CS2与大气颗粒物的多相催化反应研究

利用原位FTIR,XRD,XPS,BET,质谱和连续微量反应等手段研究了大气颗粒物及部分氧化物样品上CS₂多相催化反应,确认了反应产物,并对催化剂的晶化状况和比表面积等进行了考察.结果表明,CS₂在氧化物和大气颗粒物样品上发生氧化反应,生成COS及单质硫,部分样品上生成CO₂,活化状态下的[S]在大气颗粒物表面上能被进一步氧化为六价态硫.收集所得到的大气颗粒物样品成分主要是Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)·4H₂O;CS₂在氧化物或大气颗粒物样品上催化生成COS是催化剂表面吸附氧的作用之故.     

Catalytic oxidation of CS2 over atmospheric particles and oxide catalysts

The catalytic oxidization of CS₂ over atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts was explored through FT-IR, MS and a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. The results show that atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts exhibited considerable oxidizing activities for CS₂ at ambient temperature. The reaction products are mainly COS and elemental sulfur, even CO₂ on some catalysts. Among the catalysts, CaO has the strongest catalytic activity for oxidizing CS₂. Fe₂O₃ is weaker than CaO. The catalytic activity for Al₂O₃ reduces considerably compared with the former two catalysts, and SiO₂ the weakest. Atmospheric particle samples’ catalytic activity is between Fe₂O₃’s and Al₂O₃’s. The atmospheric particle sample collected mainly consists of Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈) · 4H₂O, which is also the main component of cement. COS, the main product, is formed by the catalytic oxidization of CS₂ with adsorbed “molecular” oxygen over the catalysts’ surfaces. The concentration of adsorbed oxygen over catalysts’ surfaces may be the key factor contributed to the oxidizing activity. It is indicated that CS₂ could be catalytically oxidized over atmospheric particles, which induced that this reaction may be another important source of atmospheric COS from CS₂.     

Catalytic oxidation of CS2 over atmospheric particles and oxide catalysts

The catalytic oxidization of CS₂ over atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts was explored through FT-IR, MS and a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. The results show that atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts exhibited considerable oxidizing activities for CS₂ at ambient temperature. The reaction products are mainly COS and elemental sulfur, even CO₂ on some catalysts. Among the catalysts, CaO has the strongest catalytic activity for oxidizing CS₂. Fe₂O₃ is weaker than CaO. The catalytic activity for Al₂O₃ reduces considerably compared with the former two catalysts, and SiO₂ the weakest. Atmospheric particle samples’ catalytic activity is between Fe₂O₃’s and Al₂O₃’s. The atmospheric particle sample collected mainly consists of Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈) · 4H₂O, which is also the main component of cement. COS, the main product, is formed by the catalytic oxidization of CS₂ with adsorbed “molecular” oxygen over the catalysts’ surfaces. The concentration of adsorbed oxygen over catalysts’ surfaces may be the key factor contributed to the oxidizing activity. It is indicated that CS₂ could be catalytically oxidized over atmospheric particles, which induced that this reaction may be another important source of atmospheric COS from CS₂.     

氧化铝基COS、CS_2水解催化剂表面碱性和催化作用

进行了３种氧化铝基催化剂上ＣＯ２的ＴＰＤ和ＣＯＳ、ＣＳ２的水解活性研究．结果表明，催化剂表面碱性中心类型、强度和数目是不相同的；Ｋ２Ｏ和Ｐｔ的负载能提高弱碱性中心的数目和强度，同时能显著提高ＣＯＳ、ＣＳ２的水解转化率．关联第一类ＣＯ２脱附活化能和峰面积与ＣＯＳ水解反应活化能和速率常数，发现呈线性关系，说明弱碱性中心是ＣＯＳ催化水解的活性中心．关联第一、二两类ＣＯ２脱附峰面积与ＣＳ２水解速率常数，指出弱、次弱两类碱性中心均参与了ＣＳ２催化水解．催化剂表面上能量的分布是不均匀的．     

