Influence of silver dispersity on its specific catalytic activity in ethylene oxidation

Specific catalytic activity for massive (powders and films) and supported (Ag/SiO₂) silver catalysts have been studied in ethylene oxidation. It has been found to be approximately constant for metal particles whose size is above 30 nm.

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, (, ) (Ag/SiO₂), . 30 .

     

Coking during ethylene glycol oxidation to glyoxal on a silver catalyst

The influence of major parameters of ethylene glycol oxidation to glyoxal on a silver catalyst on catalyst coking has been studied. On the basis of experimental data obtained, methods decreasing the coking have been suggested.     

Modifying action of carbon dioxide in catalytic oxidation of ethylene on silver

Carbon dioxide exerts a strong inhibitory effect on oxygen adsorption and complete oxidation of ethylene on silver but has little effect on the rate of ethylene oxidation to ethylene oxide.

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.

     

Gas-chromatographic determination of the components of the catalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol to glyoxal

The gas-chromatographic retention of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, formic acid, and ethylene glycol on polar and nonpolar polymeric adsorbents was studied, and a procedure was developed for the determination of these components. The time of analysis was 12–14 min. The detection limits were 0.02 (acetaldehyde) to 0.7 (formic acid) ppm.     

Effect of carbon dioxide on the catalytic oxidation of ethylene over silver. Reaction rates and composition of adsorbed layer

It has been found that when the reaction is carried out at pressures of the reaction mixture ranging from 1 to 400 Pa, small surface coverages by adsorbed oxygen, carbonate groups and irreversibly adsorbed carbon-containing particles are obtained. Rate relaxations are due to the concentration variations of adsorbed oxygen and CO_3ads groups.

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, 1–400 , , . CO₃.

     

Surface interaction of ethylene glycol with silver

Interaction of ethylene glycol with clean and oxidized surfaces of an Ag catalyst has been studied under pre-catalysis conditions. On a clean surface, ethylene glycol was reversibly adsorbed with the formation of a multilayer coverage. Adsorbed ethylene glycol weakly bonded to the oxidized silver surface leads to the selective formation of glyoxalvia two parallel routes: dehydrogenation and oxidation. Dissociative interaction of ethylene glycol with Ag led to the appearance of formaldehyde and carbon dioxide by-products.     

Kinetic model of catalytic ethylene oxidation

The kinetics of ethylene oxidation on a pumice supported silver catalyst promoted with chlorine has been studied. A simplified kinetic equation with two parameters is given to describe the process over a wide range of ethylene concentrations. The parameters of the equation have been determined as a function of the temperature.

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The role played by an iodine-containing promoter in the formation of active polycrystalline silver catalyst surface

The programmed temperature desorption method was used to study the interaction of oxygen with the surface of a polycrystalline silver catalyst promoted with iodine. Ethyl iodide almost did not interact with the unoxidized surface of silver. The adsorption of C₂H₅I on the oxidized catalyst surface resulted in the formation of two adsorbed iodine forms, silver iodide and iodine deeply dissolved in subsurface silver crystal lattice layers. The character of oxygen adsorption from the iodine-containing surface of the catalyst was determined by the amount and form of adsorbed iodine. In the presence of a iodine-containing promoter, the concentration of oxide-like oxygen sharply decreased, and the amount of strongly bound atomically adsorbed oxygen responsible for the selective transformation of ethylene glycol into glyoxal increased.     

Molecular orbital study of the catalytic oxidation of propylene on silver

Analysis of the MINDO/2 reaction coordinates concerning the decomposition of the propylene perepoxide radical anion to propylene oxide and propylene peroxide makes it possible to explain the fundamental differences of ethylene and propylene oxidation on silver catalyst.

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/2 - ( ) .

     

The effect of ethanol on the catalytic oxidation of methanol on silver

Thermal desorption, radioactive indicators, and a kinetic method involving frozen radicals were used to study the catalytic oxidation of methanol in the presence of ethanol on silver. The increase in the yield of aldehydes in the combined oxidation of these alcohols on silver is related to a change in the nature of the adsorption and homogeneous steps of this reaction.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1174–1176, May, 1990.     

Effect of carbon dioxide on the catalytic oxidation of ethylene over silver. Kinetic reaction model accounting for the modification of catalyst surface by carbonate groups

Changes in the character of catalytic oxidation of ethylene over silver upon increasing pressure of reaction mixture, reflected in increased ethylene oxide selectivity, are due to the modifying effect of suface carbonate groups. A kinetic reaction model is suggested based on the individual investigations of reaction steps.

