弹核碎裂反应的同位旋标度率及核的对称能系数研究

用统计擦碎模型对中能区弹核碎裂反应中的同位旋标度率现象进行了系统研究. 发现在弹核碎裂反应中存在同位旋标度率现象, 但同位旋标度率参数随每核子的激发能的增加迅速下降. 而影响同位旋标度率参数变化的最主要的因素是由于激发能不同及蒸发效应. 采用费米气体模型的激发能与核温度的关系, 从同位旋标度率参数提取出核的对称能系数, 值的大小及其与激发能的变化趋势跟实验数据基本一致.     

波包宽度对弹核碎裂反应截面的影响

运用改进的量子分子动力学(ImQMD)模型嫁接GEMINI统计衰变模型对波包宽度与弹核碎裂反应截面之间的关系进行了理论分析,分析了不同的波包宽度对400 AMeV 36Ar+C,20Ne与C,Al,Cu,Sn弹核碎裂反应截面的影响,分析了同位素36Ar,40Ar与Al反应在不同的波包宽度下的同位素分布。分析结果表明:波包宽度的选择影响着弹核碎裂的反应截面,并且与核反应体系有关。当σ2_r = 2 fm2时的计算结果与实验结果一致;而σ_r =(0.88+0.09 A1/3) fm的计算结果与体系有很大的关系,对弹核碎裂的反应截面影响明显。不的波包宽度对丰中子核40Ar的弹核碎裂反应截面的影响要小于对36Ar的弹核碎裂反应截面的影响,而且随体系分布的波包宽度计算的同位素要比σ2_r =2 fm2时计算的同位素多。The relations between wave packet width and projectile fragmentation cross sections are studied in theory by using the improved quantum molecular dynamics (ImQMD) and GEMINI models. The effect of different wave packet width for projectile fragmentation cross sections is analyzed for the reaction 36Ar on C, 20Ne on C, Al, Cu, Sn at 400 AMeV, the isotope distributions with different wave packet width are studied for reactions 36Ar, 40Ar on Al. The results show that the projectile fragmentation cross sections are affected by the choice of the wave packet width, and are related to the system of nuclear reaction. The calculation results of σ2_r =2 fm2are in agreement with the experimental results, but the results of σ_r = (0.88+0.09A1/3) fm have a strong relation with reaction system and the projectile fragmentation cross sections are affected obviously. The influence of wave packet width for 40Ar projectile fragmentation cross sections is smaller than that for 36Ar.Moreover isotope distributions with system-size-dependent wave packet width are larger than with σ2_r =2 fm2.     

中高能重离子弹核碎裂反应研究

通过CR-39 核径迹探测器对471 AMeV 56Fe 和400 AMeV 20Ne 诱发Al,C 和CH₂ 靶反应的弹核碎裂反应截面及出射角度进行了测量,并利用改进的量子分子动力学(ImQMD) 模型和描述统计衰变的GEMINI 模型对实验结果进行了分析和讨论。实验结果表明,总反应截面与弹核的能量无关,但随着靶核质量的增加而增加。这与其他的实验结果以及Bradt-Peters 的半经验理论公式所得结果一致。理论计算和实验测量结果中,分截面出现了明显的奇偶效应。理论计算结果表明,奇偶效应主要产生于受激碎块的衰变过程,其中对效应起着重要作用,而且,主要形成于擦边碰撞的反应中且多来自于同位旋为T_Z = 0; ±0:5 的弹核碎块的贡献。产生碎块的同位素分布与弹核的种类有关,与入射能量和靶核的种类没有太大依赖性,其较小的偏转角大部分来自于擦边碰撞产生的较重的类弹碎块的贡献。We have measured the fragmentation cross sections and the emission angles for 471 AMeV 56Fe and 400AMeV 20Ne on Al, C and CH₂ targets using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. The total charge changing cross sections agree well with other previous experimental results at different energies and the theoretical prediction of Bradt-Peters semiempirical formula, which are pproximately independent of the beam energy but increase with the increase of the target mass. The experimental results are compared with the prediction of the improved quantum molecular dynamical model (ImQMD) together with the GEMINI model. The odd-even effect of the partial cross sections observed in experiments is well produced. It is found that such effect is mainly formed in the grazing collisions and comes from the fragments with T_Z = 0; ±0:5. The shape of the isotopic distribution is independent on the target mass and the incident energy but the projectile mass and charge, and the small angular distribution of all fragments comes from the heavier projectile-like fragments which produced in the peripheral collision.     

