运用密度泛函活性理论的信息论方法研究苯并富烯衍生物的芳香性（英文）

文献中已有越来越多的芳香性体系被发现,同时也有越来越多的芳香性指标被提出来,但是如何解释芳香化合物稳定性的起源以及理解芳香性的本质仍然是当今理论化学中一个悬而未决的难题。运用我们新近提出的密度泛函活性理论信息论方法,不久前我们曾对一系列富烯衍生物进行了系统研究并得到了一个全新的认识。本文进一步探讨苯并富烯衍生物的芳香性行为,目的在于考察一个或多个苯环与富烯连接之后其芳香性发生变化的情况。运用香农熵,费舍尔信息,Ghosh-Berkowitz-Parr熵,Onicescu信息能,信息增益,以及相对Rényi熵六个信息量,和四种芳香指标,ASE,HOMA,FLU和NICS,我们系统地研究了信息量和芳香性指标在单、双、三苯并富烯衍生物中的相关性。我们发现,不管是否有苯环与富烯相连,芳香指标和信息量的交叉相关性都是一样的。这表明,虽然苯环本身具有芳香性,但苯环与富烯相连并不能改变富烯的芳香性与反芳香性本质。苯并富烯衍生物与富烯衍生物的芳香性和反芳香性一致。苯并富烯衍生物的芳香性和反芳香性完全取决于富烯本身的芳香性和反芳香性。这些结果为认识和理解复杂体系芳香性和反芳香性起源和本质将提供有益的启示。     

芳基离子及芳基自由基与 环己二烯离子及环己二烯自由基的区别

通过比较芳香亲电取代与芳基重氮盐的水解反应和芳香亲核取代与芳基金属有机试剂参与的反应中芳香部分结构的差别来说明芳基正离子与环己二烯正离子以及芳基负离子与环己二烯负离子的区别。讨论了芳香自由基偶联中的芳基自由基及其对芳香环的自由基加成中的环己二烯自由基的差别。还讨论了芳基离子和自由基结构与芳香性的关系。反应中涉及芳烃芳香环碳原子的sp2杂化轨道形成的σ键断裂时,苯环的6电子大π键不被破坏,根据电子转移的情况,可以形成芳基正离子、芳基负离子或芳基自由基。而亲电试剂、亲核试剂或自由基对芳烃的苯环π键发生的加成反应,都会破坏苯环的6电子大π键,使其失去芳香性,相应地形成环己二烯正离子、环己二烯负离子和环己二烯自由基中间体。     

共轭回路模型与价键结构理论

共轭回路模型与价键结构理论班福强戴柏青＊（哈尔滨师范大学化学系１５００００）苯型烃的芳香性理论是离域化学键思想的最初表达。１９７２年Ｃｌａｒ［１］将经典的共轭多环分子的芳香稳定性与芳香六元环的数目有关的化学观点抽象为判定芳香性最强结构的两个标准：１．...     

方酸与某些偶氮化合物的反应

作为非苯系芳香性化合物和有机插烯二元酸,双功能性的方酸,可与许多亲核试剂反应并生成相应的双取代产物,通常都很难生成单取代产物。当它与芳环直接相连时会产生惊人的深色位移,这类化合物有诱人的应用前景。考虑到偶氮染料在染料工业中的作用和地位,我们试图在方酸衍生物中引入偶氮基,     

芳香性的本质

人们一直把芳香性化合物所具有的特殊的结构稳定性归结于电子的离域作用,但这种离域作用并不能使共轭多烯获得明显的芳香性。只有当离域作用存在球形或圆形对称中心,且离域电子满足一定规则时化合物才具有特殊的结构稳定性。本文将芳香性归结于“向心作用”,以区别于直链共轭多烯以及不具有这种对称中心的离域作用,同时将向心作用推广到三维体系,再一次证实了Mobius芳香性的存在。     

