怎样认识氧化性？

介绍影响物种氧化性的诸多因素.在酸性介质中,HClO2的氧化性最强.通过计算发现,HClO2没有对称元素,属C1点群,而HClO的3个原子处于一个平面,该平面就是分子的对称面,属Cs点群,前者对称性比后者低.根据此结果,不难理解HClO2的强氧化性.     

镀Pd的GC电极上HCOOH的电催化氧化

在玻璃碳 (GC)基底上电沉积Pd ,应用SEM观测Pd沉积层的表面形貌 ,用循环伏安法研究了Pd/GC电极上HCOOH在HClO4溶液中的电氧化行为 .结果表明 ,Pd的电沉积条件影响电极的催化性能 .在高电流密度下制得的Pd/GC电极对HCOOH的电氧化具有比纯Pd电极更高的催化活性 .当电极表面生成PdO时 ,HCOOH被电氧化的活性很低 ,而在PdO还原后生成的Pd表面 ,HCOOH的电氧化显示极高的活性 .本文还讨论了Pd(Ⅱ )离子对HCOOH电氧化过程的影响 .     

聚苯胺在高pH值溶液中的电化学活性

由于聚苯胺(PANI)独特的质子酸掺杂机制, 其在高pH值溶液中会发生去质子化过程, 导致失去导电性和电化学活性, 故普通PANI只有在酸性介质中(pH<4)才具有电化学氧化-还原活性, 这成为PANI应用的一大障碍. 为解决PANI在高pH值溶液中的“失活”问题, 人们提出了各种各样的方法. 从基于质子酸掺杂机理和基于电荷转移机理的两大解决途径入手, 就提高PANI在高pH环境中电化学活性的方法进行了系统综述, 重点评述了自掺杂、高分子酸掺杂和碳纳米管掺杂PANI的制备方法、电化学特性以及提高电化学活性的作用机制, 并指出了提高PANI高pH环境下的电化学活性所存在的难点及今后的研究方向.     

NH_4~+对甲酸在炭载Pd催化剂上氧化性能的影响

为了解HClO4、NH4ClO4和NaClO4电解液对炭载Pd(Pd/C)催化剂电极对甲酸氧化的电催化性能的影响,在用X射线衍射(XRD)谱、能量色散谱(EDS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对Pd/C催化剂进行表征的基础上,采用电化学方法测量了Pd/C催化剂在不同电解液中对甲酸氧化的电催化性能.发现在不同电解液中,Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性和稳定性按NH4ClO4NaClO4HClO4的次序降低.由于甲酸的存在,不同电解液的pH相差较小,因此,电解液的pH影响较小,而阳离子的影响较大.在NaClO4电解液中的性能优于在HClO4电解液中的性能是pH的影响.在NH4ClO4电解液中的性能优于在NaClO4电解液中是由于NH4+能降低CO在Pd/C催化剂电极上的吸附强度和吸附量,这一发现对提高直接甲酸燃料电池(DFAFC)的性能很有意义.     

炭黑负载Pt-Sn双金属催化剂对乙醇的电催化氧化性能

采用一步还原法(乙二醇为还原剂)与两步还原法(在聚乙烯吡咯烷酮PVP保护下,先用硼氢化钠还原制备Sn溶胶,沉积Pt后用乙二醇还原)制备了炭黑负载Pt-Sn双金属催化剂,利用循环伏安法和计时电流法考察了催化剂制备方法、Pt/Sn原子比、溶液p H值、PVP/Sn质量比、反应介质等对乙醇室温电催化氧化活性和稳定性的影响.以X光衍射、透射电镜及电化学活性面积测定对所得催化剂进行了表征.发现引入Sn明显提高了Pt催化剂对乙醇的电催化活性与稳定性,两步还原法得到的Pt3Sn/C催化剂具有更小的颗粒尺寸,更大的电化学活性面积及更高的乙醇氧化活性与稳定性.与酸性介质相比,该催化剂在碱性介质中的电化学活性更好.     

载体酸性对铜基交联黏土催化剂上C3H6选择性催化还原NO反应的影响

采用聚合羟基复合阳离子合成交联蒙脱土Al-Ce-PILC, 并分别用NH4NO3和(NH4)2SO4处理后， 将其作为载体, 采用浸渍法制备了应用于C3H6选择性催化还原NO反应的铜基交联黏土催化剂Cu/Al-Ce-PILC. 用Py-IR， IR和DSC等表征技术研究了不同处理方式对Al-Ce-PILC的结构、 酸性和催化剂活性的影响. 结果表明, 未经处理的Al-Ce-PILC中同时存在L酸和B酸, 以L酸为主, Cu/Al-Ce-PILC上NO的最大转化率仅为18。5％; 用NH4NO3处理提高了L酸量, NO转化率降低; 而用(NH4)2SO4处理改变了Al-Ce-PILC的酸性结构, 增大了B酸量, 并形成了超强酸中心, 催化剂上NO转化率显著提高, 在350 ℃时达最大值50.2％. B酸对于Cu/Al-Ce-PILC上NO的还原是必要的, 它有利于C3H6吸附并适度氧化为活性中间物种, 其酸量和酸强度的增加是催化剂活性改善的主要原因.     

