Preparation and characterization of SiO2/TiO2 composite microspheres with microporous SiO2 core/mesoporous TiO2 shell

SiO₂/TiO₂ composite microspheres with microporous SiO₂ core/mesoporous TiO₂ shell structures were prepared by hydrolysis of titanium tetrabutylorthotitanate (TTBT) in the presence of microporous silica microspheres using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as a surface esterification agent and porous template, and then dried and calcined at different temperatures. The as-prepared products were characterized with differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric (DTA/TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption. The results showed that composite particles were about 1.8 μm in diameter, and had a spherical morphology and a narrow size distribution. Uniform mesoporous titania coatings on the surfaces of microporous silica microspheres could be obtained by adjusting the HPC concentration to an optimal concentration of about 3.2 mmol L⁻¹. The anatase and rutile phase in the SiO₂/TiO₂ composite microspheres began to form at 700 and 900 °C, respectively. At 700 °C, the specific surface area and pore volume of the SiO₂/TiO₂ composite microspheres were 552 and 0.652 mL g⁻¹, respectively. However, at 900 °C, the specific surface area and pore volume significantly decreased due to the phase transformation from anatase to rutile.     

Fabrication and characterization of dodecylamine derived monodispersed mesoporous bioactive glass sub-micron spheres

This paper reports a facile method for fabricating monodispersed mesoporous bioactive glass sub-micron spheres (MBGS) using dodecylamine (DDA) as a catalyst and template agent in sol–gel process. The effects of synthesis conditions including the amount of DDA, temperature of hydrolysis and the volume ratio of alcohol to water (AW ratio) on the resulting particle size, morphology, monodispersity and pore size distribution of MBGS are investigated and discussed. The results indicate that the particle size, morphology, monodispersity and pore size distribution of MBGS depend on the amount of DDA, the temperature of hydrolysis and the AW ratio. Meanwhile, using DDA as the structure directing agent and hydrolysis catalyst under optimal synthesis conditions (e.g. 4 g DDA, hydrolysis temperature at 40 °C and AW ratio at 4) is in favor of obtaining MBGS with mesoporous surface structure, large specific surface area (362.073 m² g^?1), relatively homogeneous particle size (~560 nm) as well as good apatite-forming activity. The unique structure and properties may turn MBGS into a good candidate as a drug delivery carrier or an injectable biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration.     

SiO2气凝胶的制备及微孔分布

本文以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料，水和乙醇为溶剂，盐酸和氨水为催化剂，采用溶胶-凝胶，水热合成和低温冷冻干燥等工艺，制备了SiO₂气凝胶，研究了pH值、TEOS浓度及焙烧温度对气凝胶的比表面积、孔径分布的影响。结果表明：在碱性条件下，制得的气凝胶比表面积较大，孔径较窄。气凝胶在较高温度下，比表面积有所下降，孔径略微变粗。     

Preparation of Hollow Silica Microspheres via Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

Core-shell structured SiO₂/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (SiO₂/PNIPAM) microspheres were successfully fabricated through hydrolysis and condensation reaction of tertraethyl or-thosilicate (TEOS) on the surface of PNIPAM template at 50 oC. The PNIPAM template can be easily removed by water at room temperature so that SiO₂ hollow microspheres were finally obtained. The transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope observations indicated that SiO₂ hollow microspheres with an average diameter of 150 nm can be formed only if there are enough concentration of PNIPAM and TEOS, and the hy-drolysis time of TEOS. FTIR analysis showed that part of PNIPAM remained on the wall of SiO₂ because of the strong interaction between PNIPAM and silica. This work provides a clean and efficient way to prepare hollow microspheres.     

