ILs considered.     

Experimental liquid–liquid equilibria of 1-methylimidazole with hydrocarbons and ethers

The liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) of eight binary systems containing 1-methylimidazole and n-alkanes (n-pentane, n-hexane), cyclohydrocarbons (cyclopentane, cyclohexane), aromatic hydrocarbons (hexylbenzene) or ethers (di-n-propyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, di-n-pentyl ether) have been measured from 270 K to the boiling temperature of the solvent using a “cloud point” method. Experimental solubility results are compared with values calculated by means of the NRTL equation utilizing parameters derived from LLE results.Solubility of 1-methylimidazole in many other organic solvents (aromatic hydrocarbons, branch chain ethers and ketones) has been measured at temperatures higher than 293 K and no miscibility gap was observed. The interaction of 1-methylimidazole with different solvents is discussed.