吡虫啉和啶虫脒的离子液体双水相萃取顺序注射光度分析研究

建立了由亲水性离子液体Cl与K2HPO4·3H2O形成的双水相体系萃取富集农药吡虫啉和啶虫脒的方法.考察了不同种类盐对成相的影响;系统实验了盐的加入量﹑农药溶液体积及离子液体加入量对相比的影响;研究了盐及pH变化对吡虫啉和啶虫脒萃取率的影响;并考察了萃取后农药最大紫外吸收光谱的变化.结果表明:当采用0.40 g离子液体,7.60 g K2HPO4·3H2O,6 mL农药水溶液在pH 9萃取农药,萃取率可达100%;少量的离子液体能达到较高的富集率.在最佳萃取条件下,将方法用于环境水样中吡虫啉和啶虫脒农药的萃取测定,加标回收率和相对误差分别在98.7%～102.0% 和2.2%～3.5%之间,结果满意.     

乙醇-K2HPO4-H2O双水相体系萃取-气相色谱质谱联用检测含醇饮料中的氨基甲酸乙酯

实验以含醇饮料中所含的乙醇为萃取剂,通过乙醇-K2HPO4-H2O双水相体系萃取结合气相色谱-质谱法,建立了一种检测含醇饮料中氨基甲酸乙酯的方法。考察了双水相体系的形成条件,探讨了双水相体系对氨基甲酸乙酯的萃取效率。实验结果表明:乙醇-K2HPO4-H2O双水相体系对氨基甲酸乙酯具有较高的萃取效率。含醇饮料中加入无机盐形成双水相时,饮料中的糖、蛋白质、单宁等大量极性杂质保留在双水相下相,氨基甲酸乙酯进入双水相上相。由于上相萃取液乙醇极性较强,因此上相中的杂质含量较低,萃取液净化步骤大大简化。在上相萃取液中加入无水MgSO4、PSA(primary secondary amine)去除水分与杂质后直接进样进行GC-MS检测。本文以氨基甲酸叔丁酯为内标准物质,用内标准曲线法定量检测了白酒、白兰地酒、杜松子酒、葡萄酒与黄酒中的氨基甲酸乙酯含量。方法回收率为91.6%~113.9%,RSD为0.70%~5.9%,检出限为1.3μg/L。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法研究三乙醇胺双水相体系对铁的萃取

研究了三乙醇胺(TEA)水溶液在电解质作用下的相分离及其通过形成TEA-Fe3+配合物实现三乙醇胺相对Fe3+的萃取,萃取过程将萃取剂和萃取溶剂合二为一。同时还讨论了表面张力、溶液提升率对火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定三乙醇胺相中铁的影响。建立了TEA-K2HPO4-H2O双水相萃取、FAAS测定铁的新方法:在试液中加入1 mL三乙醇胺(1+1)和5 g K2HPO4后以水定容为10 mL,离心分离后用FAAS测定三乙醇胺相中的铁。线性范围20～240μg/L,检出限6.1μg/L(S/N=3),已用于自来水和井水中铁的萃取。     

分光光度法研究水-乙醇体系析相萃取分离和富集PdBr2-4

用可见分光光度法研究了水-乙醇体系析相萃取分离和富集PdBr42-的行为及与一些金属离子分离的条件.结果表明,(NH4)2SO4能使乙醇的水溶液分成两相,在分相过程中,Pd(Ⅱ)与KBr生成的PdBr42-与质子化乙醇(C2H5OH2+)形成的缔合物[PdBr42-][C2H5OH2+]2能被乙醇相完全萃取.当乙醇、K...     

乙醇-正丙醇-磷酸二氢钠多元混合双水相体系萃取/检测湖水中的诺氟沙星残留

构建了乙醇-正丙醇-磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4)多元混合双水相体系萃取/检测环境水样中的诺氟沙星,讨论了醇的用量、盐的种类及浓度、pH值、温度对诺氟沙星分配行为的影响,并采用响应曲面法(Response surface methodology,RSM)对实验条件进行优化.结果表明,在乙醇与正丙醇加入量为4 mL(体积比...     

