一种用于三维曲面视觉测量的立体精匹配方法

根据立体视觉原理 ,针对三维曲面视觉测量的实际情况 ,提出一种基于空间不变量的立体精匹配方法。首先利用投影光栅 ,在曲面上形成变形条纹 ,采用小波变换检测出像素级的离散边缘点 ;然后用三次 B样条将条纹边缘插值成光顺曲线 ,根据对极几何特性 ,实现像素级的精匹配 ,解决了交向摆放姿态的双目立体视觉系统的匹配问题。     

Two-wavelength micro-interferometry for 3-D surface profiling

Three-dimensional non-contact optical techniques for rapid and accurate mapping of micro-machined surfaces are important for the optoelectronic industry. Interferometry is a well-established technique for 3-D surface profiling. The conventional interferometric surface profilers using a single wavelength offer excellent vertical resolution, but a serious limitation to their use is that they can only handle smooth profiles and step heights less than half a wavelength. In this paper we describe a two-wavelength micro-interferometric setup for 3-D surface profile characterization of smooth as well as rough micro-specimens. The method removes ambiguity associated with the single-wavelength data and also extends the phase measurement range compared to the conventional single-wavelength interferometry. Seven-phase step algorithm is used for quantitative fringe analysis. The design of the system along with experimental results on smooth and rough micro-specimens is presented.     

Cosmic Masers – From OH to Ho (IAU S287), edited by Roy S. Booth,Wouter H.T. Vlemmings and Elizabeth M.L. Humphreys

‘Flying Triangulation’ (FlyTri) is a recently developed principle which allows for a motion-robust optical 3D measurement of rough surfaces. It combines a simple sensor with sophisticated algorithms: a single-shot sensor acquires 2D camera images. From each camera image, a 3D profile is generated. The series of 3D profiles generated are aligned to one another by algorithms, without relying on any external tracking device. It delivers real-time feedback of the measurement process which enables an all-around measurement of objects. The principle has great potential for small-space acquisition environments, such as the measurement of the interior of a car, and motion-sensitive measurement tasks, such as the intraoral measurement of teeth. This article gives an overview of the basic ideas and applications of FlyTri. The main challenges and their solutions are discussed. Measurement examples are also given to demonstrate the potential of the measurement principle.     

Extended propagation-inside-layer expansion method combined with the forward-backward method to study the scattering from an object above a rough surface

In this Letter, a fast red rigorous numerical method, based on the method of moments, is developed to calculate the scattering from an object above a rough surface for three-dimensional problems (3D). G. Kubické has recently developed the extended propagation-inside-layer expansion (E-PILE) method to calculate the scattering from an object above a rough surface for two-dimensional problems. This method allows us to calculate separately and exactly the interactions between the object and the rough surface. The purpose of this paper is to extend the E-PILE method to a 3D problem. In addition, to invert a matrix of large size, the forward-backward (FB) method is applied to calculate the local interactions on the rough surface.     

Close-range optical measurement of aircraft''''s 3D attitude and accuracy evaluation

A new screen-spot imaging method based on optical measurement is proposed, which is applicable to the close-range measurement of aircraft's three-dimensional (3D) attitude parameters. Laser tracker is used to finish the global calibrations of the high-speed cameras and the fixed screens on test site, as well as to establish media-coordinate-frames among various coordinate systems. The laser cooperation object mounted on the aircraft surface projects laser beams on the screens and the high-speed cameras syn-chronously record the light-spots' position changing with aircraft attitude. The recorded image sequences are used to compute the aircraft attitude parameters. Based on the matrix analysis, the error sources of the measurement accuracy are analyzed, and the maximum relative error of this mathematical model is estimated. The experimental result shows that this method effectively makes the change of aircraft position distinguishable, and the error of this method is no more than 3' while the rotation angles of three axes are within a certain range.     

Non-contact scanning measurement utilizing a space mapping method

In this study, a novel approach to a measuring methodology and calibration method for an optical non-contact scanning probe system is proposed and verified by experiments. The optical probe consists of a line laser diode and two charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras and is placed on a computer numerical control (CNC) machine to measure the workpiece profiles. A space mapping method using the least-squares algorithm is presented for the probe calibration and profile measurement. This method provides a simple and accurate calculation of the relationship between the real space plane and its related image space plane in a CCD camera. A transparent grid with regularly spaced nodal points is used to construct the space mapping function. The space coordinate of an object can be obtained from its image in the CCD camera via the mapping function. The measured profile data are smoothed by the B-spline blending function and can be transferred to a CAD/CAM package for industrial applications. Experimental results show that this technique can determine the 3-D profile of an object with an accuracy of 60 μm.     