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乙烯直接氧化制乙酸催化剂Pd-H3PO4-Cu/Al2O3的研究

以浸渍法制备了一系列不同Pd担载量的Pd-H3PO4-Cu／Al2O3催化剂，采用微型固定床反应器对乙烯直接氧化合成乙酸工艺进行了活性评价．考查了Pd含量、不同助剂的添加、Cu氧化物含量等对催化剂性能的影响并采用TPR，SEM等方法进行了结构表征．实验结果表明：各组分含量为ωpd=3％，ωH3PO4=50％，ωCu=9．5％时，该催化剂具有较理想的活性与选择性．在反应温度为200℃、压力为0．8Mpa、原料气物质的量比为n(C2H4)：n(O2)：n(N2)：n(H2O)=50：6：14：30的条件下，乙烯的转化率与乙酸的选择性分别达3．8％和86．3％。在Pd-H3PO4／Al2O3催化剂中引入Cu的化合物后，不仅提高了催化剂的活性，而且催化剂的稳定性也有显提高．     

Influence of pore diffusion on the kinetics of catalytic oxidation of ethylene

Internal diffusion influences the kinetics of ethylene oxidation on an industrial silver catalyst at temperatures higher than 240°C. This influence is completely eliminated when the diameter of the catalyst grains is decreased by a factor of 1/2.

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, 240°C. .

     

Structural organization of phosphorus titanate oxides prepared by the alkoxo method and their catalytic activity in ethylene glycol oxyethylation

The relationship of the structural organization and acid-base properties of the surface of phosphorus titanate oxides prepared from tetra-n-butoxytitanium and phosphorous esters with the catalytic activity and selectivity of these materials in ethylene glycol oxyethylation was studied. Single-phase phosphorus-containing oxides synthesized from 2-diethylamido-4-methyl-1,3,2-dioxophosphorinane and diphenyl(methano)phosphocane have strong surface aprotic acid sites and exhibit high catalytic activity with respect to oxyethylation and a record-breaking selectivity in the formation of the lower homolog, diethylene glycol. The last-mentioned fact is a consequence of the sieve effect exerted by the homogeneous porous structure of supermicropores (8—10 ) of the oxides. An increase in the concentration of the strong acid sites (130 kJ mol^–1) on the oxide surface enhances the catalytic activity. On the basis of the temperature programmed desorption of ammonia and CO₂ and kinetic measurements, a concerted acid-base mechanism was proposed for the catalytic addition of ethylene oxide to ethylene glycol on the phosphorus-titanate surface.     

乙二醇对烷基三甲基溴化铵胶团化行为的影响

利用电导法研究了烷基三甲基溴化铵表面活性剂(CnTAB,n=12,14,16),即十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB),十四烷基三甲基溴化铵(TTAB)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB),在混合极性溶剂乙二醇/水(体积分数0～40%)中的胶团化行为。考察了温度对胶团形成的影响,应用相分离模型估算了三个表面活性剂的胶团热力学参数。结果表明临界胶团浓度(cmc)和反离子解离度(α)都随乙二醇组分的增加而增大。在乙二醇/水混合溶剂中胶团形成的标准吉布斯自由能相差很小,混合焓都是负值,而混合熵都为正值,说明焓-熵补偿效应在胶团形成中起主导作用。     

Effect of water on the catalytic oxidation of catechols

A dinuclear copper(II) complex derived from a new water-soluble pentadentate Schiff base backbone ligand has been prepared and characterized in solution and in the solid state. The complex has been found to accelerate the aerobic oxidation of 3,5-di- tert-butylcatechol (DTBC) into 3,5-di- tert-butylquinone (DTBQ) by 5 orders of magnitude, compared to the background reaction in aqueous methanol (k(cat)/k(non) = 160,000) at 30 degrees C. The transformation of the model substrate is considerably slower in pure methanol (k(cat)/k(non) = 60,000) under otherwise identical conditions. In-depth investigation of the catalytically active species revealed different structures for the copper(II) complex in methanol and in methanol/water mixtures.     

载体效应对Pt催化剂在一甲胺湿式氧化中的催化性能影响研究

采用浸渍法制备了Pt/AC,Pt/ZrO2,Pt/Al2O3催化剂,并研究了其对一甲胺湿式氧化(CWAO)反应的催化性能.结果表明:载体对Pt的催化活性具有十分明显的影响,当Pt负载到活性炭(AC)载体表面时具有最佳的催化活性,其次是氧化锆,而当Pt负载到氧化铝载体表面时,其催化活性最低.一甲胺在Pt/AC,Pt/ZrO2,Pt/Al2O3催化剂表面被矿化所需最低温度分别为200,250和280℃.Pt/AC催化剂优异的催化活性主要归因于Pt与载体间的弱相互作用、活性炭的大比表面积以及载体自身具有一定的催化活性.