Modulating the Electrochromic Performances of Transmissive and Reflective Devices Using N,N-Dimethyl Formamide Modified Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)/Poly(Styrene Sulfonate) Blend as Active Layers

As one of the important factors which affect the properties and applications of conducting polymers, the electrical conductivity of a poly(3,4-ethylenedoxy-thiophene)/ poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) blend was adjusted by using various amount of an organic solvent (N,N-dimethyl formamide, DMF) as an additive. The conductivities of PEDOT: PSS thin films can be increased dramatically, from 1.0 S to 32.1 S cm^?1, with a 2/1 volume ratio of PEDOT: PSS/DMF loading after totally removing the organic solvent by annealing the film at 80° for 48 h in a vacuum oven. The optical contrasts of transmissive and reflective devices assembled using DMF-modified PEDOT: PSS as active layers exhibited a close relationship with the conductivity of PEDOT: PSS. Interestingly, high conductivity of PEDOT: PSS enhanced the contrast of a transmissive device, while high conductivity of PEDOT: PSS decreased the contrasts of a reflective device. The underlying reason is related to the different electrochromic mechanisms of these two types of device configurations.     

Enhanced thermoelectric performance of PEDOT: PSS films via ionic liquid post-treatment

Thermoelectric(TE)energy harvesting can effectively convert waste heat into electricity,which is a crucial technology to solve energy concerns.As a promising candidate for energy conversion,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)has gained significant attention owing to its easy doping,high transparency,and solution processability.However,the TE performance of PEDOT:PSS still needs to be further enhanced.Herein,different approaches have been applied for tuning the TE properties:(i)direct dipping PEDOT:PSS thin films in ionic liquid;(ii)post-treatment of the films with concentrated sulfuric acid(H₂SO₄),and then dipping in ionic liquid.Besides,the same bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide(TFSI)anion and different cation salts,including 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium(EMIM+)and lithium(Li+),are selected to study the influence of varying cation types on the TE properties of PEDOT:PSS.The Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS film treated with H2SO4EMIM:TFSI increase simultaneously,and the resulting maximum power factor is 46.7μW·m^-1·K^-2,which may be attributed to the ionic liquid facilitating the rearrangement of the molecular chain of PEDOT.The work provides a reference for the development of organic films with high TE properties.     

Enhanced thermoelectric properties of PEDOT/PSS/Te composite films treated with H<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript>

Firstly, tellurium (Te) nanorods with a high Seebeck coefficient have been integrated into a conducting polymer PEDOT/PSS to form PEDOT/PSS/Te composite films. The Seebeck coefficient of the PEDOT/PSS/Te (90 wt.%) composite films is ~191 μV/K, which is about 13 times greater than that of pristine PEDOT/PSS. Then, H₂SO₄ treatment has been used to further tune the thermoelectric properties of the composite films by adjusting the doping level and increasing the carrier concentration. After the acid treatment, the electrical conductivity of the composite films has increased from 0.22 to 1613 S/cm due to the removal of insulating PSS and the structural rearrangement of PEDOT. An optimized power factor of 42.1 μW/mK² has been obtained at room temperature for a PEDOT/PSS/Te (80 wt.%) sample, which is about ten times larger than that of the untreated PEDOT/PSS/Te composite film.     

Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): Poly(styrene sulfonate)的共振拉曼光谱研究

通过拉曼光谱方法分别对PEDOT:PSS掺杂和去掺杂状态进行了详细分析. 实验结果表明, 去掺杂的PEDOT:PSS由于其在激发波长附近的吸收增强而引起了共振效应, 拉曼信号得到大幅度增强, 可见, 以633 nm(He-Ne)激光为激发波长的拉曼光谱是研究PEDOT:PSS掺杂状态的有效方法. 此外, 显微拉曼光谱也是分析聚合物发光二极管器件内各层材料的有效手段.     

Variation of Different Characteristic Parameters of Pentacene/Poly（Methyl Methacrylate） Transistors under Electric Stress

By investigating the variation of different characteristic parameters of pentacene/poly（methyl methacrylate） transistors suffered from electric stress in an environment without O2, H2O and light, we deduce lifetimes of the transistors by different criterion parameters. Defined by the time for the parameters changing one half, the lifetime is different from the minimum of 7h （using on/off current ratio as the criterion parameter） to the maximum of 2.38 ×10^8h （using transconductance as the criterion parameter）. We also find that, under our experimental conditions, the main reason that affects the stabilities of the device is the increase of shallow traps formed in the organic semiconductors.     

