Advances in the chemical synthesis of brassinosteroids

This review generalizes the latest advances in the chemical synthesis of the plant growth regulators brassinosteroids in 1990–1994.Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Belarus Academy of Sciences, 220141, Minsk, ul. Zhodinskaya, 5/2. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 507–544, July–August, 1997.     

Advances in the synthesis of neonicotinoids

The review discusses methods of synthesis of neonicotinoids which constitute a new group of insecticides structurally related to nicotine and acting as insect acetylcholine receptor agonists.__________Translated from Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii, Vol. 40, No. 12, 2004, pp. 1759–1775.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Kovganko, Kashkan.     

石油卟啉的合成进展

综述了近年来石油卟啉的合成方法,重点是带五元环的卟啉DPEP的合成进展。讨论了各种方法的优缺点。     

鞘糖脂的合成研究进展

综述了神经鞘氨醇、神经酰胺及鞘糖脂全合成研究的基本概况，重点评述了其 最近的研究进展情况。     

Advances in the chemical transformation of β-sitosterol

This review generalizes the most important results on the chemical synthesis of steroids from β-sitosterols. Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Belarus Academy of Sciences, Minsk. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 579–597, September–October, 1994.     

Advances in glycoprotein synthesis

The development of chemical and enzymatic methods for the synthesis of homogeneous glycoproteins is a fascinating challenge at the interface between chemistry and biology. Discussed here are the currently available methods for preparation of homogeneous glycoproteins. These methods include (1) glycopeptide ligation; (2) glycoprotein remodeling; and (3) in vivo suppressor tRNA technology.     

微化工过程研究进展

微化工过程是化学工程学科的研究前沿和热点方向之一,是实现化工过程安全、高效、绿色的重要途径.近年来,关于微化工过程的研究主要集中在微尺度多相流动与结构调控、微尺度混合与多相传递以及微尺度反应过程等方面,并且取得了显著的进展.本文主要针对以上几个方面的研究进展进行综述,分析总结了微化工过程的优势和特点,并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

Advances in the chemical analysis and biological activities of chuanxiong

Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Chuan-Xiong, CX), the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Umbelliferae), is one of the most popular plant medicines in the World. Modern research indicates that organic acids, phthalides, alkaloids, polysaccharides, ceramides and cerebrosides are main components responsible for the bioactivities and properties of CX. Because of its complex constituents, multidisciplinary techniques are needed to validate the analytical methods that support CX's use worldwide. In the past two decades, rapid development of technology has advanced many aspects of CX research. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the chemical analysis and biological activities of CX, and to highlight new applications and challenges. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and emerging techniques.     

微波辅助水相有机合成研究进展

微波辅助水相有机合成结合了水为溶剂和微波加热的特点,具有反应速率快、产率高、绿色环保等优点.本文介绍了近几年来微波辅助水相(过热水,T≥100 ℃)有机合成的研究进展,主要包括过碳-碳键形成反应、碳-杂键形成反应、环加成反应、Mannich反应、脱保护反应等.并展望了该领域今后的发展方向.     

Methods for the chemical synthesis of fullerenes

C(60) has been synthesized by chemical methods in 12 steps. Lessons learned in the author's laboratory during a decade devoted to the synthesis and study of open geodesic polyarenes strongly influenced the strategy and methodology ultimately employed for preparing a suitable 60-carbon precursor and for closing it up to the fullerene ball. This review provides a personal account of how the new synthetic tools were developed and put to use.     

Calcium alkoxyalanates : II. Advances in the synthesis

Simple syntheses of calcium alkoxyalanates starting from NaAlH₄, CaCl₂ and alcohols involving evolution of hydrogen and separation of sodium chloride are reported. More complex methods, which allow the preparation of calcium alkoxyllalanates without loss of hydride hydrogen from NaAlH₄, CaCl₂, NaOR and AlX₃ (X = OR, Cl) have also been developed.     

Pursuing practical elegance in chemical synthesis

In the 21st century, the field of chemistry will face more than just academic challenges. Indeed, our ability to devise straightforward and practical chemical syntheses is indispensable to the survival of our species.     

Advances in the synthesis of cycloalka[b]indoles

The review considers new advances in the synthesis of indoles annulated with cycloalkanes.     

Advances in the synthesis of inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like nanoparticles

In analogy to graphite, nanoparticles of inorganic compounds with lamellar two-dimensional structure, such as MoS(2), are not stable against folding, and can adopt nanotubular and fullerene-like structures, nicknamed inorganic fullerenes or IF. Various applications for such nanomaterials were proposed. For instance, IF-WS(2) nanoparticles were shown to have beneficial effects as solid lubricants and as part of tribological surfaces. Further applications of IF for high-tensile-strength fibers, hydrogen storage, rechargeable batteries, catalysis, and in nanotechnology are being contemplated. This Minireview highlights some of the latest developments in the synthesis of inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like structures. Some structural aspects and properties of IF, which are distinct from the bulk materials, are briefly discussed.     

Total chemical synthesis of crambin

Crambin is a small (46 amino acids) protein isolated from the seeds of the plant Crambe abyssinica. Crambin has been extensively used as a model protein for the development of advanced crystallography and NMR techniques and for computational folding studies. We set out to establish synthetic access to crambin. Initially, we synthesized the 46 amino acid polypeptide by native chemical ligation of two distinct sets of peptide segments (15 + 31 and 31 + 15 residues). The synthetic polypeptide chain folded in good yield to give native crambin containing three disulfide bonds. The chemically synthesized crambin was characterized by LC-MS and by 2D-NMR. However, the 31-residue peptide segments were difficult to purify, and this caused an overall low yield for the synthesis. To overcome this problem, we synthesized crambin by the native chemical ligation of three segments (15 + 16 + 15 residues). Total synthesis using the ligation of three segments gave more than a 10-fold increase in yield and a protein product of exceptionally high purity. This work demonstrates the efficacy of chemical protein synthesis by the native chemical ligation of three segments and establishes efficient synthetic access to the important model protein crambin for experimental studies of protein folding and stability.     

Improved chemical synthesis of UDP-galactofuranose

[reaction: see text] A reliable and efficient synthetic route to UDP-alpha-D-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf) has been developed. Reaction of UMP-N-methylimidazolide with Galf 1-phosphate proceeds rapidly to provide UDP-Galf with excellent reproducibility and in a yield approximately twice as high as those reported previously.