三轴SHPB冲击作用下岩石破坏机理的研究

本文应用三轴SHPB高速冲击试验机对岩石试体进行三向应力状态（对试件施加围压2=3和冲击应力1）下的冲击试验,分析研究岩石的破坏机理。由试验结果对三轴状态下岩石的破坏类型进行分类,分析其内部受力状况;得出岩石动态破坏强度,画出动态三轴、动态单轴和静态单轴的破坏强度比较曲线。通过对破坏类型的分析,以最大剪应力条件建立岩石的破坏判据,建立三轴动态破坏强度、单轴动态破坏强度与围压的关系式。     

影响冲击载荷下脆性材料碎片尺度的因素

概括回顾近年我们针对脆性材料受冲击拉伸载荷时的断裂及破碎现象的理论分析及数值模拟成果。重点分析碎片尺度对材料参数及加载速率的依赖关系。通过量纲分析,动力学模拟以及数值实验,建立了一个普适性的无量纲关系用以评估碎片尺度。将本研究结果与其他理论及现有实验结果进行的比较表明本模型更为完善合理。     

冲击载荷作用下加筋板架破坏概率分析

取导弹战斗部初始撞击速度、战斗部质量、加筋板架材料的弹性模量和极限强度作为随机变量;采用对较小的样本数量进行拟合的方法,用产生随机数程序得到50组随机变量的初始值,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元程序进行仿真计算,得到导弹战斗部击穿加筋板架后的末速度值;验证击穿板架后战斗部的末速度是否服从正态分布,若不服从正态分布则采用最大熵法拟合击穿板架后的末速度的分布函数;考虑战斗部撞击点和板架加强筋的相对位置关系,采用速度准则,利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟得到当战斗部入射角度分别为0°、30°、45°时,击穿单层和双层加筋板架的概率。     

冲击载荷作用下韧——脆复合板结构中脆性材料破碎的实验和数值模拟

本文以冲击实验和有限元分析研究了韧－脆复合材料结构中脆性材料的破碎问题，材料的破碎图具有一定的分形特征，其分形维数随冲击载荷的增大而增加，基于实验结果的非线性动力有限元分析对这类破碎图样的演化给出了动态过程模拟。     

冲击载荷下多层材料的抛射规律

本文理论分析并结合实例计算冲击载荷下多层材料交界面由于密度和声速不连续,反射中心卸载波到达材料的交界面后速度增量不相等,可以使前层是低声阻抗的材料脱开后层是高声阻抗的材料,并以当时的速度和形状向前方抛射．指出这是一种和层裂完全不同的抛射运动．采用Ｘ射线照相技术测得的实验结果和理论分析完全符合．     

基于渐进均匀化的平纹编织复合材料低速冲击多尺度方法

针对平纹编织复合材料低速冲击响应和损伤问题,提出了一种多尺度分析方法. 首先, 建立微观尺度单胞模型,引入周期性边界条件,采用最大主应力失效准则和直接刚度退化模型表征纤维丝和基体的损伤起始与演化,预测了纤维束的弹性性能和强度性能. 其次,将这些性能参数代入介观尺度单胞模型,基于Hashin和Hou的混合失效准则以及连续介质损伤模型对介观尺度单胞进行6种边界条件下的渐进损伤模拟.然后采用渐进均匀化方法,以介观尺度单胞为媒介预测了0$^\circ$和90$^\circ$子胞的性能参数,并建立平纹编织复合材料的子胞模型,进而扩展成为材料的宏观尺度低速冲击模型. 在此基础上,研究了平纹编织复合材料低速冲击下的力学响应与损伤特征.结果表明:宏观冲击仿真和试验吻合较好, 验证了多尺度方法的正确性;最大接触力、材料吸能和分层面积均随冲击能量的增大而增大,分层损伤轮廓逐渐从椭圆形向圆形转化;基体拉伸和压缩损伤的长轴方向分别与子胞材料主方向正交和一致,损伤面积前者远大于后者.      

不同加载速率下砂岩弯曲破坏的细观机理

岩石细观破裂形貌是岩石破坏机制的重要反映,为研究不同加载速率对砂岩弯曲破坏的影响,通过三点弯曲实验和扫描电镜方法,对某煤矿关键层砂岩弯曲破断裂纹细观形态以及裂纹的自相似性进行了研究。选取6个不同加载速率对岩样进行三点弯曲实验,观察其宏观断裂情况,并利用扫描电镜对弯曲断裂面表面裂纹细观结构进行观察,并拍摄不同倍数下的扫描电镜图片。对图片进行图像处理后得到砂岩弯曲断裂破坏细观裂纹信息,并计算得到微裂纹的分形盒维数值。结果显示:随着加载速率的提高,砂岩穿晶断裂的比例也随之升高,裂纹分形维数亦随着加载速率的增大而增加,同时,分形维数还与弯曲断裂破坏荷载和抗弯强度成正比。可见,加载速率对断裂方式有一定的影响,且加载速率越大断裂所需的破坏能越大,裂纹分布越广,表明开采速度与岩爆等岩体动力灾变有密切关系。     