稀释溶剂对PEDOT：PSS薄膜和有机太阳能电池性能的影响

采用喷涂技术制备聚3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩：聚苯乙烯磺酸盐（PEDOT：PSS）有机层薄膜,系统研究了乙醇、去离子水、甲醇、异丙醇和乙二醇等稀释溶剂对PEDOT：PSS薄膜形貌、透过率及导电性能的影响。将PEDOT：PSS薄膜应用于有机太阳能电池器件的制备,研究了不同溶剂对器件性能的影响。实验结果表明：采用乙醇稀释PEDOT：PSS溶液,能有效抑制PEDOT：PSS颗粒团聚,降低薄膜粗糙度,提高薄膜的透过率和导电性。以其制备的太阳能电池器件的能量转换效率明显高于其他溶剂稀释,转换效率为2.66%。     

Efficient Top-Emitting Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes Using Chromium as Anode

We demonstrate a high eftlciency top-emitting polymer light-emitting diode （TPLED） with chromium （Cr） taking as the anode. The TPLED structure is Cr/poly-3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene （PEDOT：PSS）/poly [2-（4-3＇,7＇- dimethyloctyloxy）-phenyl]-p-phenylenevinylene） （P-PP V） /Ba/Ag. The Cr （ 100 nm） anode is prepared by sputterdepositing in a vacuum chamber. It is found that the device emissive properties are affected dramatically by the thickness of both PEDOT：PSS and the Ag cathode. Optimized thicknesses of PEDOT：PSS and Ag layer are 60nm and 15nm, respectively. The diode exhibits excellent electroluminescence （EL） properties, such as a turn-on voltage of 3.32 V, luminous eftlciency of 4.41 cd/A and luminance of 6989cd/m^2 at driving voltage of about 9 V.     

掺杂PEDOT ∶PSS对聚合物太阳能电池性能影响的研究

研究了掺杂后poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulphonic acid)(PEDOT ∶PSS)电导率的变化以及掺杂PEDOT ∶PSS薄膜对聚合物太阳能电池器件性能的影响. 实验发现,向PEDOT ∶PSS中掺入极性溶剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)明显提高了薄膜的电导率,掺杂后的电导率最大值达到1.25 S/cm,比未掺杂时提高了3个数量级. 将掺杂的PEDOT ∶PSS薄膜作为缓冲层应用于聚合物电池 (ITO/PEDOT ∶PSS/P3HT ∶PCBM/LiF/Al) 中,发现高电导率的PEDOT ∶PSS降低了器件的串联电阻,增加了器件的短路电流,从而提高了器件的性能. 最好的聚合物太阳能电池在100 mW/cm²的光照下,开路电压(V_oc)为0.63 V,短路电流密度(J_sc)为11.09 mA·cm^-2,填充因子(FF)为63.7%,能量转换效率(η)达到4.45%. 关键词： PEDOT ∶PSS 电导率 聚合物太阳能电池 能量转换效率     

Annealed Treatment Effect in Poly（3-hexylthiophene）：Methanofullerene Solar Cells

Polymer photovoltaic devices based on poly（3-hexylthiophene） （P3HT） ： [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyricacid methyl ester （PCBM） 1：1 weight-ratio blend are reported. The effects of various annealing treatments on the device performance are investigated. Thermal annealing shows significant improvement of the device performances. For devices at 130℃ annealing, maximum power conversion efficiency （PCE） of 3.3% and All factor up to 60.3% is achieved under air mass 1.5, 100 m W/cm^2 illumination. We discuss the effect of thermal annealing by the results of ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy （UV-vis）, dark current-voltage curve, atomic force microscopy （AFM）.     

Effects of poly(ethylene glycol) on electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid) film

A series of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)–poly(styrenesulfonic acid) composite thin films with prescribed concentrations of poly(ethylene glycol) were prepared. The PEDOT–PSS pristine film and PEDOT–PSS/PEG films were studied using four-probe method, photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The electrical conductivity of PEDOT–PSS/PEG hybrid films was found to be enhanced compared to the PEDOT–PSS pristine film, depending on the PEG concentration and molecular weight. XPS analysis and AFM results showed that PEG induces the phase separation between the PEDOT–PSS conducting particles and the excessive PSSNa shell. Simultaneously PEG may form hydrogen bond with sulfonic groups of PSSH, and hence weaken the electrostatic interactions between PEDOT cationic chains and PSS anionic chains. These resulted in the creation of a better conduction pathway among PEDOT–PSS particles, attributed to the improvement of conductivity.     

Enhanced Efficiency of Polymer： Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells with the Insertion of Thin TiO2 Layer near the LiF/A1 Electrode

The insertion layer of TiO2 between polymer-fullerene blend and LiF/AI electrode is used to enhance the shortcircuit current Isc and fill factor （FF）. The solar cell based on the blend of poly[2-methoxy-5-（2＇-ethylhexyloxy）- 1,4-phenylenevinylene] （MEH-PPV） and C60 with the modifying layer of TiO2 （about 20nm） shows the open- circuit Voc of about 0.62 V, short circuit current Isc of about 2.35 mA/cm^2, filling factor FF of about 0.284, and the power conversion efficiency （PCE） of about 2.4% under monochromatic light （50Onto） photoexcitation of about 17mW/cm^2. Compared to ceils without the TiO2 layer, the power conversion efficiency increases by about 17.5%. Similar effect is also obtained in cells with the undoped MEH-PPV structure of ITO/PEDOT：PASS/MEH- PPV/（TiO2）LiF/AI. The improved solar cell performance can be attributed to enhanced carrier extraction efficiency at the active layer/electrode interfaces when TiO2 is inserted.     