氧化铝基催化剂上羰基硫和二硫化碳的水解研究 I.COS和CS_2的水解活性研究

在温度３０～１４０Ｃ空速１０００～５０００ｈ１和常压下，利用固定床反应器测定了三种氧化铝基催化剂上ＣＯＳ和ＣＳ２的水解活性。结果表明，ＣＯＳ和ＣＳ２水解反应速率与其浓度呈一级。低温时三种催化剂上ＣＯＳ和ＣＳ２表观反应活化能依次分别为５７．８０及５２．５０，４４．７１及５５．５３，３８．７０及３５．０ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。三种催化剂中，负载Ｋ２Ｏ和Ｐｔ的催化剂具有较好稳定性和最高活性。     

Removal of biomass tar by steam reforming over calcined scallop shell supported Cu catalysts

In this study, the main purpose is to develop low-cost catalysts with high activity and stability for high quality syngas production via steam reforming of biomass tar in biomass gasification process. The calcined waste scallop shell(CS) supported copper(Cu) catalysts are prepared for steam reforming of biomass tar. The prepared Cu supported on CS catalysts exhibit higher catalytic activity than those on commercial CaO and Al_2O_3. Characterization results indicate that Cu/CS has a strong interaction between Cu and CaO in CS support, resulting in the formation of calcium copper oxide phase which could stabilize Cu species and provide new active sites for the tar reforming. In addition, the strong basicity of CS support and other inorganic elements contained in CS support could enhance the activity of Cu/CS. The addition of a small amount of Co is found to be able to stabilize the catalytic activity of Cu/CS catalysts,making them reusable after regeneration without any loss of their activities.     

Fe/MCSAC catalysts surface modified with nitrogen DBD non‐thermal plasma for carbonyl sulfide catalytic hydrolysis activity enhancement

The removal of carbonyl sulfide (COS or S=C=O) from gas streams over Fe/microwave coconut‐shell activated carbon (MCSAC) catalysts modified by dielectric barrier discharge non‐thermal plasma (NTP) were investigated. The properties of Fe/MCSAC catalysts modified by NTP in different conditions, included kinds of reactors, treatment times and input voltages. The surface properties were evaluated by means of energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, Brunauer Emmett Teller, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods and theoretical calculation, which could help us understand the effects of the plasma treatment. The experiments results showed that the COS hydrolysis activities of Fe/MCSAC catalysts were largely enhanced after NTP modification. And the optimal reactor type, treatment time and input voltage were plate‐plate type, 10 min and 35 V, respectively. The catalytic activity enhanced effectually due to the improvement of active component's dispersion after NTP modification. In addition, the extended oxygen functional groups on NTP‐modified catalyst's surface could contribute to a higher activity for COS catalytic hydrolysis at low temperature. The investigation results indicate that non‐thermal plasma treatment is an effective way to manipulate catalyst surface properties for COS catalytic hydrolysis reaction. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

过渡金属氧化物催化剂上NH3 分解Claus反应机理研究

运用浸渍法制备了七种过渡金属氧化物催化剂.对于NH3 分解反应均可获得很高的NH3转化率;对于NH3分解Claus反应则可以获得较高的SO2转化率和单质硫选择性.通过比较发现Co3O4-TiO2和Fe2O3-TiO2催化剂的低温活性比较高.经过XRD表征发现,在NH3分解Claus反应中,催化剂的活性相可能是过渡金属硫化物.结合活性评价和XRD表征结果提出了NH3分解Claus反应的机理.     

Oxidative coupling of methane over La-promoted CaO catalysts： Influence of precursors and catalyst preparation method

The oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons has been studied over a series of La-promoted CaO (La/Ca = 0.05) catalysts, prepared using different precursor salts for CaO and La2O3 (viz. acetates, carbonates, nitrates and hydroxides) and catalyst preparation methods (viz. physical mixing of precursors, co-precipitation using ammonium carbonate/sodium carbonate as a precipitating agent), under different reaction conditions (temperature: 700-850℃, CH4/O2 ratio: 4.0 and 8.0, and GHSV: 51360 cm3 g-1 h-1)...     

