球形装药爆腔预测的准静态模型

炸药土中爆炸形成爆腔的特征尺寸会影响远场地震波的幅频特征。为了准确预测爆腔的特征尺寸,本文建立了爆腔膨胀的准静态模型,该模型给出了无限均匀不可压缩的弹性介质中球形装药爆炸形成的粉碎区、裂隙区半径的解析表达式,并利用该模型计算讨论了不同条件下各分区尺度的变化。最后将该模型与现场实验、动力模型所得到的结果进行对比后表明,该模型与以上两者之间的误差约为5.4%~16.0%,能够较为准确地预测爆腔尺寸。     

轴向分布式药包激发地震波场模型

炸药震源激发地震波场幅频特性直接影响地震勘探精度,本文通过计算研究轴向分布式药包激发地震波场幅频特征规律:以球形空腔震源模型为基础,采用叠加方法获得轴向分布式药包激发地震波场计算方法,并与数值模拟结果进行对比。研究表明:该方法误差在7%以内;在爆心距大于药柱总长度9.8倍时轴向分布式药包所激发地震波速度场与球形药包基本一致,但地震波的频率更高。     

柱形装药空中爆炸冲击波荷载研究

受比例距离、装药长径比、起爆方式、方位角、冲击波入射角以及反射面相对位置等多种因素的影响,球形装药空中爆炸冲击波荷载的计算方法不适用于柱形装药。为探究柱形装药空中自由场爆炸冲击波入射和反射荷载,首先,开展柱形TNT装药单端起爆的空中爆炸试验,并基于显式动力学分析软件AUTODYN进行数值模拟,通过与试验和规范进行对比,验证了采用的有限元分析方法的适用性。进一步开展考虑比例距离、长径比、起爆方式、方位角和刚性反射等因素的1 000余组柱形装药空中爆炸工况的数值模拟。基于模拟结果,揭示了柱形装药空中爆炸入射冲击波峰值超压和最大冲量及其形状因子的分布特征,提出峰值超压和最大冲量临界比例距离的判定准则和确定方法,阐明了刚性反射冲击波峰值超压和反射系数的变化规律。最后,提出柱形装药空中爆炸入射和反射冲击波荷载的计算方法,并得到360余组试验数据的验证。该方法可快速计算作用于建筑结构上的爆炸荷载,并为弹药毁伤效能评估、结构动态响应和破坏分析及其抗爆设计提供参考。     

土中爆扩及其挤密效应的研究

对爆扩挤密机理进行了分析，给出了条形药包药管直径、线装药量、振动速度、振动频率和持续时间的计算式，提出了土中爆扩破坏分区的模式与尺寸，对软基处理及爆沉工艺具有实用价值和研究意义。     

条形药包爆炸挤密黄土路堤横向影响规律

为了合理设计既有公路路堤爆炸挤密钻孔的平面布置方案,以爆炸挤密加固某高速公路黄土路堤为例,研究了条形药包爆炸挤密黄土路堤的横向影响规律。先根据该高速公路实际几何尺寸和材料参数建立有限元模型,然后用ANSYS/LS-DYNA分等横截面不等长和等长不等横截面两类条形药包共计16种工况进行数值模拟,得出爆腔水平半径、土壤密度峰值及其位置和爆炸挤密黄土路堤横向影响半径的变化规律,此外还拟合出横截面为2支药管组成的条形药包爆炸挤密后土壤的密度增量与该点距爆心的水平距离和药量之间的关系表达式。最后,结合工程实例,说明了上述规律在施工方案设计中的应用。     

岩石爆破的粉碎区及其空腔膨胀

本文根据爆炸冲击波的理论分析,讨论了柱形装药和球形装药的粉碎区半径、炮孔近区的压缩比、爆破空腔及其空腔的发展时间。通过分析,给出柱形装药的爆炸近区参数。计算结果表明:2号铵梯岩石炸药柱形装药在岩石介质中产生的粉碎区半径一般是炮孔半径的1.65～3.05倍,球装药在岩石介质中产生的粉碎区半径是球形装药半径的1.28～1.75倍;柱形装药在孔壁处的冲击波波长与炮孔半径属于同一量级;粉碎区内的平均压缩比为1.05～1.10。     

柱形杀爆战斗部的破片初速分布

针对有限长柱形杀爆战斗部装药两端的稀疏波效应而提供了比较符合实况的有效装药模型，并由此求得适用于估算柱形杀爆战斗部破片初速的修正型格尼公式，用它计算的破片初速分布与实验结果极为相符。     