冲击载荷作用下岩体破坏规律的数值流形方法模拟研究

为了更好地模拟岩体这种典型的连续与非连续介质共存的复杂结构体在冲击载荷作用下的破坏规律,在近年来新出现的数值流形方法基本理论的基础上,利用其算法程序对岩体中存在的不连续面如节理、裂隙等对岩体破裂效果的影响进行了数值模拟分析,计算结果充分显示了数值流形方法在模拟这类问题中的准确性和有效性。     

冲击载荷作用下钽电容的电压瞬变特性及微观机理

为探究钽电容在冲击载荷作用下的失效机制,设计并开展了5组不同强度的钽电容水下爆炸冲击实验,研究了冲击载荷作用下钽电容的电压瞬变特性,通过漏电、充电电流变化分析了钽电容的失效模式,利用扫描电镜观察钽电容的微观结构,讨论了冲击载荷作用下钽电容的失效机理。结果表明：钽电容受冲击后发生短路失效,电压大幅度降低,在自愈完成后电压缓慢上升。随着冲击波超压的增大,钽电容失效的概率增大,钽电容失效的临界超压约为32 MPa。不同类型的电压变化对应不同的失效模式,包括击穿后瞬间自愈、击穿后缓慢自愈和多次击穿自愈。不同类型电压变化的初始漏电电流峰值有较大差别,Ⅰ类电流峰值为2.5~5 A,Ⅱ类为1~2 A,Ⅲ类为8~9 A,且峰值越大,峰宽越小。冲击载荷作用下钽电容的微观失效机理与其氧化膜的瑕疵相关,机理包括氧化膜中微裂缝扩展使得局部电场强度超过击穿场强造成击穿、氧化膜较薄区域下方的杂质及晶态膜突出形成导电通道、贯穿型裂缝形成后气体电离导致的击穿。

     

基于分形统计强度理论的煤颗粒冲击破碎概率研究

基于分形统计强度理论对煤颗粒的冲击破碎概率进行研究.以Hertz接触假设为基础,得到煤颗粒冲击破碎概率与最大接触压应力之间的函数关系,并结合碰撞动力学理论,建立了冲击破碎概率的分形模型.对不同矿区工作面的煤颗粒进行冲击破碎试验,统计分析表明:分形模型可以对煤颗粒的冲击破碎概率进行很好的描述,冲击破碎概率与冲击速度在对数坐标中为线性关系.通过试验确定分形模型的分形维数和破碎常数,可以得到不同冲击速度下煤颗粒的冲击破碎概率以及煤颗粒全部破碎需要的冲击速度,为冲击破碎效果评价以及冲击速度的确定提供了理论指导.     

Multi-scale dual-phase cyclic plasticity with quantitative transitions and size effects of layered structures

A method is developed for cyclic elastoplastic analysis across micro/meso/macro scales which is effective for the quantitative transition of physical variables and for evaluating the size effects of microstructures. By using the improved self-consistent scheme proposed by Fan^[1] and carrying out a delicate mesoscopic analysis based on a shear-lag model, the size effects including the thickness of hard and soft layers relative to the inclusion dimension are obtained on the overall elastoplastic responses of materials up to 50 cycles. The dominant characteristics of the analysis are that the characteristic dimensions of a microstructure such as the thickness of the layers and the inclusion dimension can be explicitly incorporated into the formulation. Results of numerical analysis using only 4 plastic constants show that the thicker the layer relative to the inclusion size, the softer the material in producing more plastic strain values for a given applied stress amplitude. This is in agreement with the well-known experimental rule that the yield strength of layered structures is inversely proportional to the square root of the spacing between layers. It is found that ratcheting depends very much on the size of the layered-structure and that the thinner the relative thickness of the layer the less the ratcheting displacement. This finding may be used to explain why phenomenological models on ratcheting are not quite successful so far, indicating the significance of across scale analysis in understanding issues which have existed for a long time.     