Ce0.45Zr0.45Y0.07La0.03O1.95/La-Ba-Al2O3质量比对整体式铁基催化剂上稀薄甲烷燃烧的影响

采用共沉淀法和胶溶法分别制备了高性能的储氧材料Ce0.45Zr0.45Y0.07La0.03O1.95(OSM)和耐高温高比表面的La-Ba-Al2O3,并以它们为载体,制备了一系列整体式铁基催化剂.考察了该系列催化剂对甲烷稀薄燃烧的催化性能.并用低温N2吸附-脱附,储氧量(OSC)测试,X射线衍射(XRD)和H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等测试手段考察了不同Ce0.45Zr0.45Y0.07La0.03O1.95/La-Ba-Al2O3质量比对催化剂特性的影响.活性测试结果表明,当Ce0.45Zr0.45Y0.07La0.03O1.95/La-Ba-Al2O3质量比为1:1时新鲜和老化催化剂的活性均最好,新鲜催化剂可在50000h-1的高空速条件下使含量为1%(体积分数)的甲烷在446℃起燃,553℃完全转化;低温氮气吸附-脱附测试结果和H2-TPR表明,不同的Ce0.45Zr0.45Y0.07La0.03O1.95/La-Ba-Al2O3质量比使催化剂表现出不同的织构性能和还原性能;XRD测试结果表明,OSM以均一固溶体存在,Fe高度分散在载体上.综合以上表征手段得出:合适的Ce0.45Zr0.45Y0.07La0.03O1.95/La-Ba-Al2O3质量比导致催化剂具有优异的稀薄甲烷催化燃烧活性和热稳定性.     

Methane reforming With CO2 to syngas over CeO2-promoted Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 catalysts Prepared Via a direct sol-gel process

CeO2-promoted Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 (Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2-CeO2) catalysts were prepared by a direct sol-gel process with citric acid as gelling agent. The catalysts used for the methane reforming with CO2 was studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), microscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The catalytic performance for CO2 reforming of methane to synthesis gas was investigated in a continuous-flow micro-reactor under atmospheric pressure. TGA, IR, XRD and microscopic analysis show that the catalysts prepared by the direct sol-gel process consist of Ni particles with a nanostructure of around 5 nm and an amorphous-phase composite oxide support. There exists a chemical interaction between metallic Ni particles and supports, which makes metallic Ni well dispersed, highly active and stable. The addition of CeO2 effectively improves the dispersion and the stability of Ni particles of the prepared catalysts, and enhances the adsorption of CO2 on the surface of catalysts. The catalytic tests for methane reforming with CO2 to synthesis gas show that the Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2-CeO2 catalysts show excellent activity and stability compared with the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. The excellent catalytic activity and stability of the Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2-CeO2 are attributed to the highly, uniformly and stably dispersed small metallic Ni particles, the high reducibility of the Ni oxides and the interaction between metallic Ni particles and the composite oxide supports.     

硫化CoMo/Al2O3-TiO2催化剂上CO催化还原SO2的研究

报导了Al2O3、Al2O3-TiO2和TiO2担载的硫化CoMo催化剂上CO催化还原SO2的规律性,结果表明，反应物分别在350 ℃、350～400 ℃间和400 ℃完全转化为CO2和元素S.在含TiO2的催化剂上,CO-SO2反应可同时按COS中间物机理和Redox机理进行,从而使尾气中COS的含量大为降低,提高了生成元素S的选择性.对反应机理进行了讨论.     

