近场近地爆炸下建筑柱爆炸荷载分布规律及简化模型

为了快速评估近场近地爆炸荷载下建筑柱的动力响应和破坏模式,通过数值仿真方法,探究了近场近地爆炸工况下冲击波在建筑柱迎爆面的分布规律,并提供了该工况下的爆炸荷载简化模型。为此,首先利用已有实验数据验证数值模型,并建立典型近地近场爆炸工况的数值模型,然后研究比例爆距和比例爆高对建筑柱冲击波特征参数的影响规律,最后拟合出柱迎爆面反射冲量和正相超压持续时间的计算公式,将柱迎爆面各点爆炸荷载转化为等效三角形荷载模型,为工程实践中建筑柱遭受近场近地爆炸作用下的抗爆设计提供荷载输入。研究结果表明：当比例爆高小于0.3 m/kg^1/3、比例爆距在0.4～0.6 m/kg^1/3范围时,最大反射冲量沿柱高可简化为三折线分布;当比例爆距在0.6～1.4 m/kg^1/3范围时,最大反射冲量沿柱高可近似简化为双折线分布;在同一比例爆距和比例爆高工况下,随着炸药当量的增加,柱迎爆面相同比例高度处反射超压峰值保持不变而反射冲量正比于当量的立方根。     

空中强爆炸冲击波地面反射规律数值模拟研究

为准确预测空中强爆炸产生的冲击波载荷分布,基于欧拉坐标系建立了能够模拟具有高密度比、高压力比的强激波问题的二维多介质流体数值方法。结合网格自适应技术,对1 kt TNT当量的空中强爆炸在不同爆炸高度下的冲击波地面反射过程进行了数值模拟,并考虑了真实气体状态方程和空气随高度不均匀分布的影响。计算得到了地面上距爆心投影点大尺度范围内的反射超压和冲量等冲击波载荷分布,并给出了冲击波载荷随爆高的变化规律。     

用柔爆索构成沿圆柱壳体周向呈余弦分布的冲量载荷

利用柔爆索爆炸加载模拟脉冲X射线辐照产生的汽化反冲冲量进行结构响应实验研究,需要对柔爆索载荷的分布特征进行直接的实验测定。按照优化设计结果在圆柱壳体周围排布一定数量的柔爆索,测量柔爆索爆炸在圆柱壳体表面不同角度处产生的冲量。测量结果表明通过优化设计柔爆索间距及柔爆索与圆柱壳体之间的距离可得到沿圆柱壳体周向呈余弦分布的冲量载荷。     

城市地下浅埋管沟可燃气体爆炸的灾害效应 (Ⅰ):冲击波在地面的传播

城市地下浅埋管沟燃气爆炸事故会造成严重的灾害后果,然而目前针对长直空间内的爆炸荷载通过泄爆口向外传播规律的研究较少。以此类事故为基础,基于前期进行的长直泄爆空间可燃气体爆炸试验,利用FLACS软件,对城市地下浅埋管沟内可燃气体爆炸冲击波超压通过泄爆口到达地面后的分布进行了数值模拟,揭示了管沟内燃气爆炸冲击波在地面的传播规律。结果表明:传播到地面的爆炸冲击波会产生2个特征超压峰值Δp₁和Δp₂;Δp₁较小,主要由压缩波引起,Δp₂为最大超压峰值,主要由火焰波引起;Δp₂随着与泄爆口之间的距离d的增大而逐渐减小,且各方向上数值的差异性较大,其中在沿管沟截面的短边方向上,呈对称衰减的趋势;Δp₂与d大致满足指数函数关系,且拟合度均高于98.8%。     

爆炸塔内120kgTNT当量爆炸载荷的数值分析

爆炸塔设计中常采用等当量集中装药估算爆炸塔内部载荷。为研究该方法的合理性,本文采用有限体积方法离散求解积分型Euler方程组;利用瞬时爆轰模型描述炸药爆炸初场,分别计算了乳化炸药和TNT集中装药爆炸对爆炸塔的内部加载情况;给出了塔体及封头内壁面9个特征点的压力时间曲线。结果表明:可以采用集中装药模拟乳化炸药对爆心截面处的超压作用,但不可以采用集中装药模拟乳化炸药对封头中心处的超压作用。因为在封头中心处乳化炸药爆炸会聚产生的超压极值约为TNT集中装药的2倍;塔体柱段的爆心截面处与封头中心处为超压作用最强的部位,两处冲量大致相当;压力最大值出现在封头中心处,由反射冲击波会聚产生。建议塔体建筑设计时对封头中心处和塔体爆心截面处采取相应的防护措施。     