条形装药土中爆炸空腔发展过程的实验研究

本文通过X光摄影观察无限介质(土)中条形装药爆炸空腔发展的高速现象。得到了实验条件下的空腔发展规律,分析了空腔发展过程中一些重要现象。实验表明:空腔发展符合幂函数规律:空腔运动过程受装药的传爆特征、空腔长径比和裂缝出现时间的影响、空腔最终形状与起爆端位置无关。     

低含水率砂土和饱和砂土场地爆炸成坑特性实验

爆坑是土中爆炸荷载作用下的主要响应形式,基于大型爆炸实验场地,开展了一系列低含水率砂土和饱和砂土中的爆炸成坑现场实验,研究了药量、埋深及含水率等因素对土中爆坑效应的影响。研究结果显示:根据药包的比例埋深,低含水率砂土场地的最终爆坑形态可以分为隐爆、塌陷型漏斗坑和抛掷型爆坑3类,发生封闭爆炸的临界比例埋深为2.3 m/kg1/3;形成抛掷型爆坑的条件为比例埋深小于1.5 m/kg1/3;当比例埋深为1.5~2.3 m/kg1/3时,形成塌陷型漏斗坑。土中孔隙水压力的增大导致坑壁周围土体发生了液化流动、坍塌,最终造成爆坑横向尺寸的扩大。相同爆源条件下,饱和砂土场地形成的坑面直径比低含水率砂土场地提高了25%~35%,饱和砂土场地发生封闭爆炸的极限比例埋深可达2.5 m/kg1/3。     

水下成组药包爆炸作用下冰盖动态响应数值模拟

利用大型有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了成组药包水下爆炸冰盖动态响应模型,通过数值计算,得到了冲击波峰值压力变化规律,峰值压力与理论计算结果基本吻合。本文分析了冰盖在成组药包水下爆炸冲击载荷下的应力分布及垂直位移响应特征。结果表明,冰盖迎爆面为压缩破坏,背爆面为拉伸破坏,两者数值均十分接近,其中迎爆面最大压力值可达18.12MPa,冰盖近爆炸点最大垂直位移为1.211cm,两药包连线中点最小位移为0.15cm,达到脆性冰盖形成贯通裂隙的基本条件,从而确定了冰盖在水下成组药包大间距布设条件下,其动态破坏形式是以产生裂隙为主要特征。     

Potential flow model of cavitation-induced interfacial fracture in a confined ductile layer

Fracture of a thin ductile layer sandwiched between stiff substrates often results from growth and coalescence of microscopic cavities ahead of an extending crack. Cavitation induced by plastic flow in a confined, ductile layer is analyzed here to evaluate the interfacial fracture toughness of such sandwich structures. For rigid-plastic materials, a new method is proposed in which the potential flow field of a fluid is used to approximate the plastic deformation. The principle of virtual work rate is applied to determine the equivalent traction-separation law. The method is demonstrated and validated for spherically symmetric cavity growth, for which an exact solution exists. We then study in detail the growth of an initially spherical cavity in a cylindrical bar of finite length subject to uniform traction at its ends. The results show that the stress-separation curves depend strongly on initial cavity size and the strain-hardening exponent, and weakly on the nominal strain. The method has clear advantages over numerical methods, such as finite-element analysis, for parametric study of cavity growth with large plastic deformation.     

Blast waves from cylindrical charges

Comparisons of explosives are often carried out using TNT equivalency which is based on data for spherical charges, despite the fact that many explosive charges are not spherical in shape, but cylindrical. Previous work has shown that it is possible to predict the over pressure and impulse from the curved surface of cylindrical charges using simple empirical formulae for the case when the length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio is greater or equal to 2/1. In this paper, by examining data for all length-to-diameter ratios, it is shown that it is possible to predict the peak over pressure, P, for any length-to-diameter ratio from the curved side of a bare cylindrical charge of explosive using the equation $P=K_PM(L/D)^{1/3}/R^3$ , where M is the mass of explosive, R the distance from the charge and $ K_P$ is an explosive-dependent constant. Further out where the cylindrical blast wave ‘heals’ into a spherical one, the more complex equation $P=C_1(Z^{\prime \prime })^{-3}+C_2(Z^{\prime \prime })^{-2}+C_3(Z^{\prime \prime })^{-1}$ gives a better fit to experimental data, where $ Z^{\prime \prime } = M^{1/3}(L/D)^{1/9}/D$ and $C_1,\, C_2 $ and $ C_3$ are explosive-dependent constants. The impulse is found to be independent of the L/D ratio.     