采用二元光学元件的三维轮廓测量方法

提出了采用二元光学元件(BOE)进行三维形貌测量的新方法。设计二元光学元件产生空间二维点阵结构光,经物面调制后的点阵信息被相机一次获取,利用三角测量法得到物体的三维空间坐标。按该方法处理得到的结果与实际物体的形貌特征吻合。结果表明,按该测量系统具有便捷式功能,适用于三维照相等应用领域。     

Measurement of three-dimensional deformation vectors with digital holography and stereophotogrammetry

We present a method to determine the three-dimensional (3D) deformation vectors of an arbitrary stressed object by combining stereophotogrammetry and digital holography in a setup with four cameras. The resulting data consists of a dense 3D point cloud, where every point is associated with a deformation vector. Our method is able to calculate the deformation without prior knowledge of the sensitivity vectors or the object surface. In the experimental setup only the base distance of the cameras needs to be known.     

Dispersion and Attenuation of Surface Acoustic Waves of Various Polarizations on a Stress-Free Randomly Rough Surface of Solid

An approach to obtaining the dispersion equation of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) on a stress-free, randomly rough surface of an anisotropic elastic medium is suggested. The problem is solved in the approximation of a weakly rough surface using Green′s function technique. The dispersion and attenuation of sagittally and shear horizontally (SH) polarized SAWs are investigated both analytically and numerically for a three-dimensionally (3D) and a two-dimensionally (2D) rough surface of an isotropic medium. The results for 2D roughness are shown to be contained in the more general expressions for the 3D case, and the connection between the results for the 3D and the 2D cases is pointed out. Dispersion relations are derived for SAWs of both polarizations propagating in an arbitrary direction along a 2D rough surface. The SAW attenuation mechanisms are investigated at various incidence angles. It is concluded that all three mechanisms (viz. scattering into bulk transverse, longitudinal, and Rayleigh surface acoustic waves) are involved for the Rayleigh and SH polarized SAWs at certain incidence angles, whereas at the other angles only some of the mechanisms are. The criterion for the existence of SH polarized SAWs on a rough surface is considered. A possible increase of the SAW phase velocity on a rough surface compared with that for a flat boundary is discussed. In the limit λ a (where a is the roughness correlation length) simple explicit expressions for the phase velocities of Rayleigh and SH polarized SAWs are derived. A comparison of the results obtained herein with those of other workers is presented.     

Flexible and accurate implementation of a binocular structured light system

This paper presents a practical implementation of a binocular system for three-dimensional (3D) surface measurement. Manufacturing procedures are easy to implement because this system does not require that the optical axes of two cameras’ lenses be coplanar and the structured light sheets be perpendicular to that plane. The method of structured light calibration is proposed to obtain the parameters of the structured light sheets. This calibration method can tolerate the surface condition of the calibration board. To eliminate the effect caused by the distortion of projector lens, each structured light sheet is fitted to a conicoid. Meanwhile, data acquired from two cameras are transformed into a unique coordinate system to avoid 3D data matching. Experiments are conducted to validate the flexibility, accuracy, and desirability of our system.     

Angle-deviation optical profilometer

We propose a new optical profilometer for three-dimensional(3D) surface profile measurement in real time.The deviation angle is based on geometrical optics and is proportional to the apex angle of a test plate.Measuring the reflectivity of a parallelogram prism allows detection of the deviation angle when the beam is incident at the nearby critical angle.The reflectivity is inversely proportional to the deviation angle and proportional to the apex angle and surface height.We use a charge-coupled device(CCD) camera at the image plane to capture the reflectivity profile and obtain the 3D surface profile directly.     

Configuration of virtual cameras for ground based 360° three-dimensional display

Most technologies provide three-dimensional (3D) display in the front of screens which are in parallel with the walls, and the sense of immersion is decreased. To get the right ground based 3D imaging, cameras’ imaging planes should be parallel to the public focus plane, and the cameras’ optical axes should be shifted to the center of the public focus plane in both vertical and horizontal directions. Virtual cameras are used to display 3D model in computer system. Two virtually capturing methods for ground based 3D display are presented. The position of virtual camera is determined by the observer's eye positions in the real world. When the observer stands in the displayed circumcircle on the ground, off-axis perspective projection virtual cameras are used. If the observer stands out the circumcircle, offset perspective projection virtual cameras and the orthogonal projection virtual cameras are adopted. An experimental system for ground based 360° 3D display is demonstrated for viewing horizontally, which provides high-immersion 3D visualization. The displayed heights are compared with the measured results.     

Absolute interferometer for three-dimensional profile measurement of rough surfaces

We present a new interferometer system devised for surface-profile metrology with multiple two-point-diffraction sources that are made from a pair of single-mode optical fibers. The diffraction interferometer system performs an absolute profile measurement by projecting multiple fringe patterns on the object surface and then fitting the measured phase data into a global model of multilateration. Test measurement results demonstrate that the proposed profiling method is suited for rough surfaces with excessive surface irregularities, which are difficult to measure with conventional two-arm interferometers.     