离子液体双水相溶剂浮选法分离/富集桑黄黄酮类成分

将亲水性离子液体氯化-1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([C4mim]Cl)和K2HPO4形成的双水相体系与溶剂浮选结合,建立了分离/富集桑黄中总黄酮类成分的方法。考察了分相盐的种类和用量、样品量、溶液pH值、浮选时间和氮气流速对浮选效果的影响,并与双水相萃取进行比较。当浮选分相盐K2HPO4的质量浓度为50%、溶液pH=9.53、离子液体的用量为3 mL、浮选时间为50 min、氮气流速为30 mL/min时,浮选效率最佳,达到85.31%,富集倍数为8.59。离子液体双水相溶剂浮选法浮选效率高,富集倍数大,为中草药有效成分分离/富集提供了新方法。     

两相溶剂萃取黄连木籽油制备生物柴油

以黄连木籽为原料,采用乙醇/异己烷两相不互溶溶剂对其进行萃取处理.考察了乙醇／异己烷体积比、萃取温度和萃取时间对萃取过程的影响.通过实验确定最佳的萃取条件为,黄连木仁粉50 g,乙醇异己烷总体积300 mL,乙醇/异己烷体积比为50∶50,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间30 min.在此条件下,黄连木籽油出油率达到99.5％...     

温敏性聚合物EOPO-K2HPO4双水相浮选高效液相色谱分离/富集食品中痕量的环丙沙星

建立了温敏性聚合物EOPO-K2HPO4双水相浮选技术,并结合HPLC-UV,分离检测了日常食物中的痕量环丙沙星(CIP).讨论了盐浓度、EOPO浓度、pH值、浮选时间、浮选速率对浮选率的影响,并采用响应曲面法(RSM)对实验条件进行了优化.在最优条件(K2HPO4浓度为55％(w/w)、浮选时间为50 min、浮选流速为28 mL/min)下,CIP的萃取率达到了98.9％.在二次萃取中,随着温度的诱导,CIP的萃取率高达87.6％,且相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.3％ ～0.7％.双水相组分被成功回收利用达到两次以上.     

KBr-乙醇-(NH_4)_2SO_4体系析相萃取分离和富集铱的研究

研究了KBr-乙醇-(NH_4)_2SO_4水体系析相萃取分离和富集铱的行为及与一些金属离子分离的条件.结果表明,(NH_4)_2SO_4能使乙醇的水溶液分成两相,在分相过程中,Ir(Ⅳ)与KBr生成的IrBr_6~(2-)与质子化乙醇(C_2H_5OH~(2+))形成的缔合物[IrBr_6~(2-)][C_2H_5OH~(2+)]_2能被乙醇相完全萃取.当乙醇、KBr和(NH_4)_2SO_4分别为体积分数30%、4.0×10~(-3)mol/J L、0.3 g,mL.pH 3时,Ir(Ⅳ)的萃取率达到99.5%以上,Ga(Ⅲ),Al(Ⅲ),Cr(Ⅲ),Mo(Ⅵ),Fe(Ⅲ),Ni(Ⅱ),Zn(Ⅱ),Co(Ⅱ),Mn(Ⅱ),V(Ⅴ),Ag(Ⅰ),Ru(Ⅲ)和Rh(Ⅲ)基本不被萃取,实现了Ir(Ⅳ)与上述金属离子的分离.     

乙醇水溶液析相萃取分离和富集TlCl4-

研究了乙醇-(NH4)2SO4-罗丹明B体系析相萃取和富集Tl(Ⅲ)的行为及与一些金属离子分离的条件。(NH4)2SO4能使乙醇的水溶液分成两相,在分相过程中,TlCl4-与罗丹明B(RhB)生成的[TlCl4-][RhB+]能被乙醇相完全萃取。当溶液中罗丹明B,(NH4)2SO4和乙醇分别为0.28 mg/mL,0.30 g/mL和质量分数30%时,Tl(Ⅲ)的萃取率达到97.9%以上,Co(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ),Fe(Ⅲ),Mg(Ⅱ),Ru(Ⅲ),Ni(Ⅱ),Cr(Ⅲ),Ag(Ⅰ)和Cu(Ⅱ)基本不萃取,实现了Tl(Ⅲ)与上述金属离子的分离。方法已应用于合成水样中Tl(Ⅲ)的分离和测定。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。