A half plane crack under three-dimensional combined mode impact loading

The dynamic stress intensity factor history for a half plane crack in an otherwise unbounded elastic body, with the crack faces subjected to a traction distribution consisting of two pairs of suddenly-applied shear line loads is considered. The analytic expression for the combined mode stress intensity factors as a function of time is obtained. The method of solution is based on the application of integral transforms and the Wiener-Hopf technique. Some features of the solutions are discussed and graphical numerical results are presented. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Study of failure of layered plates made of composites under impact contact loading

In the present paper, we study the strain and failure of a two-layer plate each of whose layers is made of a composite material. The layers have mutually perpendicular directions of fiber reinforcement. The plate is impacted by a rigid hammer. The layer composite material is modeled by anisotropic elastoviscoplastic damageable media according to two different (one-velocity and two-velocity) models. We propose to use the two-scale theory of fracture of the composite material. The problem is solved numerically by the method of spatial characteristics. This method permits correctly satisfying the boundary and contact conditions and correctly taking into account the material anisotropy in the difference approximation. We show that the one-velocity model increases the degree of plate fracture compared with the two-velocity model, which takes the stress waves dispersion into account. This can be explained by the fact that the stress field in the unloading wave spreads owing to the microinhomogeneity of the composite layers.     

PVC夹芯板在冲击载荷下的动态响应与失效模式

通过开展对泡沫金属子弹撞击加载聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride, PVC)夹芯板的实验,结合三维数字图像相关性(three dimensional digital image correlation, DIC-3D)技术,研究固支夹芯板在撞击加载条件下的动态响应,获得夹芯板受撞击及响应的变形过程,并结合图像分别分析夹芯板整体及三层结构的变形和失效模式;研究子弹冲量与背板最终变形之间的关系和相似冲量下等面密度不同芯层密度的夹芯结构的抗撞击性能。结果表明:夹芯板的破坏和失效主要集中在泡沫金属子弹直接作用区域,背板挠度由中间向固定端逐渐减小,子弹冲量与背板变形近似成线性关系。在等质量的条件下,降低芯层密度、增加芯层厚度可以有效降低背板的变形,实验结果对聚合物夹芯结构的工程优化设计具有一定的参考意义。     

Difference equations approach to the analysis of layered systems

The analysis of chain-like structures is tackled on the basis of difference equations. The advantages of such an approach are outlined. Difference equations for layered systems are derived both in terms of tractions and displacements. Interconnections with other methods are stated. Detailed analysis is given for the case when solution for a single layer is presented by Fourier series (integrals). Practical conclusions are driven at.

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Sommario Nell' articolo vengono esaminate, sulla base di equazioni alle differenze, strutture di tipo catena. Si mettono in rilievo i vantaggi di un tale approccio. Per i sistemi complessi sono state ottenute equazioni alle differenze sia in termini di trazioni che spostamenti. Vengono stabiliti legami con altri metodi. Si fa un'analisi dettagliata del caso in cui la soluzione per un singolo strato rappresentata sotto la forma della serie di Fourier (integrale). Vengono esposti pure risultati pratici.

     

反倾层状岩质边坡失稳的断裂力学分析

反倾层状岩质边坡的高危地质灾害承载体在自然界中普遍存在,为研究其失稳破坏机制,将反倾边坡岩层简化为一个带裂缝的悬臂梁,建立了由一组结构面控制边坡稳定性的断裂力学模型,推导了各岩层结构面等效应力强度因子和岩层及边坡稳定性判据。分析了岩层倾角、层厚、结构面长度、内摩擦角和粘聚力5个因素对边坡的稳定性影响。结果表明,随着岩层倾角和结构面长度的增加,边坡不稳定区域增加,坡脚处的抗滑稳定性减小;随着内摩擦角和粘聚力的增大,边坡不稳定区域减小,坡脚处的抗滑稳定性增大;随着岩层厚度的增大,不稳定岩层的范围基本保持不变,但是岩层的抗滑稳定区域随着厚度增加逐渐向坡脚移动,厚度越大,坡脚处的抗滑稳定性越大。实例分析验证了本文理论的合理与可行性,研究结论对工程实践具有一定指导意义。     

PROGRESSIVE FRAGMENT MODELING OF FAILURE WAVE IN CERAMICS UNDER PLANAR IMPACT LOADING

Polycrystalline ceramics have heterogeneous meso-structures which result in high singularity in stress distribution. Based on this, a progressive fragment model was proposed which describes the failure wave formation and propagation in shocked ceramics. The governing equation of the failure wave was characterized by inelastic bulk strain with material damage and fracture. And the inelastic bulk strain consists of dilatant strain from nucleation and expansion of microcracks and condensed strain from collapse of original pores. Numerical simulation of the free surface velocity was performed in good agreement with planar impact experiments on 92.93％ aluminas at China Academy of Engineering Physics. And the longitudinal, lateral and shear stress histories upon the arrival of the failure wave were predicted, which present the diminished shear strength and lost spall strength in the failed layer.