一种测定污水中多种未知污染物的方法

摘要 本发明公开了应用气相色谱一质谱联用法测定污水中多种未知污染物的方法,属环境检测技术领域。本发明首先提出了同时萃取前处理方法,污水经上述处理净化、浓缩后,应用气相色谱-质谱联用,并分别提出了气相色谱一质谱的具体测定工作参数。通过上述仪器分析后,得到的分子碎片峰值与NIST库对比,就能对多种未知污染物作出定性分析,确定污染物,并对寻找污染物的来源及污染事故的调查、处理、鉴定起着重要作用。     

离线和在线固相萃取-液相色谱-质谱法测定污水中5种芬太尼类物质及其代谢物

近年来芬太尼类物质的滥用在世界范围内呈显著上升趋势,本研究应用离线和在线固相萃取结合液相色谱-质谱联用技术,建立了污水中芬太尼、乙酰芬太尼及其3种主要代谢物的检测方法。样品前处理分别考察了基于PRiME MCX阳离子交换柱的离线固相萃取以及基于HLB Direct Connect HP反相柱的在线固相萃取,结果显示,前者对于复杂污水基质中目标物的提取效果优于后者,但后者操作简便更适于大批量样品检测。液相色谱-质谱联用检测均使用C18色谱柱,0.1%甲酸水和0.1%甲酸乙腈线性梯度洗脱,正离子化多反应监测模式进行定量分析。经同位素内标校正,两种固相萃取模式下5种目标物在0.5～200 ng·L^-1范围内线性关系良好(r>0.995),定量结果误差小于10%,日内和日间精密度相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于6%,说明方法高效可靠。本方法适用于污水中5种芬太尼类物质及其代谢物的定量检测,为利用污水流行病学原理监测该类物质的滥用提供了新的手段。     

色谱-质谱联用法测定污水中毒品含量的方法比较

污水分析法因其客观、简便等优点，已被越来越多的地方政府用于区域毒情评估。此文建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定污水中13种毒品及其代谢物和人口标记物，并对离线方法和在线方法进行了比较。离线和在线方法的线性相关系数(R²)均≥0.9970,六次平行测定浓度的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别在0.2～2.5%和0.7～6.7%之间，低、中、高水平的加标回收率分别在88.3～109.8%和98.7～117.6%之间。离线方法对分析仪器的配置和灵敏度要求更低，在样品基质过于复杂、干扰峰难以分辨时更有优势，在线方法的前处理更简单，时间和人力成本更低。将以上方法应用于171个污水处理厂样品中毒品的检测，两种方法的检测结果无显著差别，均能满足污水样品中毒品检测的要求。同时，为了解决某些基质复杂的污水样品检测时存在干扰的问题，还介绍了一种针对特殊污水样品的毒品准确定量的色谱分析思路和策略，以提高方法的通用性、准确性和分析效率，为毒品滥用情况评估提供可靠、高效的分析手段。     

离子色谱技术在污水监测中的应用和发展趋势

从前处理技术、色谱柱、淋洗系统、抑制器和检测项目等方面,分析总结了自20世纪80年代以来离子色谱技术在污水监测中的应用情况,并结合离子色谱技术的最新发展,分析了离子色谱技术在污水监测中的发展趋势。     

超声波提取-气相色谱-质谱法测定脱水污泥中的多氯联苯

采用超声波提取,气相色谱–质谱联用法检测,建立了脱水污泥中18种多氯联苯的测定方法。污泥样品以二氯甲烷-正己烷(体积比为1∶1)为提取剂,用超声波提取20 min,在优化的仪器条件下,其中18种多氯联苯的质量浓度在0.05～100μg/mL范围内与色谱峰面积均呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.999 0)。方法的检出限为0.16～0.97μg/L,加标回收率为84.0%～117.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于4.5%(n=6)。该方法样品前处理简单,重现性好,检出限低,准确度高,适用于污水处理厂脱水污泥中18种多氯联苯的测定。     

Online-SPE-UPLC-MS/MS检测生活污水中20种毒品

对生活污水的前处理进行优化,建立了一种在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(Online-SPEUPLC-MS/MS)同时测定污水中20种毒品及人口标记物的方法。用金属螯合剂Na₂EDTA·2H₂O处理污水后加入同位素内标,接着用滤膜过滤后,以双柱交替模式上样。用Waters Oasis HLB固相萃取柱(2.1 mm×30mm,20μm)进行富集浓缩后,用流动相将固相萃取柱上吸附的目标物反冲洗到Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)上。柱温40℃,以乙腈-0.1%(体积分数)甲酸水溶液为流动相,采用梯度程序洗脱。采用电喷雾离子源正离子、多反应监测(MRM)模式定量检测。可替宁的线性范围在20～5000ng·L^-1,其余20种物质的线性范围在1～250 ng·L^-1之间,相关系数R²均大于0.99,检出限在0.01～0.25ng·L^-1之间,加标回收率在91.57%～113.94%,精密度均...     

顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定多种食品中硫酰氟残留

根据硫酰氟极易挥发的特点，使用干扰较小的顶空法作为前处理方法。将顶空瓶中的样品在25℃水浴中二氯甲烷超声提取60 min，用气密性注射器抽取顶空瓶内液面上方气体注入气相色谱质谱仪，通过Restek RT-QS-BOND (15 m×0.25 mm×8μm)色谱柱进行色谱分离，选择离子监测模式测定。在20～1000 ng范围内，方法线性关系良好，相关系数（R2）为0.9997。在3个不同添加水平下，10种食品的回收率为84.4%～100.8%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为5.1%～15%，检出限为1.5μg/kg，定量限为5.0μg/kg。     

GC-MS法同时测定壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚短链生物降解产物

采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法,研究了污水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚短链生物降解产物NP、NP1EO、NP2EO同时定量检测的方法;优化了相关色谱条件和选择定量离子。结果表明,当进样量为4μL,进样口温度为320℃时,可获得较高的色谱响应值,改善了方法的检测灵敏度;选用多个质谱特征离子进行定量分析,各种降解产物的选择离子色谱图响应值占总离子流色谱图响应值的70%左右,较准确地反映了各产物不同同分异构体的组成。该方法的相对标准偏差小于5%,NP2EO加标回收率在98.34%~101.40%之间;采用该方法对实际污水样品进行了分析,结果表明重现性较好,精密度和准确度均满足痕量分析的要求。     

静态顶空-气相色谱/质谱法同时检测环境水体中59种挥发性有机物

静态顶空法是一种简单、环保的样品前处理方法.通过对比试验,优化了影响静态顶空进样方法灵敏度的主要因素,确定了较佳的样品盐度(40%)、平衡温度(80℃)、平衡时间(10 min)、平衡压力(0.103 4 MPa)、定量环平衡时间(20 s)、进样时间(3 min)等前处理方法参数.采用优化后水样前处理条件及1.00 k V的检测器电压,59种挥发性有机物在特定的线性范围内,标准曲线线性相关系数均大于0.998,方法检出限为丙烯腈4.4μg/L、硝基苯7.6μg/L,其余挥发性有机物(VOCs)介于0.06~1.4μg/L,饮用水源水及污水处理厂进水实际样品加标回收率为60%~110%,精密度(RSD)为0.33%~22%(n=6).建立的静态顶空-气相色谱/质谱法(HS-GC/MS)水样前处理过程自动化,可同时对水中59种挥发性有机物进行检测.     

固相萃取-衍生化气相色谱/质谱法测定制药厂污水中的环境雌激素

采用固相萃取-衍生化气相色谱/质谱法(GC/MS)测定某制药厂污水中的雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)和乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)4种雌激素化合物。样品经固相萃取柱萃取富集及双(三甲基硅烷基)三氟乙酰胺(1%三甲基氯硅烷)（BSTFA(1%TMCS)）衍生化后进行GC/MS分析。该法对4种目标物的检出限为1.8～4.7 ng/L,相对标准偏差为2.3%～9.1%(n=8)。目标化合物的加标回收率为（94.0±2.9）%～（101±3.8）%,说明该方法能较好地应用于污水中雌激素化合物的定量检测。通过对某制药厂污水中的雌激素进行定量分析,发现污水中乙炔基雌二醇和雌酮质量浓度分别达396.6 和39.9 ng/L;经过传统的厌氧兼氧好氧生物处理后,污水中的环境雌激素的去除率仅为35%～40%,说明传统的污水处理工艺对去除污水中雌激素效果并不明显,需要改进。     

Determination of Chlorophenols in Sewage Sludge and Soil by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Ultrasonic-Assisted and Solid-Phase Extraction