多蝶烯及其衍生物的合成与应用进展

多蝶烯及其衍生物是一类具有独特三维刚性结构的芳香族化合物,它们由三个以上的独立苯环连接在 双环辛三烯片段上而形成,多蝶烯的概念是对三蝶烯概念的扩展。近年来,由于其特殊的刚性、芳香性以及三维骨架结构,该类化合物引起了人们越来越多的关注,并在超分子化学、材料化学、分子机器等许多领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文首先概述多蝶烯、多蝶烯醌及其衍生物的合成,然后重点介绍多蝶烯衍生物在共轭聚合物材料、有机多孔与低介电常数材料、化学传感、单层自组装结构、分子机器以及基于新型合成主体超分子化学等方面的应用研究进展。     

金属苯炔的合成与化学性质

金属苯炔是一类新颖的杂环芳香化合物.它们可看成是苯炔分子中的一个碳原子被等瓣的过渡金属基团取代而衍生出来的六元杂环化合物.近年来,金属苯炔的化学引起了人们的兴趣和关注.一系列含锇和铼的金属苯炔已被成功地合成和鉴定.这些金属苯炔不仅具有有机化合物的芳香性,还具有金属有机化合物的属性.它们既可以发生芳香体系的经典反应(如亲电取代反应),也可以发生金属有机化合物的反应(如卡宾化合物的形成).     

共轭效应和芳香性本质的争论和它们的历史发展

“共轭效应是稳定的”是有机化学的最最基本原理之一。但是,自30年代起,键长平均化,4N＋2芳香性理论,苯环D~6~h构架的起因,分子的构象和共轭效应的因果关系,π-电子离域的结构效应等已经受到了广泛的质疑。其中,最引人注目的是Vollhardt等合成了中心苯环具有环己三烯几何特征的亚苯类化合物,Stanger等合成了键长平均化,但长度在0.143～0.148nm的苯并类衍生物。最近(1999年),Stanger又获得了在苯环中具有单键键长的苯并类化合物。在理论计算领域,争论主要表现在计算方法上,集中在如何将作用能分解成π和σ两部分。随着论战的发展,作用能分解法在有机化学中的应用不断地发展和完善,Huckel理论在有机化学中的绝对权威也受到了挑战。为此,简要地介绍了能量分解法的发展史,对kollma法的合理性提出了质疑。此外特别介绍了我们新的能量分解法,及在共轭效应和芳香性的研究中的新观点和新的思维模式。     

芳香性的概念

芳香性的概念最初只是与苯及其衍生物的性质联系在一起。随着有机化学的发展,很快就发现某些非苯系的高度不饱和的有机化合物(如杂环化合物)具有和苯相似的芳香性。这说明芳香性并非苯及其衍生物所特有。     

不对称四硫富瓦烯衍生物合成新方法及其电化学性质的研究

以2,3－二（2′－氰乙硫基）－6,7－亚烷硫基四硫富瓦烯为原料,在醇钠的作用下消去氰乙基生成的二元硫负离子与对－二（氯甲基）苯反应除了生成两种新的不对称四硫富瓦烯衍生物外,还得到两种新的“二桥”－双四硫富瓦烯衍生物,为四硫富瓦烯衍生物的合成提供了一种新的方法。并对不对称四硫富瓦烯衍生物和“二桥”－双四硫富瓦烯衍生物的循环伏安图、电化学性质和UV－Vis光谱进行了研究。     

Facile Synthesis of Polycyclic Pentalenes with Enhanced Hückel Antiaromaticity

Pentalenes represent highly reactive Hückel antiaromatics with 8π electrons. Usually, pentalenes are stabilized by incorporation of two benzene rings in a fused fashion. In dibenzo[a ,e ]pentalenes, however, the high aromaticity of the fused benzene rings compromises the inherent antiaromaticity of the pentalene core. Herein, we disclose that this forfeited antiaromaticity can be restored by fusing four additional aromatic rings onto the peripheral positions of dibenzo[a,e]pentalenes. Such polycyclic pentalenes were prepared by successive transannular cyclizations via in situ‐generated tetrakisdehydro[16]annulenes. The thus obtained compounds showed intriguing properties, for example, characteristic absorptions in the visible‐to‐near‐infrared (NIR) region and low reduction potentials. These results hence afford a design principle to produce highly antiaromatic yet stable pentalenes. The antiaromaticity of the pentalene core can be widely tuned via the degree of aromaticity of the peripherally fused rings.     

