用旋转粘度计测量粘滞系数的新公式

新导出一个用旋转粘度计测量粘滞系数的公式， 并与文献上其它公式进行了比较．     

落球法测液体的粘滞系数小球收尾速度的研究

从理论上推导了在液面下的小球何时达到收尾速度公式，并给出一组实验数据，得出小球从液面自由下落时很快能达到收尾速度的结论。     

粘滞液体中落球运动的实验研究

一、引言对于粘滞液体中小球的自由下落运动,一般理论分析认为,小球进入液体之后最初一段做加速运动,经过一段路程l_0后呈现匀速运动。该匀速运动的速度(即收尾速度)v_0可由下式表述 v_0=2/9 (ρ-ρ′)/η gr~2 式中ρ——球体密度;ρ′——粘滞液体密度;r——小球半径;g——重力加速度;η——粘滞液体的粘滞系数。其中从液面至小球开始做匀速运动这段距离l_0是人们极为关注的。然而,粘滞液体中落球运动的整体规律,从液面至进入匀速段的距离l_0的确定,底     

高粘度液体粘滞系数测定仪

本文对上海教学仪器厂生产的旋转式粘度计进行了改进，减小了实验误差，对实验教学和实际应用都很有意义。     

纠正粘滞系数实验中的计算错误

本文指出了粘滞系数实验中的计算错误。详细推导了正确计算液体粘滞系数的计算公式。     

光纤传感器在旋筒法实验中的应用

利用改进的旋筒和光纤传感器精确测量了液体粘滞系数，使旋筒法实验产生了由定性到定量的转变。     

测量η实验中对小球和液体选择的理论分析

本文导出了小球在液体中下落的运动方程，并从理论上指出了测量粘滞系数实验中应怎样选取小球和液体以提高η的测量精度．     

毛细管法测液体粘滞系数

落球法和毛细管法是最常见的两种测粘滞系数的方法。但由于斯托克斯公式成立的条件太苛刻(例如雷诺数R=ανρ/η要求小于1,而毛细管法只要求小于2300),所以落球法在应用上要受到很大的限制。然而这样的情况在物理教学实验中并没有得到反映,毛细管法和落球法的测量对象都只有一个,前者是水,后者是蓖麻油。四十年来,这种状况一直维持不变。失去了普遍性也就失去了实用价值。为此,我们设计了一种毛细管法的测量装置,只要有400ml的牛顿液体(指剪应力与切变之比为常数的液体),我们就可测定其粘滞系数。     

粘滞流体在垂直毛细管内的流动规律研究及粘度测量

本文提出了一种测量粘滞系数的新方法──在垂直毛细管中进行测量。     

粘度计测定液体粘滞系数实验的改进

介绍将ＭＵＪ－ⅢＡ 型计时计数测速仪的测量加速度的功能,应用于粘度计测定液体粘滞系数实验中,来确定砝码在何处进入匀速段, 同时测出砝码作匀速运动相应的时间, 使实验测量的结果更准确．     

Dynamics of a waveguide pulsed-periodic CO2 laser with loss modulation

The nonlinear dynamics of a waveguide CO₂ laser with combined periodic loss and pumping modulation is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The possibilities of controlling time and energy parameters of the output radiation using the corresponding selection of the detuning of the cavity's longitudinal mode from the center of the amplification line, the amplitude, and the frequency of loss modulation are demonstrated. The observed asymmetric dependence of the lasing-radiation density on the detuning of the cavity frequency is explained by the attendant modulation of the refractive index of the loss modulator. To whom correspondence should be addressed. B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 68, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 471–478, July–August, 1999.     