远距离近地面爆炸空气冲击波计算的网格尺寸优化与验证

建筑结构上爆炸荷载的确定是进行结构动态响应和损伤破坏分析以及结构抗爆设计和加固的前提。考虑到空气爆炸冲击波远距离传播数值模拟计算效率和精度以及软硬件能力的平衡问题，通过确定和优化网格尺寸，从而为大型复杂街区爆炸冲击波荷载的数值模拟网格尺寸选取提供合理建议。针对汽车炸弹和弹药库等典型近地面爆炸场景，首先，使用AUTODYN软件分别开展比例距离为0.2～5.0 m/kg1/3和0.2～39.0 m/kg1/3的空中爆炸自由场和地面爆炸入射场超压和冲量的单一尺寸网格敏感性分析，并考虑软硬件对单元网格数量的限制，给出依赖比例距离的渐变网格尺寸建议。其次，基于映射算法和建议的渐变尺寸网格对地面爆炸入射场超压和冲量进行数值模拟，提出了比例距离大于10.0 m/kg1/3的峰值超压误差修正方法，并得到UFC 3-340-02规范的验证。最后，基于足尺房屋爆炸荷载分布试验共71个测点的超压和冲量时程数据，对提出的优化网格尺寸的计算精度和效率进行了验证。     

钢筋混凝土排架结构的抗爆破坏等级

为了研究钢筋混凝土排架结构在大当量爆炸冲击波下的破坏规律,依据最大TNT当量为3 t的爆炸试验,对排架主体结构的抗爆破坏等级进行数值模拟研究。通过量纲分析得到1/2缩比模型的荷载参数和结构尺寸。基于Abaqus有限元软件,利用CONWEP方法实现爆炸加载,分别计算装药0.5 t爆距33 m和装药3 t爆距33 m两种工况下排架结构的破坏形态,并与试验结果进行对比。进一步通过控制药量和距离,计算不同超压和冲量下缩比模型的破坏形态。研究结果表明,排架的关键破坏特征为中间承重柱的倾覆转动;数值计算与试验破坏形态吻合较好,特征位移和特征转角的最大相对误差分别为5.6%和4.6%。以承重柱的倾覆角作为划分依据,将计算结果分为3种破坏等级,拟合得到的超压-冲量曲线和药量-距离曲线可用于厂房安全距离和仓库容量设计以及意外爆炸下的破坏程度预估。     

外爆条件下冲击波与组合壳结构的相互作用

为研究冲击波与组合壳结构的相互作用,针对带防护墙的地面直立钢筋混凝土组合壳结构,考虑结构安置于地面和周边围土2种工况,开展结构爆炸实验,分析了结构外表面冲击波荷载分布及振动特性。实验结果表明:冲击波作用下,结构外表面爆炸荷载主要产生在冲击波绕射过程,确定荷载时应考虑冲击波压力在绕射传播过程中的自然衰减;整个结构中与冲击波最早接触的构件先产生振动,而后由于结构整体参与使得振动频率降低,振动幅值减小;结构周边围土可降低防护墙迎爆部分构件的振动频率,减小防护墙和组合壳的振动幅值。     

接触爆炸荷载作用下带孔防护结构内冲击波的传播规律

采用有限元分析软件ATUODYN,对接触爆炸荷载作用下带孔防护结构内冲击波的传播进行了数值模拟,得到了防护结构孔口和内部中心处冲击波超压－时间曲线;分析了炸药量和爆心距孔口距离对防护结构内部超压、正压冲量的影响;以数值计算结果为基础,结合量纲分析,拟合得到了结构内部中心处爆炸冲击波特征参数的预估公式。     

水下爆炸冲击荷载下混凝土重力坝的抗爆性能

在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,结构动力响应较之静态荷载和地震荷载作用下要复杂得多。通过大 量的数值模拟,探讨了混凝土重力坝在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,大坝高度、库前水位对大坝抗爆性能的影 响,为大坝抗爆性能评估和防护设计提供基础。数值计算中,构建了重力坝水下爆炸全耦合数值模型,并考虑 爆炸冲击作用下混凝土的高应变率效应。研究结果表明:对于混凝土重力坝,随着大坝高度的增加,大坝的抗 爆性能增强;库前水位对大坝的抗爆性能影响较大,通过降低库前水位可有效提高大坝的抗爆性能。     

