聚丙烯基聚偕氨肟—硫脲络合物引发丙烯腈聚合动力学及机理

研究了硝酸溶液中聚丙烯基聚偕氨肟(PPAO)—硫脲(TU)络合物引发丙烯腈(AN)聚合动力学。在[TU]/[PPAO]<0.5摩尔比的条件下,表观聚合速度(R_p)是R_p=9.1×10~4e~(-45.2k J/RT)[AN]~(2.0)[HNO_3]~(1.5)[TU]~(1.0)聚合物分子量随聚合温度升高而下降,并与硝酸浓度的1.5次方和硫脲浓度的1.0次方成反比,与丙烯腈浓度和 PPAO 浓度无关。可表示为_m=K·1/T·(1/[HNO_3]~(1.5)[TU]~(1.0))=K_M·1/T·(R_p/R_t)根据实验结果,提出了“络合—质子转移”引发机理。     

DEPENDENCE OF ACRYLONITRILE POLYMERIZATION KINETICS ON THE COMPOSITION OF POLYAMIDOXIME-THIOUREA SYSTEM

The polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) initiated by polypropylene based-polyamidoxime (PPAO)-thiourea (TU) system was investigated at [TU]/[PPAO]>0.5 molar ratio. It shows that the variation of the concentrations of PPAO, thiourea and nitric acid does not exert an observable influence on the reaction rate. The overall rate of polymerization (R_p) isR_p = 2.07e~(-7,800/RT)[ AN]~(2.0)The zero order dependence on PPAO and thiourea concentrations and the lowest value of the collision frequence factor were considered to be a feature of the primary radical termination.     

STUDIES OF THE INITIATION MECHANISM OF VINYL POLYMERIZATION WITH THE SYSTEM PERSULFATE/N-ALKYL SUBSTITUTED ETHYLENEDIAMINE DERIVATIVES

Effects of N-alkyi substituted ethylenediamine derivatives on vinyl polymerization using persulfate as initiator were studied. The apparent kinetic equations and overall activation energies of acrylamide polymerization were determined using the above mentioned system as initiator. The promoting activities of different diamine derivatives on vinyl polymerization are in the order of tertiary diamine>secondary diamine>primary diamine. Diamines having methyl groups as the substituent on their nitrogen atom possess higher promoting activity than that of having larger alkyl groups. The initial free radicals produced through the redox reaction of persuifate and diamines were studied by spin strapping technique and ESR spectroscopy. The results obtained confirm the fact that the initial free radicals of the diamine species can initiate vinyl polymerization and become the amino end group of the resulting polymers.     

芳氧基钇在DMF中引发丙烯腈聚合的动力学研究

用单组分三(2,6-二叔丁基4甲基苯氧基)钇配合物[Y(OAr)3]引发丙烯腈聚合,发现介质对聚合反应的影响很大,在介电常数较大的极性溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,AN聚合反应的活性较高,在50℃下聚合3h,丙烯腈聚合反应转化率达到94%,所得聚丙烯腈(PAN)含52%间规结构.在DMF中聚合反应速率与单体、引发剂的浓度分别呈一级关系,丙烯腈聚合反应的表观活化能为22.1kJ·mol-1.     

TERMINATION AND TRANSFER OF THE CHAIN RADICALS IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE INITIATED BY VANADIUM(V)-THIOUREA REDOX SYSTEM

The dependence of the molecular weights on the concentration of reactants in the polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by vanadium (V)-thiourea redox system has been investigated. It was found that the molecular weights of the polymer change nonlinearly with increasing concentrations of nitric acid and thiourea. Probably, the composition of the complexes exert a great influence on the chain initiation and termination. The reaction of "complextermination" gives rise to the decrease of the molecular weights markedly while the concentrations of thiourea and vanadium (V)in the range from one to three molar ratios.     