基于高光谱技术的酸奶中常见致病菌的快速鉴别及计数

酸奶是一种发酵型乳制品饮料,因其特殊的功能性和良好的口感而广受欢迎。但由于商业链的不正当运行,如奶源非法获取、灭菌不充分等原因,导致酸奶中致病菌大量滋生,酸奶中毒事件频繁发生。酸奶中常见的致病菌主要有大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌,这三种致病菌由人体摄入并达到一定的数量时会产生腹痛、腹泻等严重的消化道疾病,并且会破坏人体肠道内的正常菌群平衡,因此国标对奶制品中这三种致病菌的数量已有明确的限量规定。由于酸奶的主要消费对象为老人和小孩,故其潜在危害不容小觑。传统菌落检测方法虽具有简单,灵敏、可操作性强等优点,但当不同菌落混杂在一起时无法同时进行定性定量的检测,且具有试剂成本高,检测周期长,人为因素影响较大等缺点。因此开发一种快速、简单、准确的混合鉴定计数方法为避免致病菌对酸奶的潜在危害提供了有效的途径。高光谱技术同时包含样本的光谱信息与图像信息,既能够根据化学组分的微小变化进行精确识别（光谱信息）,又能够反映出菌株在外部多层次的变化（图像信息）。因此该研究尝试对比高光谱图像技术和光谱技术,采用模式识别的方法,对比不同的模型识别结果,优选出最佳识别率的识别模型作为计数模型,最后通过最佳鉴别计数模型的识别分类结果来达到对酸奶中常见致病菌鉴定计数的目的。首先,购买酸奶中常见的乳酸菌种（保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌）和潜在污染的致病菌种（金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌）等标准菌株进行培养,提取经过48 h培养后的菌落图像信息和光谱信息。采用几种不同的预处理方式（SNV,MC,MSC,1stDER,2ndDER）对所提取的光谱数据进行预处理,并应用遗传算法筛除光谱数据中冗余的波段,保留有效波段。利用图像处理技术对图像信息中的菌株与培养基背景进行去除,然后采用主成分分析法从每幅图中优选出3个特征波长,并运用图像处理技术从特征波长所对应图像中提取菌株的18个基于GLCM的纹理特征信息。挑选合适的主成分分别建立不同的鉴别模型（LDA,KNN,BP-ANN,LS-SVM）,通过其最终的鉴别模型的识别率来确定最佳鉴别计数模型。最后从标准菌株中分别挑选出30株进行计数测试,通过比较模式识别的分类数量结果与菌株的实际数量来验证模式识别效果的准确率。研究表明,运用SNV预处理后光谱数据在提高信噪比效果上明显优于其他几种预处理方式。745.790 8,773.098 4和779.207 0 nm为图像信息中方差贡献率最大的三个波长,运用从特征波长所对应的图像中所提取的纹理特征信息建立图像识别模型。通过对比图像信息和光谱信息的模式识别结果发现,光谱特征鉴别模型普遍优于图像纹理特征鉴别模型,且当主成分数为9时,运用光谱特征所建立的LS-SVM模型的校正集识别率为96.25%,预测集的识别率为91.88%,为最优模型。采用优选的最优模型对菌株进行识别计数,大肠杆菌计数的相对误差为3.33%,金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌计数的相对误差均为0,验证了高光谱技术应用于酸奶中常见致病菌的鉴别计数的可行性。     

Fluorescence of free complex molecules

A number of phenomena that determine the nature of the fluorescence of free complex molecules and the possibility of its analytical application are considered. Attention is specially paid to the specific features of the energetics of radiationless transitions, the role of statistical factors in the formation of spectral properties and the interrelationship among the luminescence-spectrum characteristics of rarefied vapors of complicated molecules, and the processes of energy transfer in collisions. The properties of polarized fluorescence of hot and jet-cooled vapors, the processes of relaxation of anisotropy in time and during collision reorientation, and transfer of anisotropy in photodisintegration are analyzed. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 620–634, September–October, 1998.     

Influence of nonplanar distortions of the tetrapyrrole macroring on the electronic states of porphyrin dications

Quantum-chemical calculations of the excited electronic states of a porphyrin dication have been performed by the CNDO/S method for different angles determining the saddle-like and ruffled distortions of the porphyrin macroring. It is shown that saddle-like distortions arising as a result of a tilt of the pyrrole rings have a significant influence on the energies of the molecular orbitals and energies of the excited electronic states of porphyrin molecules, especially on the oscillator strength of the G→Q transition. The results of the calculations performed are in good agreement with the experimental spectra of porphyrin dications. To whom correspondence should be addressed. Reported at the VIIIth International Conference on Spectroscopy of Porphyrins and Their Analogs, Minsk, September 22–26, 1998. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 559–562, July–August, 1999.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Ice internal friction: Standard theoretical perspectives on friction codified,adapted for the unusual rheology of ice,and unified

