Advances in Atroposelectively De Novo Synthesis of Axially Chiral Heterobiaryl Scaffolds

Axially chiral heterobiaryl frameworks are privileged structures in many natural products, pharmaceutically active molecules, and chiral ligands. Therefore, a variety of approaches for constructing these skeletons have been developed. Among them, de novo synthesis, due to its highly convergent and superior atom economy, serves as a promising strategy to access these challenging scaffolds including C-N, C-C, and N-N chiral axes. So far, several elegant reviews on the synthesis of axially chiral heterobiaryl skeletons have been disclosed, however, atroposelective construction of the heterobiaryl subunits by de novo synthesis was rarely covered. Herein, we summarized the recent advances in the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of the axially chiral heterobiaryl scaffold via de novo synthetic strategies. The related mechanism, scope, and applications were also included.     

手性纳米二氧化硅的制备和应用

由于在手性识别、手性分离以及手性催化等领域的潜在应用,手性纳米二氧化硅已经成为介孔二氧化硅材料发展的重要方向之一。人们通过设计不同的模板分子(包括凝胶因子、表面活性剂、嵌段聚合物及生物大分子等)、控制反应过程的参数等方法已经制备出不同形貌和不同功能化的手性纳米二氧化硅,但形貌可控、手性单一的纳米二氧化硅的制备仍然是该领域的极大挑战。本文对近年来手性纳米二氧化硅的制备及其应用的研究进展作一简单概述。     

手性二胺的合成及其在催化不对称反应中的应用

手性二胺作为具有良好催化活性和对映选择性的手性配体或手性辅助剂, 在多种催化不对称反应中已经得到广泛应用, 并取到了很好的研究成果. 目前, 手性二胺化学的研究已成为催化不对称化学领域中一个十分活跃和引人注目的研究热点. 综述了手性二胺化学近几年的研究进展.     

手性三元铜(Ⅱ)配合物的制备及其在菊酸不对称合成中的应用

手性金属配合物催化剂在不对称合成中占有重要地位^[1-3]。在该类催化剂参与的不对称催化反应中,配合物中手性配体是催化反应立体选择性优劣的关键^[4,5]。为了改进该类催化剂的性能,主要对手性配体进行过化学修饰。目前合成的手性催化剂几乎都是由同一种手性配体和一种金属离子组成的二元配合物,且高效者并不多.文献[6]曾提到有关手性三元配合物(亦称手性混合配体配合物)。在不对称催化中应用的可能性,但未见具体报道。本文以中性含氮配体和含氧酸与铜(Ⅱ)配位合成了一类手性三元铜(Ⅱ)配合物及其在不对称合成菊酸中的催化性能。     

手性1,2-二苯基-1,2-乙二胺及其衍生物在不对称合成中的应用

含有C2 对称轴的1,2-二胺在不对称合成中得到了广泛的应用.综述了手性1,2-二苯基-1,2-乙二胺及其衍生物的合成,以及作为手性辅助基和手性配体在不对称合成中的应用.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel chiral diporphyrins and their dimetal complexes

Reaction of chiral 2,2'-biamino-1,1'-binaphthalene (R or 5) with monosubstituted porphyrin 1b and 2b-c afforded novel chiral diporphyrins 3a-c and 4a-c. Their dimetal complexes [(M)2DiPor] have also been prepared. Both structures have been identified by MS, IR, UV-visible, 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. These novel chiral compounds show very high optical activities.     

手性多噁唑啉的一步合成方法

尽管已报道了多种结构类型的手性单或双噁唑啉, 但手性多噁唑啉的合成及其应用的文献报道比较少. 本工作以多元羧酸为原料, 与手性2-氨基-1-丁醇经一步反应合成了8个手性多噁唑啉, 产率为89%～98%, 其结构经¹ H NMR谱、IR谱、MS谱和元素分析确证.     

Glycosyl‐Templated Chiral Helix Stapling of Ethynylpyridine Oligomers by Alkene Metathesis between Inter‐Pitch Side Chains

Ethynylpyridine polymers and oligomers consisting of 4‐substituted pyridine rings linked by acetylene bonds at the 2‐ and 6‐positions have been investigated. Ethynylpyridine oligomers covalently linked with a glycosyl chiral template form chiral helical complexes by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, in which the chirality of the template is translated to the helix. With a view to fixation of the chiral architecture, D /L ‐galactosyl‐ and D /L ‐mannosyl‐linked ethynylpyridine oligomers have been developed with 4‐(3‐butenyloxy)pyridine units having alkene side chains. The helical structures are successfully stapled by alkene metathesis of the side chains. Subsequent removal of the chiral templates by acidolysis produces template‐free stapled oligomers. The chiral, template‐free, stapled oligomers show chiral helicity, which is resistant to polar solvents and heating.     