Chlorophenols are a category of toxic pollutants that are ubiquitously present in the environment. This paper presents a reliable and feasible method for the determination of five chlorophenols in sewage sludge and soil using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The pretreatment involved ultrasonic-assisted extraction and solid-phase extraction purification with hydrophilic–lipophilic balance cartridges. LC-MS/MS equipped with an electrospray ionization source operated in negative mode was used for detection, and multitude reaction monitoring mode was applied for data acquisition. The pretreatment and working conditions of LC-MS/MS were optimized to achieve satisfactory results. The intra-batch accuracies were 100.5–113.4% with relative standard deviations?≤?15.6% for the chlorophenols in sewage sludge and 71.3–102.7% with relative standard deviations?≤?14.0% for those in soil. The inter-batch accuracies were 86.1–100.5% (relative standard deviations?≤?33.6%) for sewage sludge samples and 70.5–112.5% (relative standard deviations?≤?28.2%) for soil samples, respectively. This method has been applied to the determination of chlorophenols in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants and soil collected from Guangzhou, China. Parachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol were detected in some sewage sludge samples, with concentrations from 0.51 to 13.20?ng/g. In addition, parachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol were found in all the soil samples with concentrations from 0.33 to 5.21?ng/g. The chromatographic behavior, on-filter adsorption behavior, and the relationship between optimal collision energies and degree of chlorination of the chlorophenols was investigated. This method will be conducive to environmental research focusing on pollution investigation of chlorophenols in the environment.     

Electron beam pretreatment of sewage sludge before anaerobic digestion

The pretreatment of waste-activated sludge (WAS) by electron beam irradiation was studied in order to improve anaerobic sludge digestion. The irradiation dose of the electron beam was varied from 0.5 to 10 kGy. Batch and continuous-flow stirred tank reactors (CFSTRs) were operated to evaluate the effect of the electron beam pretreatment on anaerobic sludge digestion. Approximately 30–52% of the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) content of the WAS was solubilized within 24 h after electron beam irradiation. A large quantity of soluble COD, protein, and carbohydrates leached out from cell ruptures caused by the electron beam irradiation. Volatile fatty acids production from the irradiated sludge was approx 90% higher than that of the unirradiated sludge. The degradation of irradiated sewage sludge was described by two distinct first-order decay rates (k ₁ and k ₂). Most initial decay reaction accelerated within 10 d, with an average k ₁ of 0.06/d for sewage sludge irradiated at all dosages. The mean values for the long-term batch first-order decay coefficient (k ₂) were 0.025/d for irradiated sewage sludge and 0.007/d for unirradiated sludge. Volatile solids removal efficiency of the control reactor fed with unirradiated sewage sludge at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20 d was almost the same as that of the CFSTRs fed with irradiated sludge at an HRT of 10 d. Therefore, disintegration of sewage sludge cells using electron beam pretreatment could reduce the reactor solid retention time by half.     

Atomic-absorption spectrophotometric determination of antimony, arsenic, bismuth, tellurium, thallium and vanadium in sewage sludge

Electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), by use of a graphite furnace, in conjunction with sample pretreatment by homogenization, was evaluated as a rapid method for the determination of bismuth, thallium and vanadium in sewage sludge. This method was compared with use of flame, electrothermal and hydride-generation (for bismuth) AAS in conjunction with conventional acid digestion and dry-ashing pretreatments and was found to be applicable to this type of sample. Comparisons were also made between flame and hydride-generation AAS in conjunction with an acid digestion pretreatment for the determination of antimony, arsenic and tellurium in sewage sludge. The hydride-generation technique was considered the better for waste-water samples because of its greater sensitivity.     