Porous α-Fe2O3 hollow microspheres and their application for acetone sensor

Porous α-Fe₂O₃ hollow microspheres were synthesized through a simple and efficient carbon sphere template method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N₂ adsorption-desorption. Structural characterization indicated that as-prepared α-Fe₂O₃ hollow microspheres had porous structure with around 200 nm in diameter and thin shell about 10 nm thick. The average pore size and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of α-Fe₂O₃ hollow microspheres were 6.5 nm and 111.6 m²/g, respectively. The gas sensing behavior investigation showed that as-synthesized α-Fe₂O₃ hollow microspheres exhibited very good gas sensing property to acetone vapor.     

聚合物模板微球表面电性对中空二氧化硅微球形貌的影响

分别以过硫酸钾和偶氮二异丁基脒盐酸盐为引发剂,以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,在水中引发苯乙烯聚合制备了2种表面分别带负电性和正电性基团的聚苯乙烯(PS)模板微球.在氨水催化下,利用正硅酸乙酯的水解缩合,形成PS/SiO_2复合微球,去除模板后得到中空SiO_2微球,并对其进行FTIR、电子显微镜、TGA以及氮气吸附等分析表征.结果表明,PS模板微球表面的电性决定了OH-的分布,从而导致PS模板微球表面SiO_2壳层不同的形成机制.当以表面带负电的PS微球为模板时,可得到树莓状的中空SiO_2微球;而以表面带正电的PS微球为模板时,得到是表面光滑的,具有介孔结构的中空SiO_2微球.     

Further Insights into the Porous Structure of TEOS Derived Silica Gels

The porous structure of TEOS derived silica gels was studied using nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Silica gels were prepared using TEOS, H₂O and ethanol for different molar ratios. No catalyst was used in this study. Silica gels were also heat treated up to 1000°C. The nitrogen sorption isotherms were analyzed by two models: Fractal and Percolation Theories. Using the fractal analysis approach, the surface roughness of the porous structure of silica gels was determined. The surface fractal dimension depends on the hydrolysis conditions and heat treatment. The surface fractal dimension decreases with increasing H₂O/TEOS molar ratio or heating temperature. For the silica gels studied, the surface fractal dimension changed from 2.6 to 2.5 after heating the gels, and from 2.4 to 2.6 with decreasing H₂O/TEOS ratio.Using the Percolation theory, we have determined the connectivity of the porous structure of silica gels. The extent of sorption hysteresis of the nitrogen isotherms reflects the connectivity of the pore network. The mean coordination number (connectivity) Z, and the linear dimension of the network, L, have been calculated from the hysteresis of the isotherms. For the as-prepared silica gels, Z was about 8 and L close to 2. On heating the gels, Z decreases to 4 and L increases to 7, results which are in accordance with the collapse of the porous network.     

Preparation of Porous Hollow SiO2 Spheres by a Modified St?ber Process Using MF Microspheres as Templates

Using the surface charged and acid dissolvable melamine formaldehyde (MF) microspheres as sacrificial hard templates, silica coated MF core?Cshell composite microspheres, denoted as MF@SiO₂, were synthesized via a surfactant-assisted sol?Cgel process by using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica source. Hollow SiO₂ spheres with mesoporous shells were then obtained after selective removal of the MF cores and the pore directing surfactant by hydrochloric acid etching or calcinations in air. Interesting shrinkage phenomena were observed in both the hollow products derived from hydrochloric acid etching and calcinations. The influence of the ratio of MF sphere to TEOS and the removal method of the MF core on the size of the hollow spheres, the shell thickness and the shell surface roughness have been studied. The composition, the thermal stability, the morphology, the surface area and pore size distribution, the wall thickness and adsorption properties of the hollow spheres derived from hydrochloric acid etching and calcinations were also investigated and compared based on the FTIR, SEM, TEM, TGA, Nitrogen adsorption?Cdesorption and spectrophotometer techniques or measurements.     