STUDIES ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE INITIATED BY METAVANADATE-CONTAININ G ANION EXCHANGER-THIOUREA REDOX SYSTEM

The polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) in aqueous nitric acid initiated by metavanadate-containing anion exchange resin (PV)-thiourea (TU) redox system at 20—40℃. has been investigated. The overall rate of polymerization (R_p) is given byR_p=1.92×10~4e~(-6.860/RT) [AN]~(1.2) [PV]~(0.44) [TU]~(1.0)[HNO_3]~(1.0)The kinetic parameters differed from those of V~(5+)-TU system indicated that the generation of the primary radicals is mainly a difffusion-controlled reaction. The effect of macromolecular field arisen from the polymer matrix exerts a great influence on the polymerization process.     

STUDY ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE INITIATED BY POLYPROPYLENE-BASED VANADYL POLYIMIDODIACETATE——THIOUREA REDOX SYSTEM

The present paper deals with the kinetics of polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) initialed by the redox system of polypropylene-based vanadyi polyimidodiacetate (PV)-thiourea (TU)in aqueous sulfuric acid in the temperature range from 25 to 40℃. The polymerization rate was measured by varying the concentrations of monomer, vanadyl polyimidodiacetate, thiourea and sulfuric acid. The overall rate of polymerization was summarized asRp=2.2×10~5e~(-6.560/RT) [AN]~(1.0)[PV]~(0.50)[TU]~(1.5)[H_2SO_4]~(2.0)The molecular weight of polyacrylonitrile based on the experimental data was:(?)=k 1/T [pv]~(0.50)[TU]~(1.5)[H_2SO_4]~(2.0)These results indicated that the chain radicals are terminated by combination and/or disproportionation rather than chain transfer. The cooperation effect of carboxylic groups and the macromolecular field effect of polymer supporter are the characters of vanadyl polyimidodiacetate such as the case reported in early paper.     

POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE WITH ORGANOLANTHANIDES AS SINGLE-COMPONENT CATALYSTS

 Ind₂Y(μ-Et)₂AlEt₂ and Ind₂LnN(i-Pr)₂ (Ln = Y, Yb) were used as a single-component catalyst for the polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) respectively. The regularity of polymerization of AN and stereoregularity of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) were also studied in both cases. Both catalysts can produce PAN with molecular weight from I0,000to 30,000. In addition, the catalytic activity and molecular weights were increased by the addition of PhONa.     

PLASMA POLYMERIZATION OF HEXAMETHYLCYCLOTRISILOXANE

In a capacitively coupled RF discharge system with external electrodes ,hexamethyicyclotrisiloxane was polymerized, and the effects of discharge power and plasma gas on polymer deposition rate were studied. The polymer structures and properties were studied by IR spectroscopy, XPS measurement, PGC/MS combined technique, TG analysis and contact angle measuring. The results showed that the polymers prepared in H_2 or O_2 have higher C/Si ratio in comparison with those prepared in inert gases. PGC/MS results revealed the existence of many short carbon chains in the polymer structure .TG analysis suggested that the polymers prepared in the inert gas would possess better thermal stabilities.     

STUDY ON THE POLYMERIZATION KINETICS AND STABILITY OF P(UA)/MMA MICROEMULSION*

 Urethane acrylate anionomer (APUA) as a kind of new type polymerizable emulsifier was synthesized using 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), polypropylene glycol (PPG), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of APUA was measured by the methods of conductance and surface tension. The comparative studies between polymerizable emulsifier AUPA and conventional emulsifier sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were carried out in the emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Polymerization kinetics,stability, size and morphology of the latex particles were investigated. It was found that in APUA both water soluble initiator potassium persulfate (KPS) and oil soluble initiator 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) can start the reaction of MMA, and the polymerization rate and yield were very high. On using AIBN as an initiator, the conversion-time behavior of MMA with APUA as emulsifier was different to that of SDS as emulsifier, signifying a different nucleation mechanism of the polymer latex particle. The average size of the two kinds of particles is about 50 nm. The particle size decreases with increasing emulsifier concentration. On using KPS as the initiator, APUA as emulsifier, cross-linking hydrogel of PMMA would be formed, but SDS was used as emulsifier and the hydrogel of PMMA was not present.     