Sea ice contains flaws including frictional contacts. We aim to describe quantitatively the mechanics of those contacts, providing local physics for geophysical models. With a focus on the internal friction of ice, we review standard micro-mechanical models of friction. The solid's deformation under normal load may be ductile or elastic. The shear failure of the contact may be by ductile flow, brittle fracture, or melting and hydrodynamic lubrication. Combinations of these give a total of six rheological models. When the material under study is ice, several of the rheological parameters in the standard models are not constant, but depend on the temperature of the bulk, on the normal stress under which samples are pressed together, or on the sliding velocity and acceleration. This has the effect of making the shear stress required for sliding dependent on sliding velocity, acceleration, and temperature. In some cases, it also perturbs the exponent in the normal-stress dependence of that shear stress away from the value that applies to most materials.

We unify the models by a principle of maximum displacement for normal deformation, and of minimum stress for shear failure, reducing the controversy over the mechanism of internal friction in ice to the choice of values of four parameters in a single model. The four parameters represent, for a typical asperity contact, the sliding distance required to expel melt-water, the sliding distance required to break contact, the normal strain in the asperity, and the thickness of any ductile shear zone.     

Properties of lasers based on vapors and solutions of complex organic compounds

We present the most important results of investigations of lasers based on vapors and solutions of complex organic compounds. We investigated the effect of a foreign gas, the duration and intensity of the exciting pulse, the temperature of the active medium, and the spectroscopic parameters of the material on the generation characteristics of complex molecules in the gas phase. The special features of generation of radiation by a laser with distributed feedback in transition from a condensed to the gas phase in heating the active medium are considered. It is suggested that the polarization characteristics of the radiation generated by a vapor laser be used to investigate the laws that govern the relaxation of optically induced anisotropy of excited molecules of the active medium. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 709–720, September–October, 1998.     

ICP-AES测定铜电解液中的Fe、Ni、Pb、Bi、Sb、Zn和As

利用ICP-AES分析技术,通过对样品处理、元素分析谱线、酸度等因素进行试验研究,综合确定了分析条件,对铜电解液中杂质元素（Fe、Ni、Pb、Bi、Sb、Zn、As）进行了ICP-AES测定。结果表明,ICP-AES测定铜电解液中Fe、Ni、Pb、Bi、Sb、Zn和As,可以满足铜电解生产的需要,为高纯阴极铜的生产起了指导作用。     

轻卡进气管的结构优化及其声学性能

为有效降低轻卡进气管的噪声,首先通过原始进气管的噪声实验,测试得出噪声的主要贡献频率,结合管道的布置情况,进行了消声器(谐振腔)的设计,进而完成对进气管的优化设计;通过专业声学分析软件LMS Virtual.lab对优化前后的进气管进行声学性能的模拟研究,得出了谐振腔对声场的具体影响;通过噪声实验,分析出加装谐振腔的进气管相比于原始进气管的降噪效果。研究结果表明：在所研究的进气管噪声的主要贡献频率下(即125 Hz、180 Hz、465 Hz、640 Hz),加装谐振腔后,传递损失均能得到有效增加;在怠速工况和加速工况下,优化后的进气管噪声值均能满足限定值。因此,通过添加谐振腔来优化进气管可以达到了较好的降噪效果。该研究可为汽车进气管降噪元件的优化设计提供一定的指导。     

氧化铝负载二苯基硫脲分离富集ICP-AES测定贵金属的研究

报道了氧化铝负载二苯基硫脲分离富集ICP-AES法同时测定痕量Pt,Pd,Au和Rh的新方法,研究了影响分离富集的各种条件(溶液酸度、流速、试样体积、洗脱剂的种类和体积及其共存离子的影响等)对测定上述痕量元素回收率的影响。在优化的实验条件下本方法的检出限分别为Au 0.0085,Pd 0.022,Pt 0.015和Rh 0.022μg·g~(-1),相对标准偏差小于5.0％,样品加标回收率在95％～105％之间。本方法已成功地应用于地质样品中痕量Pt,Pd,Au和Rh的测定。