相对论性核-核碰撞中的弹核碎裂过程

本文概括了14.6AGeV,60AGeV,200AGeV~(16)O,14.5AGeV~(28)Si和200AGeV~(32)S与固定靶碰撞的弹核碎裂过程的主要实验结果,分析了弹核电磁离解截面与弹核和靶核电荷大小及弹核能量间的关系,核反应截面与弹核和靶核大小及弹核能量间的关系,得到了弹核碎片的电荷分布、横动量分布和发射角分布以及α粒子多重数分布等规律,讨论了弹核碎裂过程包括电磁离解与核反应碎裂的机制,还评述了相对论性核-核碰撞中弹核碎片的次级作用问题。     

相对论性核—核碰撞中的弹核碎裂过程

本文概括了14.6AGeV,60AGeV,200AGeV~(16)O,14.5AGeV~(28)Si和200AGeV~(32)S与固定靶碰撞的弹核碎裂过程的主要实验结果,分析了弹核电磁离解截面与弹核和靶核电荷大小及弹核能量间的关系,核反应截面与弹核和靶核大小及弹核能量间的关系,得到了弹核碎片的电荷分布、横动量分布和发射角分布以及α粒子多重数分布等规律,讨论了弹核碎裂过程包括电磁离解与核反应碎裂的机制,还评述了相对论性核-核碰撞中弹核碎片的次级作用问题。     

熔合碎裂模型和ALADIN多重碎裂数据

我们用非完全熔合碎裂模型分析了600MeV/u的Au与Cu碰撞后弹剩余核多重碎裂的ALADIN实验结果.由于非完全熔合碎裂模型可以将描述热核形成的动力学和描写热核瞬时多重碎裂的统计模型融为一体,所以只需适当调整与激发能有关的模型参数,就能很好地再现ALADIN数据.     

非完全熔合碎裂模型与核液气相变

用非完全熔合碎裂模型来分析600MeV/u Au+Au反应中弹剩余核的多重碎裂现象.理论计算得到的弹剩余核质量数、激发能及热力学温度与实验数据基本一致,很好地解释了Au+Au反应中热力学温度随第核子激发能变化而出现的回弯现象,使衰变模式相变和液气相变统一起来.     

高电荷态离子引起的富勒烯禹子的碎裂

离子在与富勒烯的相互作用过程中会导致C60分子的激发。处于低激发态的C60^r＋离子通过发射中性C2分子或带电的轻团簇碎片Cn^＋等非对称碎裂方式来耗散激发能，但如果激发能很高，笼形的C60^r＋离子可能会彻底崩溃，而发生多重碎裂。C60^r＋离子的碎裂过程与其电荷态r及分裂势垒密切相关。低电荷态的C60^r＋（r≤3）离子蒸发一个C2分子需要克服10．3eV左右的势垒。随着电荷态的升高，发射带电的Cn^＋会变得越来越容易，并逐渐过渡到多重碎裂过程。另一方面，C60^r＋离子的碎裂机制还与激发方式有关，在直接正碰过程中，将C60分子当作固体薄靶来处理，通过分析不同价态的C60^r＋离子的碎片谱，发现母核的初始电荷态决定碎裂方式，由此获得一个可以表征激发能大小的可观测量——发射电子个数。     

相对论性16O与乳胶碰撞产生的He碎片动量分布宽度的分析

本文探讨了在2GeV/n～200GeV/N能区,相对论性¹⁶O原子核碎裂产生的He碎片动量分布宽度随其多重数的减小而增加的实验现象.研究表明随He碎片多重数的减小,弹核旁观体所获得的表面激发能增加,从而导致了He碎片的动量分布宽度增加.分析表明正是由于弹核旁观体在不同能量下获得了相同的激发能从而表现出在该能区产生的He碎片多重数分布与弹核能量无关的极限碎裂特征.     

弹核碎裂过程随入射能量的系统演变

计算了重离子引起的碎裂过程产生的类弹碎片动量分布约化宽度,拟合了实验数据.讨论了弹核碎裂过程从低能区到相对论能区随入射能量的系统演变.     

Excitation and de-excitation cross sections for light-emitting nanoclusters in rare earth-doped silicon

The excitation and de-excitation cross sections of light-emitting nanoclusters in rare earth-doped silicon are calculated. Two processes of de-excitation are considered: emission of a photon by the center and transfer of the cluster energy to a scattered electron. The cross sections of these two processes are shown to be large. Therefore, de-excitation has a significant effect on the concentration of excited rare-earth centers in silicon.     

Excitation of singlet levels of a singly charged scandium ion in e-Sc collisions

The excitation of singlet levels of the singly charged scandium ion is experimentally studied in collisions of slow electrons with scandium atoms. At the exciting electron energy of 30 eV, 59 excitation cross sections are measured. In the electron energy range of 0–200 eV, seven optical excitation functions are recorded. On the basis of these data the total excitation cross sections are calculated for 11 even and 9 odd levels of Sc II, as well as the contribution of cascade population to 8 even and 7 odd levels.     