Numerical simulation of blast wave interaction with structure columns

Accurate estimation of blast loads on structures is essential for reliable predictions of structural response and damage. Current practice in blast effect analysis and design estimates blast loads primarily based on empirical formulae obtained from field blast tests. Due to the limited availability of test data, those empirical formulae are usually applicable to the case that the reflection surface of the structure is big enough so that no wave diffraction around the structure exists. They will overestimate the blast loads on structure columns without infill walls around them, which are very common in the modern buildings, especially for the ground floor columns. For a standalone column, the initial reflected pressure may be quickly relieved at the edge of the column, and the column will be engulfed with the blast wave due to diffraction. Therefore, the interaction between the blast wave and structure is important for such columns. The blast loads on such columns will be different from those obtained in field blasting tests on walls. There is no method in the open literature to estimate blast loads on standalone columns. In the present study, interactions between blast waves and structure columns are simulated using AUTODYN 3D. The influence of the scaled distance of the blast, column stiffness, ratio of the supported mass to the column mass, and column dimension and geometry, on the blast wave–column interaction is investigated. Based on the numerical simulation results, some formulae are proposed to estimate the blast pressure, impulse, and the reflected pressure time history on standalone structure columns.      

Uniaxial crushing of sandwich plates under air blast: Influence of mass distribution

Motivated by recent efforts to mitigate blast loading using energy-absorbing materials, this paper uses analytical and computational modeling to investigate the influence of mass distribution on the uniaxial crushing of cellular sandwich plates under air blast loading. In the analytical model, the cellular core is represented using a rigid, perfectly-plastic, locking idealization, as in previous studies, and the front and back faces are modeled as rigid, with pressure loading applied to the front face and the back-face unrestrained. This model is also applicable to the crushing of cellular media in “blast pendulum” experiments. Fluid–structure interaction effects are treated using a recent result that accounts for nonlinear compressibility effects for intense air blasts. Predictions of the analytical model show excellent agreement with explicit finite element computations, and the model is used to investigate the response of the system for all possible distributions of mass between the front and back faces and the cellular core. Increasing the mass fraction in the front face is found to increase the impulse required for complete crushing of the cellular core but also to produce undesirable increases in back-face accelerations. Optimal mass distributions for mitigating shock transmission through the sandwich plate are investigated by maximizing the impulse capacity while limiting the back-face accelerations to a specified level.     

Simplified modeling of blast waves from metalized heterogeneous explosives

The detonation of a metalized explosive generates a complex multiphase flow field. Modeling the subsequent propagation of the blast front requires a detailed knowledge of the metal particle dynamics and reaction rate. Given the uncertainties in modeling these phenomena, a much simpler, 1D compressible flow model is used to illustrate the general effects of secondary energy release due to particle reaction on the blast front properties. If the total energy release is held constant, the blast pressure and impulse are primarily dependent on the following parameters: the proportion of secondary energy released due to afterburning, the rate of energy release, the location the secondary energy release begins, and the range over which it occurs. Releasing the total energy over a longer time period in general reduces the peak blast overpressure at a given distance. However, secondary energy release reduces the rate of decay of the shock pressure, increases the local gas temperature and hence increases the velocity of the secondary shock front. As a result, for certain values of the above parameters, the peak blast impulse may be increased by a factor of about two in a region near the charge. The largest augmentation to the near-field peak impulse results when the secondary energy is released immediately behind the shock front rather than uniformly within the combustion products.     

圆形中空夹层钢管超高性能钢纤维混凝土柱抗爆性能野外实验与数值模拟

通过6根圆形中空夹层钢管超高性能钢纤维混凝土(UHPSFRCFDST)柱爆炸破坏实验,研究了轴压、折合距离、空心率和迎爆面形状对其动态响应及损伤破坏的影响,并运用LS-DYNA软件建立了爆炸荷载作用下UHPSFRCFDST柱动态响应的有限元模型。在验证了模型有效性的基础上,运用参数化分析方法,研究了轴压比、空心率、含钢率、内层和外层钢管径厚比及其强度等关键参数对圆形UHPSFRCFDST柱抗爆性能的影响。结果表明:有限元模型能够有效地分析UHPSFRCFDST柱在爆炸荷载作用下的动态响应及损伤破坏;在小于临界轴压时,提高轴压比能够提升UHPSFRCFDST柱抗爆性能,但超过临界轴压后继续提高反而会加重其损伤破坏;减小空心率或内、外层钢管径厚比均可有效提升UHPSFRCFDST柱的抗爆性能,提高含钢率或外层钢管强度也能达到相同效果,但提高内层钢管强度对其抗爆性能的提升作用并不显著。     