Aza‐Quaternary Scaffolds from Selective Bond Cleavage of Bridgehead‐Substituted 7‐Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane: Total Synthesis of (+)‐Cylindricines C–E and (−)‐Lepadiformine A

A novel bridgehead‐substituted aza‐bicyclic framework has been designed and developed in both enantiomeric forms through an asymmetric desymmetrization reaction. Strategic exploitation of the ring strain in the aza‐bicyclic framework has been utilized for the construction of the chiral aza‐quaterenary scaffolds by selective bond fragmentation processes. Furthermore, a strategically designed precursor is employed for selective bond cleavage to initiate a cascade rearrangement for the total synthesis of the 1‐azaspirotricyclic marine alkaloids (+)‐cylindricines C, D, and E, as well as (?)‐lepadiformine A. An oxidation/retro‐aldol/aza‐Michael sequence generated three new chiral centers with the required configuration in one pot.     

手性钛锆化合物在不对称合成中的应用

本文综述了近年来手性钛锆化合物在不对称合成中的应用, 特别是手性柄型金属钛和锆化合物在不对称合成中的应用。对这类催化剂的特点和前景作了简要介绍。     

Asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling for the Synthesis of Chiral Biaryl Compounds as Potential Monophosphine Ligands

Efficient asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions have been employed for the first time to synthesize chiral biaryl compounds with phosphinate groups as chiral auxiliaries. A series of functionalized chiral biaryls are thereby synthesized in excellent yields and good diastereoselectivities (up to >95:5 d.r.) and axially chiral monophosphorus ligands are obtained through further functionalizations.     

Preparation of Optically Enriched Secondary Alkyllithium and Alkylcopper Reagents—Synthesis of (−)‐Lardolure and Siphonarienal

Optically enriched secondary alkyl iodides were converted into secondary alkyllithium and secondary alkylcopper compounds with very high retention of configuration. Quenching with various electrophiles, including chiral epoxides, provided a range of chiral molecules with high enantiomeric purity (>90 % ee). This method has been applied in an iterative fashion in the total synthesis of (?)‐lardolure in 13 steps and 5.4 % overall yield (>99 % ee, dr>99:1) and siphonarienal in 15 steps and 5.6 % overall yield (>99 % ee, dr>99:1) starting from commercially available ethyl (R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (>99 % ee).     

具有生物活性的4-色满酮衍生物的合成进展

4-色满酮衍生物在自然界中广泛存在,大多数都具有生物活性。具有生物活性的4-色满酮衍生物又大多具有手性,尤其C2位置。有关它们的不对称合成引起了有机合成工作者的广泛关注。C2(手性)-4-色满酮衍生物合成的关键是C2手性中心的控制合成。本文根据4-色满酮衍生物构建方式的不同进行分类,概述了近十几年来合成C2(消旋或手性)4-色满酮衍生物的最新方法, 侧重讨论了合成立体结构专一的C2(手性)-4-色满酮的反应特点。     

生物催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应

手性环氧化物在合成上具有重要的应用价值。近年来,制取这些手性合成物的合成方法取得了很大的发展。文章重点讨论了生物催化手性前体烯烃不对称合成光学活性环氧化合物的发展状况。     

Efficient Enantioselective Syntheses of Chiral Natural Products Facilitated by Ligand Design

The employment of enantioselective transition‐metal‐catalyzed transformations as key steps in asymmetric natural product syntheses have attracted considerable attention in recent years owing to their versatile synthetic utilities, mild conditions and high efficiency in chirality generation. The chiral catalysts or supporting ligands are believed to be crucial for the requisite reactivity and enantioselectivity. Therefore, the rational design of chiral ligands is at the heart of developing new asymmetric transition‐metal catalyzed reactions and provides an avenue to the asymmetric synthesis of natural products. Our group has been engaged in the development of transition‐metal‐catalyzed enantioselective cross‐coupling, cyclization and other related reactions and the application of these methodologies to natural product syntheses. In this account, we summarized our recent synthetic efforts towards the efficient total syntheses of several different types of natural products including terpenes, alkaloids and polyketides facilitated by the design of a series of versatile P‐chiral phosphorous ligands.     

