Deactivation of silica supported Pd catalysts during liquid-phase hydrogenation

Summary Large pore MCM-41 was found to provide a better stabilization of Pd particles than amorphous SiO₂ during liquid phase hydrogenation. Pd/large pore MCM-41 exhibited higher hydrogenation activities as well as lower amount of metal loss by Pd leaching.     

Deactivation of Ru-benzylidene Grubbs catalysts active in olefin metathesis

In this work, we explore the reactivity induced by coordination of a CO molecule trans to the Ru-benzylidene bond of a prototype Ru-olefin metathesis catalyst bearing a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand. DFT calculations indicate that CO binding to the Ru center promotes a cascade of reactions with very low-energy barriers that lead to the final crystallographically characterized product, in which the original benzylidene group has attacked the proximal aromatic ring of the ligand leading to a cycloheptatriene ring through a Buchner ring expansion. In conclusion, the overall mechanism is best described as a carbene insertion into a C–C bond of the aromatic N-substituent of the NHC ligand, forming a cyclopropane ring. This cyclopropanation step is followed by a Buchner ring expansion reaction, leading to the experimentally observed product presenting a cycloheptatriene ring.     

Deactivation of rhodium and palladium catalysts by sulfur compounds

SO₂ and H₂S are found to be strong poisons of metal rhodium and palladium catalysts for liquid-phase hydrogenation of 3-thiolene-1, 1-dioxide and thiophene.

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SO₂ H₂S , 3--1, 1- .

     

Deactivation of nickel catalysts by thiophene in benzene hydrogenation

Kinetic dependences of the catalyst deactivation rates and poison concentrations on the partial pressures of the main reactants have been established. Numerical values for the kinetic constants are given. Poison chemisorption is shown to take place on both unoccupied and occupied active centers and also on the adsorption centers not involved in the main process.

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. . , , , , .

     

Deactivation of acid catalysts in vapor-phase dehydration of glycerol into acrolein

An effect of acid properties and structure of catalysts on their deactivation and selectivity of the acrolein formation was studied in dehydration of glycerol. It was found that γ-Al₂O₃ is effective catalyst for vapor-phase dehydration of glycerol into acrolein.     

Deactivation of reforming catalysts. Coke formation on metallic and acidic centers

To check coke formation on metallic (Pt^o) and acidic (Al₃₊) centers of Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt–Sn/Al₂O₃ catalysts, the application of IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO for detecting Pt^o–CO (2070 cm^–1) and Al³⁺–CO (2190 cm^–1) bonds has been substantiated. Decrease in the number of active Pt^o and Al³⁺ centers is shown to correlate with that in the dehydrogenation rate of cyclohexane and in the isomerization rate of heptane, respectively.

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(Pt^o) (Al³⁺) Pt/Al₂O₃ Pt–Sn/Al₂O₃ - CO Pt^o–CO (2070 ^–1) Al³⁺–CO (2190 ^–1). , Pt^o , Al³⁺- .

     

Deactivation resistant PdSb/C catalysts for direct formic acid fuel cells

Formic acid oxidation at novel carbon supported PdSb alloy catalysts has been studied in a multi-anode direct formic acid fuel cell with supporting mechanistic studies in a conventional electrochemical cell. The optimized PdSb/C catalysts show better high voltage and long term performances than a comparable commercial Pd/C catalyst and much better resistance to poisoning (deactivation). Electrochemical stripping voltammograms show that the presence of Sb lowers the potential required for CO oxidation, and greatly decreases the accumulation of CO on the catalyst surface during formic acid oxidation.     

Deactivation processes of homogeneous Pd catalysts using in situ time resolved spectroscopic techniques

UV-Vis, combined with ED-XAFS shows, for the first time, the evolution of inactive Pd dimers and trimers, that are a possible first stage in the deactivation process of important palladium catalysed reactions, leading to larger palladium clusters and eventually palladium black.     

燃煤电厂SCR催化剂的失活及再生实验研究

对某燃煤电站脱硝系统已运行24000 h的SCR催化剂进行活性测试,利用XRD、BET、XRF、FT-IR和XPS等表征手段分析发现,催化剂出现微、中孔堵塞及活性物质氧化等问题,导致催化剂失活。采用水洗和酸洗方法清除催化剂孔道中的堵塞物,发现水洗能还原部分V物质而酸洗能恢复催化剂表面的活性位并均匀负载具有提高活性位酸性作用的硫物种。对水洗后的催化剂进行SO_2硫化处理,发现相比酸洗Br■nsted和Lewis酸性位强度提高的同时Lewis酸性位密度也提高。再生处理后,酸洗在250℃以上活性恢复到新鲜催化剂水平,450℃硫化催化剂活性在380℃达到新鲜催化剂活性的104.6%。     

Hydrogenation of lactic acid on reduced copper-containing catalysts

The copper-containing catalysts were prepared by reduction of various oxide precursor compounds. Their catalytic properties were studied in the hydrogenation of lactic acid to propylene glycol under atmospheric pressure. An efficient catalyst, whose precursor compound is copper hydroxosilicate with the structure close to the natural mineral chrysocolla, was developed. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of propylene glycol were established that make it possible to achieve a conversion of lactic acid of 97% at atmospheric hydrogen pressure and 473 K.