Size regulation and prediction of the SiO2 nanoparticles prepared via Stöber process

In this study, monodispersed SiO₂ nanoparticles with controllable size ranging from 20 to 100 nm have been successfully prepared by using a Stöber sol-gel process. The particle size, distribution, and morphology were examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In order to accurately regulate the particle size, the effects of various reaction parameters on the particle size and morphology of SiO₂ nanoparticles were systematically investigated. It was found that, to some extent, the SiO₂ particle size increased linearly with the increase of ammonia or water content, as well as the decrease of reaction temperature, while nearly kept constant with the increase of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Based upon the results, an empirical formula has been developed to model/predict the particle size of the SiO₂ nanoparticles over a wide range of various reaction conditions.     

Synthesis,characterization of SiO2 supported-industrial phosphoric acid catalyst for hydrolysis of NaBH4 solution

Abstract

Tunisian industrial phosphoric acid H₃PO₄ was supported on silica gel SiO₂ (SIPA) to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction of aqueous alkaline sodium borohydride (NaBH₄). The SiO₂ was produced from purified quartz sand using alkali fusion-acidification chemical process. The BET surface area results indicate that the prepared silica gel could reach a specific surface area up to 585 m²/g. The addition of PO₃H₂ functional groups resulted in an increase of surface acidity of SiO₂ catalyst as shown by FT-IR and DTA-DTG spectra. The total acidity of SIPA catalyst was determined by titration to be 2.8?mmol H⁺/g. SEM/EDS maps reveal the distribution of heavy metals on the silica surface. The effect of supported PO₃H₂ functional groups and heavy metals on the NaBH₄ hydrolysis reaction was studied for different ratios of SIPA catalyst to NaBH₄. The sample 12SIPA/NaBH₄ leads to a very high hydrogen generation rate (up to 90%). The activation energy of hydrogen generation by NaBH₄ hydrolysis was 25.7?kJ mol^?1.     

EU-1分子筛的合成及其在正己烷异构化反应中的催化性能

在不同硅铝比(nSiO₂/nAl₂O₃)的合成凝胶(含纯硅凝胶)中引入晶种,合成了纯相的EU-1分子筛。研究了铝源、模板剂和晶种添加量对EU-1分子筛的结晶度、形貌尺寸等的影响;重点研究了不同硅铝比对样品结晶度、晶粒尺寸、酸性、比表面积和孔容等的影响。将合成结果绘制成了纯相EU-1分子筛的合成条件三元图,从三元图可看出,晶种法可显著扩大纯相EU-1分子筛的合成区域。将Pt/H-EU-1用于正己烷异构化反应,结果表明,该催化剂具有优异的正己烷异构化活性及稳定性,对异构烷烃有较高的选择性。     

Microporous Crystalline γ‐Al2O3 Replicated from Microporous Covalent Triazine Framework and Its Application as Support for Catalytic Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane

Significant progress has been made on the synthesis and application of mesoporous γ‐alumina. To date, little attention has been paid to the synthesis of microporous crystalline alumina. Here, fabrication of microporous crystalline γ‐alumina using a microporous covalent triazine framework (CTF‐1) as a template is described. Microporous crystalline γ‐alumina with a micro‐meso binary pore system was replicated by infiltration of aluminum nitrate into the micropores of the CTF‐1 template through a NH₃/water‐vapor‐induced internal hydrolysis method, followed by thermal treatment, and subsequent removal of the CTF‐1 template with a 30 % H₂O₂ aqueous solution. The obtained crystalline γ‐alumina material exhibits a large surface area (349 m² g⁻¹) with micropore distribution centered at about 1.27 nm. Ru supported on microporous γ‐Al₂O₃ can be employed as catalyst for hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane, and it exhibits high catalytic activity and good durability. This finding provides a new benchmark for preparing well‐defined crystalline microporous alumina materials by a template method, which can be applied in a wide range of fields.     