Preparation and Characterization of New Templated Hybrid Materials Containing a Chiral Diamine Ligand

New hybrid silica-based materials containing a chiral diamine ligand have been prepared by using primary amines as templates. Amorphous materials with high porosities and high surface areas have been characterized. They have been used to immobilize chiral rhodium complexes which catalyse the enantioselective reduction of acetophenone by hydride transfer, with low enantiomeric excess.     

Axially Chiral Aryl‐Alkene‐Indole Framework: A Nascent Member of the Atropisomeric Family and Its Catalytic Asymmetric Construction

A new class of axially chiral aryl‐alkene‐indole frameworks have been designed, and the first catalytic asymmetric construction of such scaffolds has been established by the strategy of organocatalytic (Z/E)‐selective and enantioselective (4+3) cyclization of 3‐alkynyl‐2‐indolylmethanols with 2‐naphthols or phenols (all >95 : 5 E/Z, up to 98% yield, 97% ee). This reaction also represents the first catalytic asymmetric construction of axially chiral alkene‐heteroaryl scaffolds, which will add a new member to the atropisomeric family. This approach has not only confronted the great challenges in constructing axially chiral alkene‐heteroaryl scaffolds but also provided a powerful strategy for the enantioselective construction of axially chiral aryl‐alkene‐indole frameworks.     

Chiral Ligands in Hypervalent Iodine Compounds: Synthesis and Structures of Binaphthyl-Based λ3-Iodanes

Several novel binaphthyl-based chiral hypervalent iodine(III) reagents have been prepared and structurally analysed. Various asymmetric oxidative reactions were applied to evaluate the reactivities and stereoselectivities of those reagents. Moderate to excellent yields were observed; however, very low stereoselectivities were obtained. NMR experiments indicated that these reagents are very easily hydrolysed in either chloroform or DMSO solvents leading to the limited stereoselectivities. It is concluded that the use of chiral ligands is an unsuccessful way to prepare efficient stereoselective iodine(III) reagents.     

Solvent- and temperature-dependent functionalisation of enantioenriched aziridines

A highly stereo‐ and regioselective functionalisation of chiral non‐racemic aziridines is reported. By starting from a parent enantioenriched aziridine and finely tuning the reaction conditions, it is possible to address the regio‐ and stereoselectivity of the lithiation/electrophile trapping sequence, thereby allowing the preparation of highly enantioenriched functionalised aziridines. From chiral N‐alkyl trans‐2,3‐diphenylaziridines (S,S)‐ 1 a , b , two differently configured chiral aziridinyllithiums could be generated (trans‐ 1 a , b‐Li in toluene and cis‐ 1 a , b‐Li in THF), thus disclosing a solvent‐dependent reactivity that is useful for the synthesis of chiral tri‐substituted aziridines with different stereochemistry. In contrast, chiral aziridine (S,S)‐ 1 c showed a temperature‐dependent reactivity to give chiral ortho‐lithiated aziridine 1 c‐ ortho ‐Li at ?78 °C and α‐lithiated aziridine 1 c‐α‐Li at 0 °C. Both lithiated intermediates react with electrophiles to give enantioenriched ortho‐ and α‐functionalised aziridines. The reaction of all the lithiated aziridines with carbonyl compounds furnished useful chiral hydroxyalkylated derivatives, the stereochemistry of which was ascertained by X‐ray and NMR spectroscopic analysis. The usefulness of chiral non‐racemic functionalised aziridines has been demonstrated by reductive ring‐opening reactions furnishing chiral amines that bear quaternary stereogenic centres and chiral 1,2‐, 1,3‐ and 1,5‐aminoalcohols. It is remarkable that the solvent‐dependent reactivity observed with (S,S)‐ 1 a , b permits the preparation of both the enantiomers of amines ( 11 and ent‐ 11 ) and 1,2‐aminoalcohols ( 13 and ent‐ 13 ) starting from the same parent aziridine. Interestingly, for the first time, a configurationally stable chiral α‐lithiated aziridine ( 1 c‐α‐Li ) has been generated at 0 °C. In addition, ortho‐hydroxyalkylated aziridines have been easily converted into chiral aminoalkyl phthalans, which are useful building blocks in medicinal chemistry.     

手性氮杂卡宾金属络合物的合成及其在不对称催化反应中的应用

手性氮杂卡宾金属络合物在多种催化反应中得到了广泛的应用, 并取得了很好的研究成果. 综述了手性氮杂卡宾金属络合物的合成以及它们在催化不对称反应中的应用研究进展, 如催化α,β-不饱和酮的1,4-加成反应、酮的氢硅烷化反应、烯烃的氢化反应和烯烃的复分解反应等.