基于Levenberg-Marquardt算法的大型非球面镜轮廓数据处理方法

大型非球面镜通过加工 检测 再加工 再检测的制造工艺以满足面形精度要求,根据检测后的轮廓数据准确评定面形是提高再加工精度的关键。为解决抛光前镜面的面形评定问题,采用基于信赖域法则的Levenberg Marquardt算法对参数进行拟合、误差补偿以及面形评定。利用Code V仿真分析算法性能,构建大型非球面轮廓仪测试抛物面加工件,对实测数据经过32次迭代得到元件参数及轮廓残差曲线,收敛精度为1.1610-21。实验表明:该算法可对大型非球面镜轮廓数据进行高效准确的拟合、评定,为进一步提高再加工精度提供可靠依据。     

Non-scanning,non-interferometric,three-dimensional optical profilometer with nanometer resolution

A non-scanning,non-interferometric,three-dimensional(3D) optical profilometer based on geometric optics,critical angle principle,and the use of a charge-coupled device(CCD) camera is presented.The surface profile of the test specimen can be transferred into the reflectance profile.The reflectance profile,obtained from a CCD,is the ratio of the intensity at the critical angle to the intensity obtained at the total internal reflection angle.The optical profilometer provides a sub-micron measuring range with nanometer resolution and can be used to measure roughness or surface defects in real time.     

计算海面激光反射特性的几何光学方法研究

研究了计算海面激光反射的几何光学方法。首先根据JONSWAP非稳态海谱模型数值模拟出二维随机粗糙海面,再采用几何光学方法对入射激光光束在海面上的反射光进行建模,最后计算出海面激光光斑反射光强的空间分布。编制了相关的计算机程序,分析了在不同入射角度和不同风速下的激光光束反射特性。计算结果表明该方法对研究二维随机粗糙海表面激光反射特性有一定参考价值。     

基于光学测棒的立体视觉坐标测量系统的研究

提出了一种基丁测量与校准功能合一的光学测棒的立体视觉坐标测最系统.采用光学测棒作为成像目标,通过任意放置的两台摄像机获取测棒上的发光特征点的图像实现被测物体三维坐标的测量,同时利用测量数据定期对两台摄像机外部方位参数进行校准.深入研究了两台摄像机内部参数和外部方位参数校准过程中的校准件和校准算法的设计,以及系统测量建模等关键技术,提出了相应的解决方案,减小了摄像机内外参数校准及测量模型对测量结果的影响,提高系统的测量精度.实验结果表明.该系统的最大测量误差为0.11 mm.     

KDP晶体单点金刚石车削表面形貌分形分析

 分别使用2维和3维分形方法对单点金刚石车削加工的KDP晶体表面形貌进行了分析，并对表面的3维分形维数和3维粗糙度表征参数进行了比较，分析了二者对表面形貌表征的差异。使用2维轮廓分形方法计算了KDP晶体表面圆周各方向上的分形维数。通过分析得出：3维分形维数与表面粗糙度值成反比关系；使用单点金刚石车削方法加工KDP晶体会形成各向异性特征明显的已加工表面，在一定程度上容易形成小尺度波纹；已加工表面是否具有明显的小尺度波纹特征与表面粗糙度值并无直接关系，但与其表面轮廓分形状态分布密切相关；KDP晶体表面2维功率谱密度与其分形状态具有相近的方向性特征。     

3D laser scanner system using high dynamic range imaging

Because of its high measuring speed, moderate accuracy, low cost and robustness in the industrial field, 3D laser scanning has been widely used in a variety of applications. However, the measurement of a 3D profile of a high dynamic range (HDR) brightness surface such as a partially highlighted object or a partial specular reflection remains one of the most challenging problems. This difficulty has limited the adoption of such scanner systems. In this paper, an optical imaging system based on a high-resolution liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) device and an image sensor (CCD or CMOS) was built to adjust the image's brightness pixel by pixel as required. The radiance value of the image captured by the image sensor is constrained to lie within the dynamic range of the sensor after an adaptive algorithm of pixel mapping between the LCoS mask plane and image plane through the HDR imaging system is added. Thus, an HDR image was reconstructed by the LCoS mask and the CCD image on this system. The significant difference between the proposed system and a traditional 3D laser scanner system is that the HDR image was used to calibrate and calculate the 3D profile coordinate. Experimental results show that HDR imaging can enhance 3D laser scanner system environmental adaptability and improve the accuracy of 3D profile measurement.     

集成成像大纵深物体的三维形貌获取技术

为了满足现代工业所需的大纵深物体的三维形貌获取需求,解决传统结构光三维形貌获取技术纵深较小的问题, 借助集成成像这种阵列式多视点获取技术,构建了基于集成成像的大纵深物体的三维形貌获取技术。从集成成像原理出发,分析了集成成像三维物点和同名像点之间的关系,得到集成成像光学获取系统参数和三维物体纵深极限之间的关系。在此基础上,利用相机和电动平移台构建了扫描式相机集成成像三维形貌获取系统,并对纵深从600 mm到3 600 mm相对独立的2个物体构建的大纵深三维物体进行了形貌获取。光学实验结果显示,该集成成像大纵深物体三维形貌获取技术能够单次获取纵深为3 600 mm的三维物体的三维形貌,为大纵深物体的三维形貌获取提供了技术支持。