表面覆盖SiO2用于提高Pt-Pd/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3商用柴油机氧化型催化剂的抗硫性

向Pt-Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ （Pt-Pd/CZA）商用柴油机氧化型催化剂（DOC）中加入多孔SiO₂以提高其抗硫性. 使用多层涂覆法在Pt-Pd/CZA 催化剂表面覆盖一层多孔SiO₂,从而制得SiO₂/Pt-Pd/CeO₂-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃（SiO₂/Pt-Pd/CZA）抗硫DOC. 并使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）,氮气吸脱附,X射线能谱（EDX）和热重分析（TGA）等对其进行表征. SEM结果显示,SiO₂层以多孔形式均匀覆盖在催化剂表面. 氮气吸脱附结果表明,所添加的SiO₂的织构性质与Pt-Pd/CZA 催化剂的织构性质相似,因而表面覆盖的SiO₂并未明显改变Pt-Pd/CZA催化剂的比表面积和孔结构. H₂-TPR结果证实表面覆盖的SiO₂不影响Pt-Pd/CZA催化剂的还原性能. EDX和TGA结果说明表面覆盖SiO₂可以抑制硫物种在催化剂表面的形成及累积. 最终,本文所制备的SiO₂/Pt-Pd/CZA催化剂在保持Pt-Pd/CZA商用DOC的高活性及耐久性的同时有效提高了其抗硫性.     

EU-1分子筛的合成及其在正己烷异构化反应中的催化性能

在不同硅铝比(n_SiO2/n_Al2O3)的合成凝胶(含纯硅凝胶)中引入晶种,合成了纯相的EU-1分子筛。研究了铝源、模板剂和晶种添加量对EU-1分子筛的结晶度、形貌尺寸等的影响;重点研究了不同硅铝比对样品结晶度、晶粒尺寸、酸性、比表面积和孔容等的影响。将合成结果绘制成了纯相EU-1分子筛的合成条件三元图,从三元图可看出,晶种法可显著扩大纯相EU-1分子筛的合成区域。将Pt/H-EU-1用于正己烷异构化反应,结果表明,该催化剂具有优异的正己烷异构化活性及稳定性,对异构烷烃有较高的选择性。     

利用二氧化硅欧泊模板合成三维多孔金属镍

金属镍在高效催化剂、传感器、导电浆料、高密度磁记录材料、高性能电极材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景,在材料科学和凝聚态物理领域引起了广泛的研究兴趣。多孔金属镍结构由金属镍骨架及孔隙所组成,与致密块体镍相比,其内部具有大量的孔隙,因而具有诸多优异的特性,如密度小、比表面积大、光学性能优异等。多孔金属镍可用来制作过滤器、催化剂及催化剂载体、多孔电极等[1]。1987年Yablonovitch[2]和John[3]几乎同时提出了光子晶体这一新概念和新材料。构成三维模板的途径之一是在液体中自组装成具有光波量级的单分散胶体微球——胶体晶体,这…     

锌离子掺杂的二氧化钛介孔空心微球的制备及光催化性能

以二氧化硅为模板,钛酸四丁酯(TBOT)为钛源,硝酸锌为锌源,采用溶胶凝胶法制备了锌离子掺杂的介孔二氧化钛空心微球。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术对样品进行表征,以亚甲基蓝(MB)的光催化降解为目标反应评价其光催化活性。结果表明,去核之后的复合微球为空心微球,壁厚为20 nm左右。钛酸四丁酯溶液的滴加时间对微球的形貌影响较大,当滴加时间大于15 min时,可以得到结构清晰的空心微球。用氢氧化钠溶液去除二氧化硅核,反应90 min,二氧化硅可以被完全去除。X射线衍射表明,实验得到的掺杂锌离子的空心微球和没有掺杂锌离子的空心微球都是锐钛矿。当锌离子的摩尔分数为0.3%时,二氧化钛空心微球的晶粒尺寸最小,比表面积最大,催化亚甲基蓝降解的效率最高。     