Electronic properties and aromaticity of substituted diphenylfulvenes in the ground (S<Subscript>0</Subscript>) and excited (T<Subscript>1</Subscript>) states

In the present account, we investigate electronic properties of diphenylfulvene and its derivatives substituted in phenyl rings. The results were compared with the analogous properties of fulvene and its derivatives with the same substituents at the exocyclic carbon atom. All properties were evaluated and compared in the ground electronic S₀ state and in the first excited T₁ triplet state. These properties are dipole moments, charges, number of π electrons, and aromaticity of the fulvenic, five-membered ring in the two sets of compounds. The latter property was estimated by the harmonic oscillator model for aromaticity (HOMA) index and, for the fulvenes group, by the calculation of aromatic stabilization energy in both electronic states. It was also investigated whether Baird’s rule alone can account for the aromaticity differences in the two electronic states.     

Local aromaticity study of heterocycles using n-center delocalization indices: the role of aromaticity on the relative stability of position isomers

A quantitative study on local aromaticity based on n-center electron delocalization indices, n being the number of atoms in the ring, is performed on a series of heterocycles containing N, O or S. The results indicate that the order of stability within a series of position isomers is not controlled by aromaticity but by other structural factors. Thus, for a certain series of monocycles position isomers (diazoles, triazoles, tetrazoles, diazines, triazines, and tetrazines) the most stable compound is the least aromatic one and vice versa. However, aromaticity controls the stability for series of isomers where these structural factors are similar. For the case of isocompounds, like isobenzopyrrole, isobenzofuran or isobenzothiophene, the large decrease in the aromaticity of the benzene ring with regard to their isomers makes them less stable.     

Cyclopentadiene annulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: investigations of electron affinities

The adiabatic electron affinities of cyclopentadiene and 10 associated benzannelated derivatives have been predicted with both density functional and Hartree-Fock theory. These systems can also be regarded as benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) augmented with five-membered rings. Like the PAHs, the electron affinities of the present systems generally increase with the number of rings. To unequivocally bind an electron, cyclopentadiene must have at least two conventionally fused benzene rings. 1H-Benz[f]indene, a naphthalene-annulated cyclopentadiene, is predicted to have a zero-point energy corrected adiabatic electron affinity of 0.13 eV. Since the experimental E(A) of naphthalene is negative (-0.19 eV), the five-membered ring appendage contributes to the stability of the naphthalene-derived 1H-benz[f]indene radical anion significantly. The key to binding the electron is a contiguous sequence of fused benzenes, since fluorene, the isomer of 1H-benz[f]indene, with separated six-membered rings, has an electron affinity of -0.07 eV. Each additional benzene ring in the sequence fused to cyclopentadiene increases the electron affinity by 0.15-0.65 eV: the most reliable predictions are cyclopentadiene (-0.63 eV), indene (-0.49 eV), fluorene (-0.07 eV), 1H-benz[f]indene (0.13 eV), 1,2-benzofluorene (0.25 eV), 2,3-benzofluorene (0.26 eV), 12H-dibenzo[b,h]fluorene (0.65 eV), 13H-indeno[1,2-b]anthracene (0.82 eV), and 1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthacene (1.10 eV). In contrast, if the six-membered ring-fusion is across the C(2)-C(3) cyclopentadiene single bond, only a single benzene is needed to bind an electron. The theoretical electron affinity of the resulting molecule, isoindene, is 0.49 eV, and this increases to 1.22 eV for 2H-benz[f]indene. The degree of aromaticity is responsible for this behavior. While the radical anions are stabilized by conjugation, which increases with the size of the system, the regular indenes, like PAHs in general, suffer from the loss of aromatic stabilization in forming their radical anions. While indene is 21 kcal mol(-1) more stable than isoindene, the corresponding radical anion isomers have almost the same energy. Nucleus-independent chemical shift calculations show that the highly aromatic molecules lose almost all aromaticity when an extra electron is present. The radical anions of cyclopentadiene and all of its annulated derivatives have remarkably low C-H bond dissociation energies (only 18-34 kcal mol(-1) for the mono-, bi-, and tricyclics considered). Hydrogen atom loss leads to the restoration of aromaticity in the highly stabilized cyclopentadienyl anion congeners.     