Properties of conductive polymer films deposited by infrared laser ablation

Thin films of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were deposited by resonant infrared laser vapor deposition (RIR-LVD). The PEDOT:PSS was frozen in various matrix solutions and deposited using a tunable, mid-infrared free-electron laser (FEL). The films so produced exhibited morphologies and conductivities that were highly dependent on the solvent matrix and laser irradiation wavelength used. When deposited from a native solution (1.3% by weight in water), as in matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE), films were rough and electrically insulating. When the matrix included other organic “co-matrices” that were doped into the solution prior to freezing, however, the resulting films were smooth and exhibited good electrical conductivity (0.2 S/cm), but only when irradiated at certain wavelengths. These results highlight the importance of the matrix/solute and matrix/laser interactions in the ablation process.     

Na填充型方钴矿化合物CoSb3的高压合成及电输运特性研究

 利用高压合成方法,在压力为2 GPa、温度为900 K的条件下,以NaN₃作为添加剂,成功地合成出了Na填充型的方钴矿化合物CoSb₃。X射线衍射（XRD）研究结果表明,当Na填充量达80%时,合成的Na填充型方钴矿化合物CoSb₃仍为单相方钴矿结构,没有Na和NaN₃等杂质峰。在室温下对不同Na填充量的样品进行了电阻率（ρ）和Seebeck系数（α）的测试,研究了不同Na填充量对样品电阻率、Seebeck系数和功率因子（α²σ）的影响。研究结果表明：室温下,样品的电导率随Na填充量的增加而增大,Seebeck系数的绝对值随Na填充量的增加而减小。当Na填充量为0.4时,样品获得了最高的功率因子（8.72 μW·cm^-1·K^-2）,此值高于He等报道的利用热压法制备的CoSb₃的值。填充量对样品电输运特性的影响规律与Pei等研究的K填充型CoSb₃的研究结果相一致。上述研究结果表明,高压合成技术有利于提高填充型方钴矿化合物的填充量,并有效地提高样品的电输运特性。     

Investigating the performance of P3HT:PCBM organic solar cells involving gamma-irradiated PEDOT:PSS layer

In this work, we investigated for the first time the characteristics of (poly (3-hexylthiopene) and [6, 6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester) (P3HT:PCBM) blends-based organic solar cell with 1.25?mg/mL boric-acid (H₃BO₃)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) layer which is irradiated under the 40 Gray (Gy) dose of gamma (γ) ray. Experimental results showed that the parameters of solar cell improved with exposure to low-dose gamma radiation. In particular, it has provided a significant improvement in short-circuit current density (J_sc) and power conversion efficiency (PCE). About 49% increase in PCE to 1.22% and 40% increase in J_sc to 6.28?mA/cm² was obtained between the bare device and the device containing irradiated PEDOT:PSS:H₃BO₃. Also, it was determined that the H₃BO₃-doped PEDOT:PSS is more stable to temperature. More importantly, solar cell containing gamma-irradiated PEDOT:PSS:H₃BO₃ showed best performance comparing to conventional PEDOT:PSS-based cell.     

Effect of sorbitol doping in PEDOT:PSS on the electrical performance of organic photovoltaic devices

Organic photovoltaic cells have important advantages, such as low cost and mechanical flexibility. The conducting polymer poly(3,4 ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been widely used as an interfacial layer or a polymer electrode in polymer electronic devices, such as photovoltaic devices and light-emitting diodes. In this report, we discuss the direct current (DC) conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films containing various weight ratios of sorbitol dopant. The work function is shown to steadily decrease with increasing dopant content. With different dopant contents, illuminated current–voltage photovoltaic characteristics were observed. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) analysis revealed that the work function of the PEDOT:PSS was affected by its sorbitol content. The morphologies of the doped PEDOT:PSS films were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). For the device fabrication, we made organic photovoltaic cells by a spin-coating process and Al deposition by thermal evaporation. The sorbitol dopant is able to improve the efficiency of the device.     