关于钒的滴定法中铬、铈的干扰问题

滴定法测定钒常采用在室温条件下,用高锰酸钾溶液氧化至高价后,用硫酸亚铁铵标准溶液滴定,指示剂则多数采用邻苯氨基苯甲酸。在此方法中主要的干扰元素为铬和铈。铬是钢铁中常用的合金元素,在冷溶液中用高锰酸钾溶液氧化钒时可能有少量铬(Ⅲ)被氧化至高价,可加亚砷酸钠溶液使铬(Ⅵ)选择性地被还原,从而避免其干扰。氧化还原测定也是测定铈的主要方法之一。四价铈是强氧化剂,Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)电对的氧化还原电位与溶液介质和酸的浓度有关,在1mol·L~(-1)的HCl、HNO_3、HClO_4和0.5mol·L~(-1)H_2SO_4溶液介质中分别为1.28V、1.61V、1.70V和1.44V。而且在磷酸介质中由于生成铈与磷酸根的络合物,使其氧化还原电位降低,因此三价铈更容易被氧化。在磷酸介质中用硝酸铵或高锰酸钾可使铈定量氧化。因此,在钒的滴定法测定中,如果有铈     

活性氯在316L不锈钢电极表面的阴极行为研究

利用电化学方法研究了活性氯在3.5%NaCl溶液中316L不锈钢电极表面的阴极还原反应及其反应机制.实验表明,随着溶液中活性氯浓度的增加,316L不锈钢的自腐蚀电位正移,阴极反应的极限扩散电流明显增大,说明活性氯对316L不锈钢电极表面的两个阴极反应,即HClO还原和ClO-还原具有明显的促进作用.本文的研究确定了产生这两个还原反应的电位范围,并进一步探索了该还原反应速度的控制步骤.     

CexZr1—xO2复合氧化物负载PdO催化剂的CO和CH4氧化性能研究

以CexZr1-xO2复合氧化物为载体, 采用浸渍法配制了负载PdO催化剂,考察了催化剂对CO和CH4的氧化活性, 并对该催化剂的还原性能进行了表征. 结果表明,Ce/Zr比对催化剂的活性影响很大. 对于CO氧化, 当x=0.8时, 催化活性最高;而对于CH4氧化, x=0.5时,活性最高. 出现3个催化剂还原峰(α、β、γ), α峰归属于PdO还原,而β和γ峰归属于载体的还原. 我们认为α峰与CO氧化有关.     

铌酸锰-还原氧化石墨烯复合光催化剂的构建以及可见光下降解亚甲基蓝

通过水热法和光还原方法成功地制备了铌酸锰-还原氧化石墨烯复合光催化剂。这种复合光催化剂可以明显地提高光催化降解亚甲基蓝的光催化活性,降解效率在60 min内达到了78.2%,是单体铌酸锰降解效率的2倍。通过活性物质捕获实验的研究,增强的光催化性能可以归因于还原氧化石墨烯加速了光生电子-空穴的分离效率,进而解决了低光催化活性的问题。     

Oxidation of organic substances with compounds of trivalent manganese: XVII. Coulometric generation of the diphosphate complex of trivalent manganese in sulphuric acid medium and hexaaquomanganese(III) ions in perchloric acid medium

Conditions were found for the electrochemical generation of the diphosphate complex of trivalent manganese in a sulfuric acid medium and of hexaaquomanganese(III) ions in perchloric acid medium. Practical application of the studied reagents was verified by coulometric titration of the order of tenths of milligrams of ferrous ions and hydroquinone. Indirect determination of oxalic acid based on its oxidation with excess electrochemically produced trivalent manganese in perchloric acid medium and on coulometric back titration of the unreacted oxidizing agent with ferrous ions was also studied.     

The use of redox reactions in the analysis of dyes and dye intermediates : VI. Determination of 4,4′-dinitrostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid with potassium permanganate

Conditions were found for the electrochemical generation of the diphosphate complex of trivalent manganese in a sulfuric acid medium and of hexaaquomanganese(III) ions in perchloric acid medium. Practical application of the studied reagents was verified by coulometric titration of the order of tenths of milligrams of ferrous ions and hydroquinone. Indirect determination of oxalic acid based on its oxidation with excess electrochemically produced trivalent manganese in perchloric acid medium and on coulometric back titration of the unreacted oxidizing agent with ferrous ions was also studied.     

Effects of anions on chemical instabilities in the oxidation of formic acid

Results are presented from experiments conducted on the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid at polycrystalline Pt under constant current conditions. Sulfuric acid and perchloric acid with and without small amounts of HCl were used as supporting electrolytes. The onset of distinctive instabilities, not observed in the HCl-free perchloric acid solution, occurred when the concentration of HCl reached 5 × 10⁶ M. For [HCl] = 1 × 10⁶ M, the observed instabilities were essentially the same as those seen in the HCl-free solution. The result indicates that instabilities might be used for the detection of fairly small anion concentrations. Instabilities observed using the sulfuric acid solution and those observed using the perchloric acid solution were drastically different. A greater extent of adsorption of a given anion cannot be the only reason for the different behaviors. It is argued that anions are directly involved in the oxidation process.     