Convective cooling/heating induced thermal stresses in a fluid saturated porous medium undergoing local thermal non-equilibrium

Local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) may have profound effects on the pore pressure and thermal stresses in fluid saturated porous media under transient thermal loads. This work investigates the temperature, pore pressure, and thermal stress distributions in a porous medium subjected to convective cooling/heating on its boundary. The LTNE thermo-poroelasticity equations are solved by means of Laplace transform for two fundamental problems in petroleum engineering and nuclear waste storage applications, i.e., an infinite porous medium containing a cylindrical hole or a spherical cavity subjected to symmetrical thermo-mechanical loads on the cavity boundary. Numerical examples are presented to examine the effects of LTNE under convective cooling/heating conditions on the temperature, pore pressure and thermal stresses around the cavities. The results show that the LTNE effects become more pronounced when the convective heat transfer boundary conditions are employed. For the cylindrical hole problem of a sandstone formation, the thermally induced pore pressure and the magnitude of thermal stresses are significantly higher than the corresponding values in the classical poroelasticity, which is particularly true under convective cooling with moderate Biot numbers. For the spherical cavity problem of a clay medium, the LTNE effect may become significant depending on the boundary conditions employed in the classical theory.     

Cylindrical cavity expansion in compressible Mises and Tresca solids

The elastoplastic field induced by quasi-static expansion in steady-state plane-strain conditions of a pressurized cylindrical cavity (cylindrical cavitation) is investigated. Material behavior is modeled by Mises and Tresca large strain flow theories formulated as hypoelastic. Both models account for elastic-compressibility and allow for arbitrary strain-hardening (or softening). For the Mises solid analysis centers on the axially-hydrostatic assumption (axial stress coincides with hydrostatic stress) in conjunction with a controlled error method. Introducing an error control parameter we arrive at a single-parameter-dependent quadrature expression for cavitation pressure. Available results are recovered with particular values of that parameter, and an optimal value is defined such that the cavitation pressure is predicted with high accuracy. For the Tresca solid we obtain an elegant solution with the standard model when no corner develops in the yield surface. Under certain conditions however a corner zone exists near the cavity and the solution is accordingly modified revealing a slight difference in cavitation pressure. Comparison with numerical solutions suggests that the present study establishes cylindrical cavitation analysis on equal footing with existing studies for spherical cavitation.     

Acoustic radiation force of a solid elastic sphere immersed in a cylindrical cavity filled with ideal fluid

An expression for the acoustic radiation force function on a solid elastic spherical particle placed in an infinite rigid cylindrical cavity filled with an ideal fluid is deduced when the incident wave is a plane progressive wave propagated along the cylindrical axis. The acoustic radiation force of the spherical particle with different materials was computed to validate the theory. The simulation results demonstrate that the acoustic radiation force changes demonstrably because of the influence of the reflective acoustic wave from the cylindrical cavity. The sharp resonance peaks, which result from the resonance of the fluid-filled cylindrical cavity, appear at the same positions in the acoustic radiation force curve for the spherical particle with different radii and materials. Relative radius, which is the ratio of the sphere radius and the cylindrical cavity radius, has more influence on acoustic radiation force. Moreover, the negative radiation forces, which are opposite to the progressive directions of the plane wave, are observed at certain frequencies.     

Numerical simulation of the dynamics of a liquid in a moving axisymmetric cavity

The problem of the motion of an ideal liquid with a free surface in a cavity within a rigid body has been most fully studied in the linear formulation [1, 2]. In the nonlinear formulation, the problem has been solved by the small-parameter method [3] and numerically [4–7]. However, the limitations inherent in these methods make it impossible to take into account simultaneously the large magnitude and the threedimensional nature of the displacements of the liquid in the moving cavity. In the present paper, a numerical method is proposed for calculating such liquid motions. The results of numerical calculations for spherical and cylindrical cavities are given.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 174–177, March–April, 1984.     

考虑土体损伤的挤土效应计算探讨

摘 要：圆孔扩张理论应用于静压桩沉桩、搅拌桩成桩过程周围土体的应力和变形分析,取得了一定的成果,但其理论分析结果和实验结果仍存在一定的偏差,主要原因在于理论推导时未考虑桩周一定范围内的土体受施工因素影响而产生的损伤。为更有效地发挥圆孔扩张理论在指导桩基施工中的作用,本文通过构造桩周土体粘聚力变化的表达式来考虑施工造成的土体损伤,基于连续介质力学的原理,依据边界条件确定了表达式中的土体损伤因子,得到了能够反映造成土体损伤主要因素的土体粘聚力变化表达式。基于圆孔扩张理论,并引入土体损伤因子,通过平衡微分方程的迭代计算,分析了成桩过程中的土体塑性区半径及应力分布,发现考虑土体损伤时,塑性区范围相对较大且应力的变化会相对较缓。通过不考虑损伤和考虑损伤的分析结果与既有理论的计算结果对比分析,表明本文提出的考虑土体损伤的分析方法简单合理,为精细化分析桩基施工对地基的影响提供了新方法。