Fe_2O_3／ZrO_2催化剂上一氧化碳加氢反应制低碳烯烃──I．催化剂反应性能及反应过程中铁物相的变化

用浸渍法制得一系列不同铁负载量的Ｆｅ２Ｏ３／ＺｒＯ２催化剂，应用催化反应评价结合穆斯堡尔谱对催化剂的ＣＯ加氢反应性能、催化剂活性相结构及催化剂铁物种在合成气反应过程中的物相变化进行了研究．结果表明，铁负载量的大小对于Ｆｅ２Ｏ３／ＺｒＯ２催化剂的Ｆ－Ｔ反应催化性能有很大影响，铁负载量适当时，Ｆｅ２Ｏ３／ＺｒＯ２催化剂铁锆间适当的强相互作用使得催化剂在保持较高催化活性的同时高选择性地生成低碳烯烃，产物分布偏离Ｓｃｈｕｌｚ－Ｆｌｏｒｙ分布规律．     

水热老化对不同方法制备的Fe-ZSM-5用于NH_3选择性催化还原NO_x的影响

采用液体离子交换、等体积浸渍和固相离子交换制备了一系列Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,并将其用于NH3选择性催化还原NOx(NH3-SCR)反应.运用X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱和原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂表面Fe物种可分为孤立Fe3+物种、低聚Fe氧化物团簇和Fe2O3,各催化剂上NH3-SCR反应活性不同的根本原因是其表面Fe物种分布不同.水热老化后,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂上400oC以下反应时NOx转化率降低,而高温活性略有提高,各催化剂活性差异减小;同时NH3氧化活性和NO氧化活性均明显降低.这可归因于水热老化使Fe-ZSM-5催化剂表面的孤立Fe3+物种相对浓度降低,低聚Fe氧化物团簇和Fe2O3相对浓度增加,以及催化剂表面Br?nsted酸性位显著减少所致.     

助剂钾对二氧化碳加氢反应活性及产物分布的影响

报导助剂Ｋ对Ａｌ２Ｏ３，ＴｉＯ２，ＺｒＯ２担载Ｆｅ催化剂，用于ＣＯ２加氢合成Ｃ２＋烃的催化活性及产物分布的影响。与不含Ｋ的催化剂相比，Ｋ的存在导致Ｆｅ／Ｋ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３的催化活性及Ｃ＾２＋烃选择性明显提高，但使Ｆｅ／Ｋ－ＴｉＯ２的催化活性及Ｃ２＋烃选择性显著下降，而对Ｆｅ／Ｋ－ＺｒＯ２，这种影响并不显著。Ｋ的明显有利于低碳烯烃的生存。     

Fe-Mn/Al2O3催化剂低温 NH3选择性催化还原 NO的性能

本文制备了一系列 Fe-Mn/Al2O3催化剂,并在固定床上考察了其 NH3低温选择性催化还原 NO的性能.首先考察了不同 Fe负载量制备的催化剂的脱硝性能,优选出最佳的 Fe负载量;在此基础上,研究了 Mn负载量对催化剂脱硝效率的影响;最后,对优选催化剂的抗 H2O和抗 SO2性能进行了实验研究;同时,对催化剂由于 SO2所造成的失活机制进行了考察.采用 N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、能量弥散 X射线谱、程序升温还原、程序升温脱附、X射线光电子能谱、热重和傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,最佳的 Fe和 Mn负载量均为8%,所制的8Fe-8Mn/Al2O3催化剂在150°C的脱硝效率可达近99%;同时,在整个低温测试区间(90–210°C)的脱硝效率均超过了92.6%. Fe在催化剂表面主要以 Fe3+形态存在,而 Mn主要包括 Mn4+和 Mn3+; Mn的添加提高了 Fe在催化剂表面的积累,促进了催化剂比表面积增大和活性物种分散,改善了催化剂氧化还原性能和对 NH3的吸附能力.催化剂的高活性主要是由于其具有较大的比表面积、高度分散的活性物种、增加的还原特性和表面酸性、较低的结合能、较高的 Mn4+/Mn3+和增强的表面吸附氧.此外,8Fe-8Mn/Al2O3的催化性能受 H2O和 SO2影响较小,抗 H2O和 SO2能力较强.同时,反应温度对催化剂的抗硫性有重要影响,在较低的反应温度下,催化剂抗硫性更好; SO2造成催化剂活性降低主要是由于催化剂表面硫酸盐物种的生成.一方面,表面硫酸铵盐的生成造成催化剂孔道堵塞和比表面积降低,减少了反应中的气固接触从而导致活性降低;另一方面,催化剂表面的活性物种被硫酸化,造成反应中的有效活性位减少,从而降低了催化剂活性.     