Metal-electrode-free inverted organic photovoltaics using electrospray-deposited PEDOT:PSS and spin-coated HAT-CN exciton blocking layer

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films were fabricated using an electrospray deposition (ESD) method. The ESD PEDOT:PSS films exhibited higher PSS content on the surface than spin-coated PEDOT:PSS films, which results in a higher work function. Based on this result, metal-electrode-free inverted organic photovoltaics (OPVs) were fabricated. The ESD PEDOT:PSS was used as the top electrode on the poly(3-hexythiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C₆₁ butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) light-absorbing layer. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OPVs was significantly increased with the 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile layer. The improved PCE would be attributed to the suppression of exciton quenching at the P3HT:PCBM and PEDOT:PSS interface.     

Facile fabrication of highly flexible,porous PEDOT: PSS/SWCNTs films for thermoelectric applications

High-performance organic composite thermoelectric(TE)materials are considered as a promising alternative for harvesting heat energy.Herein,composite films of poly(3,4-ethyienedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)/single-walled carbon nanotubes(PEDOT:PSS/SWCNTs)were fabricated by utilizing a convenient solution mixing method.Thereafter,the as-prepared hybrid films were treated using sulfuric acid(H₂SO₄)to further optimize the TE performance.Film morphological studies revealed that the sulfuric acid treated PEDOT:PSS/SWCNTs composite samples all possessed porous structures.Due to the successful fabrication of highly conductive networks,the porous nano-architecture also exhibited much more excellent TE properties when compared with the dense structure of the pristine samples.For the post-treated sample,a high power factor of 156.43μW·m^-1·K^-2can be achieved by adjusting the content of CNTs,which is approximately 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of the corresponding untreated samples(0.23μW·m^-1·K^-2).Besides,the obtained films also showed excellent mechanical flexibility,owing to the porous nanostructure and the strong p–p interactions between the two components.This work indicates that the H₂SO₄ treatment could be a promising strategy for fabricating highly-flexible and porous PEDOT:PSS/SWCNTs films with high TE performances.     

In-Situ High Pressure Raman Spectrum and Electrical Property of PbMoO4

In-situ high pressure Raman spectra and electrical conductivity measurements of scheelite-structure compound PbMoO4 are presented. The Raman spectrum of PbMoO4 is determined up to 26.5 GPa on a powdered sample in a diamond anvil cell （DAC） under nonhydrostatic conditions. The PbMoO4 gradully experiences the trans- formation from the crystal to amorphous between 9.2 and 12.5 GPa. The crystal to amorphous transition may be due to the mechanical deformation and the crystalographic transformation. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of PbMoO4 is in situ measured accurately using a microcircuit fabricated on a DAC based on the van der Pauw method. The results show that the electrical conductivity of PbMoO4 increases with increases of pressure and temperature. At 26.5 GPa, the electrical conductivity value of PbMoO4 at 295K is 1.93 - 10-4 S/cm, while it raises by one order of magnitude at 430K and reached 3.33 - 10-3 S/cm. However, at 430K, compared with the electrical conductivity value of PbMoO4 at 26.5 GPa, it drops by about two order magnitude at 7.4 GPa and achieves 2.81 × 10^-5 S/cm. This indicates that the effect of pressure on the electrical conductivity of PbMoO4 is more obvious than that of temperature.     

Preparation and Luminescence Characteristics of Ca3Y2（BO3）4：Eu^3＋ Phosphor

Ca3Y2 （BO3）4：Eu^3＋ phosphor is synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction method, and the Iuminescence characteristics are investigated. The emission spectrum exhibits two strong red emissions at 613 and 621 nm corresponding to the electric dipole ^5 Do- ^7F2 transition of Eu^3＋ under 365 nm excitation, the reason is that Eu^3＋ substituting for Y^3＋ occupies the non-centrosymmetric position in the crystal structure of Ca3 Y2 （BO3）4. The excitation spectrum for 613 nm indicates that the phosphor can be effectively excited by ultraviolet （UV） （254 nm, 365nm and 400nm） and blue （470nm） light. The effect of Eu^3＋ concentration on the emission intensity of Ca3 Y2 （BO3）4 ：Eu^3＋ phosphor is measured, the result shows that the emission intensities increase with increasing Eu^3＋ concentration, then decrease. The CIE colour coordinates of Ca3Y2 （BO3）4：Eu^3＋ phosphor is （0.639, 0.357） at 15mol% Eu^3＋.     

高温高压下掺杂N型PbTe的热电性能

 以Sb₂Te₃作为掺杂剂,利用高温高压技术,成功合成出N型PbTe。在常温下对其热电性能的测试结果表明：掺杂微量的Sb₂Te₃后,PbTe的赛贝克系数绝对值和电阻率大幅度下降,热导率随掺杂浓度的增加缓慢升高。掺杂后PbTe的品质因子先大幅度增加,后逐渐降低,最高达到8.7×10^-4 K^-1,它比常压合成的PbTe掺杂PbI₂高一倍以上。结果表明,将高温高压方法与掺杂相结合,能有效地改善PbTe的热电性能。