低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波的传播特性

针对高海拔或高空的低温、低压环境对炸药爆炸冲击波传播的影响,利用量纲分析理论和AUTODYN有限元软件,研究了低温、低压及海拔高度对炸药爆炸冲击波参量（峰值超压、比冲量和波阵面运动轨迹）的影响规律,建立了相应的计算公式,并通过数值模拟和实验数据进行了对比验证。结果表明,该计算公式可以有效预测低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波参量。环境压力降低,爆炸冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场（比例距离Z>0.2 m/kg1/3）比冲量减小,冲击波传播速度增大。环境温度降低,冲击波比冲量增大,传播速度降低,峰值超压影响不大。海拔高度在0～9 000 m范围内,每升高1 000 m冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场比冲量分别平均降低约3.9%和3.2%。海拔升高,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度升高,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度则降低。高海拔环境下低压对冲击波峰值超压和比冲量的影响大于低温,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度取决于低压的影响,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度取决于低温的影响。     

爆炸冲击波作用于墙体及对墙体绕射的实验研究

采用试验的方法,对爆炸冲击波作用于防爆墙及绕过墙体的规律进行了研究.采用压力传感器测压,获得了防爆墙前后不同距离的压力波形.试验结果表明:作用于前墙迎爆面反射超压一般要比墙后最大绕射超压大一个数量级,马赫反射一般发生在距离墙后1.5~2.0倍墙高处,药量与爆心距离对墙体反射超压及墙后绕射超压的变化规律有重要影响.通过综合分析和试验结果,得到了爆炸波绕射的内在机理,为防爆墙的设计与加固提供依据和参考.     

冲击波载荷作用下拉－弯耦合梁的瞬态响应分析

采用大挠度弹性理论和中心差分法分析了拉压变形和弯曲变形之间存在弹性耦合的非线性薄梁结构对冲击波载荷作用的大挠度瞬态响应。为了充分描述冲击波载荷的强度大小，文中应用了冲击波载荷的冲量概念。通过进一步研究模态数、时间步长、拉－弯耦合、拉／弯刚度比、冲击波冲量对挠度响应的影响，得到了一些有用的结论。     

Sandwich Panel Cores for Blast Applications: Materials and Graded Density

Sandwich composites are of interest in marine applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and tailorable mechanical properties, but their resistance to air blast loading is not well understood. Full-scale 100 kg TNT equivalent air blast testing at a 15 m stand-off distance was performed on glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sandwich panels with polyvinyl chloride (PVC); polymethacrylimid (PMI); and styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) foam cores, all possessing the same thickness and density. Further testing was performed to assess the blast resistance of a sandwich panel containing a stepwise graded density SAN foam core, increasing in density away from the blast facing side. Finally a sandwich panel containing compliant polypropylene (PP) fibres within the GFRP front face-sheet, was subjected to blast loading with the intention of preventing front face-sheet cracking during blast. Measurements of the sandwich panel responses were made using high-speed digital image correlation (DIC), and post-blast damage was assessed by sectioning the sandwich panels and mapping the damage observed. It was concluded that all cores are effective in improving blast tolerance and that the SAN core was the most blast tolerant out of the three foam polymer types, with the DIC results showing a lower deflection measured during blast, and post-blast visual inspections showing less damage suffered. By grading the density of the core it was found that through thickness crack propagation was mitigated, as well as damage in the higher density foam layers, thus resulting in a smoother back face-sheet deflection profile. By incorporating compliant PP fibres into the front face-sheet, cracking was prevented in the GFRP, despite damage being present in the core and the interfaces between the core and face-sheets.     

Disengagement of the gas phase in bubble columns

The technique of gas disengagement is popularly used to assess the bubble size distribution in bubble columns. The technique involves the dynamic measurement of dispersion height when the gas supply is stopped. In this paper a mathematical model has been proposed for the process of dynamic gas disengagement. It has been shown that the initial faster disengagement is due to the presence of internal liquid circulation and not due to the presence of very large bubbles. Further, slower disengagement has been attributed to the transition from heterogeneous dispersion to homogeneous dispersion. The new model also explains the effects of superficial gas velocity, column diameter, column height and liquid phase physical properties on the gas disengagement.     

反复荷载下圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱恢复力模型研究

为建立圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱的恢复力模型,对11根圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱试件进行了低周反复荷载试验研究,考虑了再生骨料取代率、配钢率及钢管径厚比等不同设计参数的影响,分析了组合柱的地震破坏形态及滞回性能。基于组合柱的力学特征及曲线形状,提出了圆钢管型钢再生混凝土组合柱骨架曲线的三折线参数模型,采用理论推导与数据拟合的方法确定了组合柱骨架曲线的模型参数。在此基础上,给出了组合柱的滞回规则和卸载规律,构建了组合柱的恢复力模型,计算滞回曲线与试验滞回曲线吻合良好,表明该恢复力模型较好地反映了反复荷载下组合柱的受力特征点及滞回性能,可为此类组合柱的推广提供技术参考。