An experimental and theoretical study of interactions between unlike surface anions and increases in the rate of electrochemical reactions

Experimental and theoretical results are presented on increases in the rate of electrochemical reactions, which are achieved by replacing a small fraction of the original anions in solution with more inhibiting ones. The rate of the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid was substantially increased by replacing a small amount of the supporting electrolyte, perchloric acid, with either sulfuric acid or tetrafluoroboric acid. The largest increases were achieved by substituting mixtures of the last two acids. A theoretical analysis of an electrochemical reaction coupled to anion adsorption is presented. The analysis reveals that, if repulsive forces of appropriate strength form between unlike surface anions, replacing a fraction of the original anions in solution with one or two kinds of more inhibiting anions can increase the rate of reaction.     

The adsorption of tetraethylammonium ions at a mercury electrode from perchlorate solutions

The adsorption of tetraethylammonium ions at the mercury-perchlorate solution interphase has been studied. Solutions at constant perchloric acid activity have been prepared and the use of several perchloric acid activities allows us to calculate the simultaneous adsorption of both ions: tetraethylammonium and perchlorate. An interphase model is described to explain co-adsorption of both ions.     

The electrochemical behaviour of irreversibly adsorbed palladium on Pt(111) in acid media

The irreversible adsorption of submonolayer and monolayer coverages of palladium on Pt(111) has been investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry in sulphuric and perchloric acid. The so-called anomalous and normal hydrogen regions are always observed, irrespective of the number of palladium atoms adsorbed. However, subtle changes in the distribution of charge between the two regions and changes in their fine structure appear to contradict previous assertions concerning strongly bonded hydrogen on clean Pt(111). Depending on the electrolyte used, slight differences are also observed in the electrochemical characteristics of these features in the presence of palladium, particularly with reference to the reversibility of the peaks. This suggests that the anomalous peaks in perchloric and sulphuric acid have different origins. Coincidence of thermal Pd-O and Pt-O desorption with the anomalous peak in perchloric acid implies strongly that this feature arises from the adsorption and desorption of some oxygenated species, probably OH(ads) interacting weakly with the background electrolyte. The nature of the anomalous region in sulphuric acid is discussed in the light of these results. Finally, the role played by specifically adsorbed anions in facilitating surface mobility is again emphasised, particularly in relation to the stability of the palladium overlayer in acid media and the removal of surface heterogeneity.     

钯镍合金薄膜电极上甲酸电氧化-去合金化效应

在含PdC l2、N iSO4和乙二胺的弱碱性镀液中,于Au电极上用恒电位电沉积Pd-N i合金薄膜,后经酸性溶液中循环伏安法处理,得到去合金化的Pd-N i电极.扫描电镜以及电化学测试表明,去合金化处理使Pd-N i镀膜表面微观粗糙度增加,比表面积增大;ICP-AES和XPS分析证实合金表层N i的优先溶出造成Pd的富集.去合金化处理的Pd-N i电极电催化氧化甲酸的活性明显优于未处理的Pd-N i电极和多晶Pd电极.     

Influence de la cinétique des réactions chimiques sur les courbes de polarisation : Application à l'étude des complexes thiocyanés du titane(iv) et du titane(III)

The electrochemical oxidation-reduction of the system titanium(IV) — titanium(III) is slow at dropping mercury electrode in perchloric acid or hydrochloric acid, but becomes rapid in the presence of thiocyanate ions.On the basis of polarization curves, interpreted according to a preliminary theoretical study, the authors conclude that the rapid electrochemical reaction is the following: TiOH.SCN⁺² + H⁺ + e ? TiSCN⁺² + H₂OAn application of the findings to the polarographic determination of titanium is given.     

Interaction of water with methanesulfonic acid on Pt single crystal electrodes

The electrochemical behavior of methanesulfonic acid on platinum single crystal electrode surfaces is investigated by cyclic voltammetry and infrared spectroscopy measurements. The results are compared with the voltammetric profiles of perchloric and trifluoromethanesulfonic acids. The differences are interpreted in terms of the effect of the anion on the structure of water. No adsorbed species are detected by infrared spectroscopy.     

Poly-N-benzylaniline prepared in perchloric acid——a new soluble semiconducting polymer

Chemical or electrochemical oxidation of N-benzylaniline in perehloric acid solution yieldsa highly colored polymer——poly-N-benzylaniline (PBAn).The polymer has good solubility in a num-ber of organic solvents in either acid or base form.At room temperature,conductivity measurementson pressed pellets of the acid form PBAn give a conductivity of 9.3×10~(-6) S·cm~(-1).The soluble polymerwas analyzed using a variety of common experimental techniques including UV-vis,IR,NMR,ESRspectroscopy,elemental analysis and electrochemieal analysis.All experimental results showed thatPBAn has a structure similar to polyaniline with the elimination of some benzyl groups.