Ring Size Determines the Conformation,Global Aromaticity and Photophysical Properties of Macrocyclic Oligofurans

In π-conjugated macrocycles, there is a trade-off between the global and local expression of effects such as aromaticity, with the outcome of the trade-off determined by the geometry and aromaticity of the constituent units. Compared with other aromatic rings, the aromatic character of furan is relatively small, and therefore global effects in macrocyclic furans are expected to be more pronounced. Following our introduction of macrocyclic oligofuran, we present the first synthesis of a series of π-conjugated bifuran macrocycles of various ring sizes, from trimer to hexamer, and characterize them using both computational and experimental methods. The properties of macrocyclic oligofurans change considerably with size: The smaller trimer is rigid, weakly emissive and planar as revealed by its single crystal structure, and displays global antiaromaticity. In contrast, the larger pentamer and hexamer are flexible, emissive, have non-planar structures, and exhibit local aromaticity. The results are supported by NICS and ACID calculations that indicate the global antiaromaticity of planar furan macrocycles, and by transient absorption measurements showing sharp absorption band for the trimer and only the internal conversion decay pathway.     

Effect on the aromaticity of heterocyclic ligands by coordination with ruthenium electron-withdrawing metal centers

Density functional theory calculations of polypyridyl ruthenium complexes with polyaromatic ligands have been performed to understand the metal fragment effect on the modulation of their electronic properties and the influence on the aromatic character. The change of positions of the nitrogen atoms in the ligand structure, as well as the metal moiety, seems to influence the electronic behavior of the π-extended structure and the aromatic character of the complexes at both the ground and excited states. In this framework, structural, electronic, and magnetic-based aromaticity indices were used to understand the aromaticity of the free and coordinated ligands. The aromaticity character of the ligands is highly influenced by the metal fragment, and the aromaticity/antiaromaticity is achieved according to both the electron-withdrawing capability of the ligand and the metal fragment. The electronic distribution observed on the aromatic ligand determines their π-stacking ability; thus, it is proposed that the control of the π-stacking ability is modulated according to the electronic nature of the ruthenium moiety.     

Five-membered heterocycles. Part III. Aromaticity of 1,3-imidazole in 5+n hetero-bicyclic molecules

The aromaticity (in the form of HOMA index) of 1,3-imidazole ring and its bicyclic derivatives was studied on the basis of statistical data from Cambridge Structural Database and X-ray investigations performed by authors. As a starting point, aromaticity of the 1,3-imidazoles with exocyclic X substituent at C2 (XN, O or S) was calculated. Subsequently, the HOMA index was calculated for various 5+n bicyclic skeletons with N, O, and S as endocyclic heteroatoms in the second ring. For the isolated 1,3-imidazole ring, aromaticity depends on exocyclic substituent at C2 and decreases in sequence N, S, O. For bicyclic derivatives it was found that both rings are aromatic and coplanar in very few molecules (17% of investigated ones), and positive charge—located on endocyclic heteroatom—increases the aromaticity. For remaining compounds, presence of sp³ carbons excludes possibility of aromatic ring existence.