模板法制备大孔硅胶微球及其在高效液相色谱蛋白质分离中的应用

以弱阳离子交换聚合物微球(WCX)为模板、N-三甲氧基硅基丙基-N,N,N-三甲基氯化铵(TMSPTMA)为结构导向剂、四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)为硅胶前驱体,在三乙醇胺弱碱催化作用下,水解缩合形成有机聚合物与二氧化硅复合微球,将此复合微球煅烧后得到大孔二氧化硅微球。探索了不同反应条件对二氧化硅微球的形貌、表面结构和分散性的影响;当TMSPTMA、TEOS与三乙醇胺的体积比为1∶2∶2时可以得到孔径在50~150 nm之间、粒径在2μm左右的硅胶微球。对所制备的大孔硅胶微球表面进行C18(十八烷基二甲基氯硅烷)键合修饰,然后将键合的填料装填到50 mm×4.6 mm的色谱柱中,考察了其对常见的几种标准蛋白质和市售大豆分离蛋白质的分离效果,结果显示这种填料在高效液相色谱蛋白质分离中具有一定的潜力。     

Characterization of Hydrophobic SiO2 Powders Prepared by Surface Modification on Wet Gel

Hydrophobic porous silica has been prepared by surface modification of TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate) wet gel with 6 and 12 vol.% of TMCS (trimethylchlorosilane). We characterized the products by using FT-IR, TGA, DTA, N₂ adsorption/desorption, contact angle and SEM. Surface silanol groups of the gel were widely replaced by–Si(CH₃)₃ to result in a hydrophobic SiO₂ powder as confirmed by contact angle measurements with H₂O, 1-butanol and ethanol. The modified dried gels had a surface area of 950–1000 m²/g (average pore size 120 Å), compared to the non-modified surface which had a surface area of 690 m²/g (average pore size 36 Å). The adsorption/desorption isotherm curves indicated they had similar pore characteristics as aerogels prepared by the supercritical drying process.     

球磨时间对浆态床CO甲烷化Ni-Al_2O_3催化剂性能的影响

结合行星式球磨机,采用低温固相法制备Ni-Al_2O_3催化剂,考察了球磨时间对Ni-Al_2O_3催化剂晶相结构(XRD)、还原特征(H2-TPR)、孔道结构(BET)、粒径分布(PSD)、表面形貌(SEM)和浆态床CO甲烷化性能的影响.结果表明,球磨时间为60 min,催化剂(CT-60)平均粒径最小,为141 nm;比表面积最大,为329 m2/g.随球磨时间延长,Ni-Al_2O_3催化剂的甲烷化性能(CO转化率、CH_4选择性和CH_4收率)均先增加后减少.其中,球磨时间为60 min制备的催化剂(CT-60)甲烷化性能最佳,其CO转化率、CH_4选择性和CH_4收率分别达87.9%、8 6.8%和74.3%.结合催化剂表征可知,CT-60优异的性能与其具有较小的颗粒尺寸(141 nm)和较大的比表面积(329 m2·g-1)有很大的关联.即,催化剂颗粒尺寸越小,比表面积越大,其性能越好.     

Preparation and characterization of templated porous carbons from sucrose by one-pot method and application as a CO2 adsorbent

The templated porous carbons were prepared from sucrose by one-pot method. In this method in which the pre-synthesis of the hard template is eliminated, the porous carbons were produced by organic-inorganic self-assembly of sucrose, tetraethyl ortosilicate (TEOS), Pluronic P123 and n-butanol in an acidic medium, and subsequent carbonization. The synthesis parameters such as sucrose amount, TEOS molar ratio and carbonization temperature were evaluated for describing their effects on the pore structures of the synthesized carbons. The prepared porous carbons were characterized by N₂ adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The carbon dioxide adsorption uptakes of the obtained porous carbons were determined at 1 bar and 273 K. The templated carbon obtained with the lowest TEOS molar ratio exhibited the highest BET surface area of 1289 m²/g and micropore volume of 0.467 cm³/g, and showed the highest CO₂ uptake of 2.28 mmol/g.