KINETICS OF POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE INITIATED BY COPPER POLYPROPYLENE-BASED POLYAMIDOXIME-SODIUM SULFITE SYSTEM*

The aqueous polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by copper polypropylene-based polyamidoxime (PPAO-Cu) -sodium sulfite system was investigated. The overall rate of polymerization (R_p) isR_p=9.7 x 10~(12) e~(-21.200/RT) [MMA]~(O.88)[Na_2 SO_3]~(0.50)The length of the induction period (τ) is inversely proportional to the concentration of sodium sultite and independent of the amount of polymer supported copper and the concentration of monomer. It could be expressed as follows:1/τ=1.2x10~(12)e~(-15.600/RT)[Na_2SO_3]=K_τR_iThe polymerization is initiated by a primary radical generated from the redox reaction rather than induced by "coordination-proton transfer" mechanism.     

EFFECT OF POLYMERIZATION CONDITIONS ON THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF POLYPHENYLSILSISQUIOXANE

Samples of polyphenylsilsisquioxane (PPSQ)using CaF_2 or MgF_2 as the main catalysts hadbeen prepared under different polymerization conditions. The results were treated on anorthogonal design L_9 (3~4). All weight-average molecular weights (M_W ) of PPSQ had beenmeasured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Effects of polymerization conditionsincluding reaction temperature, composition of the dual catalysts (CaF_2 or MgF_2 and DCC),mixture of solvents and reaction time on M_W of PPSQ have been discussed. The quantity of thecatalysts is the most important factor that affects M_W of PPSQ. Reaction temperature is thesecond important factor. Appropriate polymerization condition has been established to get PPSQwith high M_W.     

BARRIER PROPERTY AND STRUCTURE OF ACRYLONITRILE/ACRYLIC COPOLYMERS

A series of acrylonitrile (AN) copolymers with methyl acrylate (MA) or ethyl acrylate(EA) as comonomer (5--23 wt%) was prepared by free-radical copolymerization. The per-meability coefficients of the copolymers to oxygen and carbon dioxide were measured at1.0 MPa and at 30℃, and those to water vapor also measured at 100% relative humidityand at 30℃. All the AN/acrylic copolymers are semicrystalline. As the acrylate contentincrease, the permeability coefficients of the copolymers to oxygen and carbon dioxide areincreased progressively but those to water vapor are decreased progressively The gas per-meability coefficients of the polymers were correlated with free-volume fractions or the ratioof free volume to cohesive energy.     

AROMATIC AND HETEROCYCLIC NITRILES AND THEIR POLYMERS ⅩⅦ. THE POLYMERIZATION KINETICS OF CYANOPYRIDINES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FORMED POLYMER*

The polymerization rates of three cyanopyridines catalyzed by cuprous chloride-zinc system are measured, and the structure of the formed polymer is also determined. Compared with aromatic nitrile, cyanopyridines polymerize faster and form polyconjugated polymer with skeleton—(C=N)—_n instead of triazine structure. This chain-polymer possesses semiconductive property, and can be converted into conductive material by thermal treatment. In addition, the polymerization kinetics of 3-cyanopyridine catalyzed by 3-cyanopyridinium perchlorate is investigated. It is found that the polymerization rate is directly proportional to the concentrations of monomer and catalyst, and the activation energy of the polymerization is 103.1 KJ/mol.     

STUDY ON HIGHLY ACTIVE ZIEGLERNATTA CATALYSTS FOR POLYMERIZATION OF OLEFINS

In this paper, highly active Ziegler-Natta catalysts of MgCl_2 supported TiCl_4 for synthesis ofpolyolefins, using di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP) as internal donor and diphenyl dimethoxyl silane(DPDMS) as external donor, have been prepared. The conditions controlling the treatment ofsupport were studied. The interactions of various components present in the catalysts and theirinfluences on catalytic performance were investigated. It is found that by using DNBP and DPDMSas internal and external donors together the polymer products with higher isotactic index can beobtained. Plausible structure model and mechanism were proposed.     