The total charge-changing cross sections and the partial cross sections of 56Fe fragmentation on Al,C and CH2 targets

The total charge-changing cross sections and the partial cross sections of ⁵⁶Fe fragmentation on polyethylene, carbon and aluminum targets at the highest energy of 496 A MeV are investigated using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. The total charge-changing cross-section for hydrogen target is calculated based on the results of polyethylene and carbon targets. It is found that the total charge-changing cross sections for fragmentation of ⁵⁶Fe on hydrogen, carbon and aluminum targets are independent on the beam energy in our studied energies, and are consistent with the predictions of Bradt–Peter semi-empirical formula, Nilsen parameterized formula, NUCFRG2 and QMSFRG theoretical simulation codes. The partial cross sections for projectile fragment production are independent on beam energy in our studied energies for each targets and do not show a significant even-odd effect.     

Reaction spectroscopy at fragmentation beam energies – recent advances in studies of two-nucleon removal

Final-state-exclusive two-nucleon removal reaction data from fast fragmentation beams can provide a demanding test of the microscopic two-nucleon transition densities calculated from large-basis shell model wave functions. The sensitivity of measured partial cross sections to pairing and other correlations is discussed. It is also suggested that the widths of the momentum distributions of these partial cross sections will exhibit a strong dependence on the final-state of the residue and the projectile structure.     

热熔合反应合成超重核产生截面的同位素依赖性

通过在形成超重核的重离子俘获和熔合过程中引入位垒分布函数的方法对双核模型做了进一步发展. 超重核形成过程中的俘获、熔合和蒸发3个阶段分别采用了半经验的耦合道模型、数值求解主方程和统计蒸发模型的方法来描述. 计算了近年来Dubna小组利用热熔合反应⁴⁸Ca(²⁴³Am, 3n—5n)^288—286115和⁴⁸Ca(²⁴⁸Cm, 3n—5n)^293—291116合成超重新核素的蒸发余核激发函数. 系统分析了⁴⁸Ca轰击锕系元素U,Np,Pu,Am,Cm合成超重核Z=112—116产生截面的同位素依赖性. 给出了合成超重新核素最佳的弹靶组合和入射能量, 即有最大的超重核产生截面. 计算说明, 壳修正能和中子分离能是影响超重核生成截面产生同位素依赖性的主要因素.     

Fusion cross sections for 10,11B+12C at sub-Coulomb energies

Total fusion cross sections for the ¹⁰B + ¹²C and ¹¹B + ¹²C reactions have been determined over a 5 MeV (c.m.) energy range extending to ≈ 3 MeV below the Coulomb barrier. Absolute γ-ray yields for specific transitions in the de-excitation of the heavy products following compound nucleus decay were measured using a Ge(Li) detector. Statistical model calculations of the decay modes of the compound nucleus have been used to deduce, from the γ-ray data, cross sections for single proton, neutron and α-particle emission, and to determine total cross sections for compound nucleus formation. No evidence has been found for sub-Coulomb resonances in either reaction. The total reaction cross sections are compared with optical model calculations using different parameter sets and the observed trend in the very low energy cross sections is discussed relative to other reactions in the same mass region.     

Shape phase transition in the odd Sm nuclei: effective order parameter and odd–even effect

Some binding energy related quantities serving as effective order parameters have been used to analyze the shape phase transition in the odd Sm nuclei. It is found that the signals of phase transition in the odd Sm nuclei are greatly enhanced in contrast to the even Sm nuclei. A further analysis shows that the transitional behaviors related to pairing in the Sm nuclei can be well described by the mean field plus pairing interaction model, with a monotonic decrease in the pairing strength G.     

Shell Correction and Pairing Energies in the Dinuclear System Model

We investigate the dependences of the potential energy surfaces （PES） and the fusion probabilities for some cold fusion reactions leading to super-heavy elements on the nuclear shell effect and pairing energy. It is found that the shell effect plays an important role in the fusion of the super-heavy element while pairing energy＇s contribution is insignificant. The fusion probabilities and evaporation residue cross sections as functions of the Ge-isotope projectile bombarding ^208Pb are also investigated. It is found that evaporation residue cross sections do not always increase with the increasing neutron number of Ge-isotope.     

Differentiability of the energy surfaces of even–even nuclei

The expansion of even–even nucleus energy in power series of deviations from the given values of neutron and proton numbers. The calculation of the expansion parameters up to the sixth order shows that the values of parameters are sensible to the choice of the group of nuclei used for the calculation. This indicates that the nuclear energy surface is not sufficiently smooth (or completely differentiable). It is shown that the expression proposed earlier by the authors for the pairing energy of an odd nucleus in a definite quantum state does not need to be refined and can be used for the subsequent analysis of pairing energies.