催化剂对CaO固硫反应活性的影响研究

用热天平研究了在CaO中添加不同催化剂对固硫反应进程及固硫反应转化率的影响,并采用等效粒子模型处理实验数据,计算了固硫反应两个阶段(表面化学反应控制阶段及产物层扩散控制阶段)的动力学参数。实验表明不同的催化剂对CaO固硫的影响效果和机制不同：催化剂KNO3,NaNO3使表面化学反应活化能和产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能降低,但同时也使表面化学反应指前因子和扩散系数指前因子降低;而催化剂Fe2O,V2O5增大了表面化学活化能和产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能,但同时也增大了表面化学反应指前因子和扩散系数指前因子。并发现几种催化剂对活化能和指前因子的影响都具有耦合性,因此单以表面化学反应活化能或产物层扩散控制阶段反应活化能来判断固硫反应活性是不够全面的,应计算出具体温度下的反应速率常数和产物层扩散系数值,才能准确地反映固硫反应的活性。     

Fe-P-O超细非晶态催化剂的制备与表征

共沉淀法;乙烷化学吸附;Fe-P-O超细非晶态催化剂的制备与表征     

The adsorption and reaction of a titanate coupling reagent on the surfaces of different nanoparticles in supercritical CO2

The adsorption and reaction in supercritical CO2 of the titanate coupling reagent NDZ-201 on the surfaces of seven metal oxide particles, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, TiO2 (anatase), TiO2 (rutile), Fe2O3, and Fe3O4, was investigated. FTIR and TG analysis indicated that the adsorption and reaction were different on different particle surfaces. On SiO2 and Al2O3 particles, there was a chemical reaction of the titanate coupling reagent on the surfaces. On the surfaces of ZrO2 and TiO2 (anatase) particles, there were two kinds of adsorption, weak and strong adsorption. On the surfaces of TiO2 (rutile), Fe2O3, and Fe3O4 particles, there was only weak adsorption. The acidity or basicity of the OH groups on the particle surface was the key factor that determined if a surface reaction occurred. When the OH groups were acidic, the titanate coupling reagent reacted with these, but otherwise, there was no reaction. The surface density of OH groups on the original particles and the amount of titanate coupling reagent adsorbed and reacted were estimated from TG analysis. The reactivity of the surface OH groups of Al2O3 particles was higher than that of the SiO2 particles.     

Pt，Pd助剂对Ni基催化剂中Ni的分散度及抗积碳性能的影响

研究了添加少量贵金属(Pt,Pd)的Ni/Al2O3催化剂对甲烷水蒸汽重整反应抗积碳能力和催化性能的影响.催化活性实验表明,添加少量Pt的样品显著提高了Ni/Al2O3催化剂的活性,稳定性,抗积碳和抗氧化能力,而添加Pd的样品对Ni/Al2O3催化剂的催化性能提高并不明显.利用氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR),X射线晶体衍射(XRD),热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)等手段对反应前后的催化剂进行了表征,研究发现在Ni-Pt/Al2O3催化剂中Ni与Pt之间存在较强的相互作用力,在主要由Ni覆盖的表面形成了Ni-Pt双金属簇,提高了Ni的分散度,在催化剂的表面易于形成较小的Ni颗粒,抑制了Ni的烧结,改善了Ni基催化剂的抗积碳能力;贵金属Pt通过H2的溢流效应促进了Ni的还原,抑制了催化剂的氧化.而在Ni-Pd/Al2O3中,Ni和Pd存在着一定的偏析效应,不能有效的形成Ni-Pd双金属簇,在还原过程中分别被还原.