"CAGE" VANADYL POLYCARBOXYLATE-THIOUREA COMPLEX FOR THE POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLONITRILE

The polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) in aqueous nitric acid initiated by " cage " vanadyl polycarboxylate (P=VO)-thiourea (TU) complex was investigated. The overall rate ofpolymerization isThe relationship between the induction period (τ) and the temperature of polymerization as well as the concentrations of reactants can be expressed as follows :The molecular weight of polyacrylonitrile increases with increasing monomer concentration and decreases with increasing temperature of polymerization and concentrations of vanadyl polycarboxylate and thioureaThe polymerization mechanism was proposed and discussed.     

可聚合的二苯酮-脂肪叔胺光氧化还原体系敏化的丙烯腈光聚合

<正> 关于二苯甲酮-三级胺体系引发烯类单体光聚合的研究已有许多报道。其引发机理研究得也比较透彻。此类引发体系之所以引人注目,除其本身具有良好的引发效果外,还有重要的一点在于氧气对于此体系不但无阻聚作用,而且在一定条件下能够加速其聚合反应。甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)是可聚合的脂肪叔胺。有关芳香酮类如二苯甲酮。芴酮与DMAEMA构成的引发体系的研究已有城田等人和张举贤     

POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE WITH ORGANOLANTHANIDES AS SINGLE-COMPONENT CATALYSTS*

 It was first found that Ind₂Y(μ-Et)₂AlEt₂ and Ind₂LnN(i-Pr)₂ (Ln = Y, Yb) exhibit extremely high catalytic activity in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. The reactions can be carried out over a quite broad range of polymerization temperatures from -30 to 50℃. PMMA with high molecular weight (7.8 × l0^-5) and high isotacticity (94%) can be obtained by using Ind₂Y(μ-Et)₂AlEt₂, and narrow molecular weight distribution (M_w/M_n < 1.5) can be obtained by using Ind₂LnN(iPr)₂(Ln = Y, Yb).     

KINETICS OF SUSPENDED EMULSION POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE*

 The kinetics of suspended emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), in which water acted as the dispersed phase and the mixture of MMA and cyclohexane as the continuous phase, was investigated. It showed that the initial polymerization rate (R_p0) and steady-state polymerization rate (R_p) were proportional to the mass ratio between water and oil phase, and increased as the polymerization temperature, the potassium persulphate concentration ([I]) and the Tween20 emulsifier concentration ([S]) increased. The relationships between the polymerization rate and [I] and [S] were obtained as follows: R_p0∝[I]^0.71[S]^0.23.The above exponents were close to those obtained from normal MMA emulsion polymerization. It also showed that the average molecular weight of the resulting poly(methylmethacrylate) decreased as the polymerization temperature,[I]and [S] increased. Thus, MMA suspended emulsion polymerization could be considered as a combination of many miniature emulsion polymerizations proceeding in water drops and obeyed the classical kinetics of MMA emulsion polymerization.     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丁酯在钕盐催化体系中聚合动力学和机理研究

采用Ｎｄ（Ｐ５０７）３－Ａｌ（ｉ－ＢＵ）３聚合体系催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯（ＭＭＡ）和甲基丙烯酸丁酯（ＢＭＡ）聚合．发现介质对聚合反应速率影响甚大．在石油醚中聚合反应速率与单体（ＭＭＡ、ＢＭＡ）、钕盐的浓度分别呈一级关系．ＭＭＡ．ＢＭＡ聚合的表现活化能分别为３３ｋＪ．ｍｏｌ－１和２４ｋＪ．ｍｏｌ－１．ＰＭＭＡ的间同含量达７０％左右．聚合反应属配位自由基机理．