有机废弃物在水热-热解耦合过程中NOx前驱物的释放机制研究

以城市污泥(SS)、中药药渣(HTW)和硅藻(DT)为对象,在水平管式反应器上对比研究了水热处理前后样品在热解过程中NO_x前驱物的生成特征,并结合热重(TGA)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征分析了该耦合过程对NO_x前驱物的影响机制。结果表明,在240℃下进行水热预处理能直接或间接地影响样品燃料N在不同热解阶段时的转化路径,从而在整体层面上降低NO_x前驱物的释放量,例如当热解温度为900℃时,源于水热焦燃料N的NO_x前驱物为55.0%(SS_(240))、48.1%(HTW_(240))和51.2%(DT_(240)),比未经处理样品的NO_x前驱物释放量分别少9.5%(SS)、6.0%(HTW)和15.4%(DT),但若以原料燃料N为基准,源于水热焦的NO_x前驱物则比未经处理样品的NO_x前驱物释放量分别少90.1%(SS)、41.9%(HTW)和59.8%(DT),并且对NH_3的抑制效果高于HCN。进一步根据热失重曲线及其半焦N官能团的演变规律可以推测,水热预处理对NO_x前驱物的两条影响机制,即含N官能团的脱除(对于初次反应的NH_3释放)与含N官能团的稳定化(对于二次反应的HCN释放),可为废弃物的清洁利用提供理论参考。     

Development of a sample preparation procedure of sewage sludge samples for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on selective pressurized liquid extraction

An automated, simple and sensitive method based on selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) was developed for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge samples. The new sample preparation procedure consists of on-line clean-up by inclusion of sorbents in the extraction cell, and combines elevated temperatures and pressures with liquid solvents to achieve fast and efficient removal of target analytes from complex sewage sludge matrices. The effects of various operational parameters (e.g. sample pretreatment, extraction solvent, temperature, pressure, static time, etc.) on the performance of SPLE procedure were carefully investigated, obtaining the best results when SPLE conditions were fixed at 140 °C, 1500 psi, static time of 5 min and n-hexane as extraction solvent. A new programmed temperature vaporization–gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method based on large volume injection (PTV–LVI–GC–MS/MS) was also developed and analytical determinations were performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection and GC–MS/MS. The extraction yields for the different compounds obtained by SPLE ranged from 84.8% to 106.6%. Quantification limits obtained for all of these studied compounds (between 0.0001 and 0.005 μg g⁻¹, dry mass) were well below the regulatory limits for all compounds considered. To test the accuracy of the SPLE technique, the optimized methodology was applied to the analysis of a certified reference material (sewage sludge (BCR088)) and a reference material (sewage sludge (RTC-CNS312-04)), with excellent results.     

Comparison of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry of the metal content of sewage sludge with flame atomic absorption spectrometry in conjunction with different pretreatment methods

Determination of the metal content of sewage sludges is of increasing importance in order to assess the suitability of the sludge for disposal to agricultural land. The methods currently used for the determination of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc are time-consuming. A rapid electrothermal atomic absorption procedure with homogenization as the only pretreatment is compared with wet and dry pretreatment methods followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, in a statistically designed experiment. The precision of the rapid electrothermal atomic absorption procedure compares well with flame atomic absorption in conjunction with all pretreatment methods used. Time saved by the use of this method is substantial; the procedure could be used advantageously for routine analysis.     

Analysis of anticancer drugs in sewage water by selective SPE and UPLC-ESI-MS-MS

A trace analytical procedure was developed to assay the anticancer drugs methotrexate, azathioprine, doxorubicin, doxorubicinol, vincristine, ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and procarbazine in water samples from sewage treatment plants. After concentration and purification using Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction cartridges and Oasis WAX cartridges, the analytes were separated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry operating in the positive ion mode. The method showed good precision and accuracy. Recoveries of all analytes were in the range of 45.3-108.9% with relative standard deviations between 2.4-24.5%. The limits of detection for influent and effluent sewage water were in the range of 0.6-7.0 ng/L and 0.5-3.5 ng/L, respectively. It is expected that this method will be applied to investigate the environmental occurrence of anticancer drugs in sewage water.     

A novel hollow-fibre microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction for determination of free 4-isobutylacetophenone concentration at ultra trace level in environmental aqueous samples

In this study, a method was developed for determination of the free concentration of 4-isobutylacetophenone, a toxic degradation product of ibuprofen, in river and sewage water samples from Sweden. Sample preparation and analysis were performed by a hollow-fibre microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction (HF-MMLLE) set-up and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. In this novel approach, only the liquid in the membrane pores is utilised for non-depleting extraction. Several parameters were studied, including: type of organic solvent, sample pH, and salt and humic acid content. The optimised method allowed the determination of the analyte at the ng L(-1) level in river and sewage water. A linear plot gave a correlation coefficient better than 0.992 and resulted in a limit of detection of 7 and 14 ng L(-1) for river and sewage water, respectively. The enrichment factor was over 2000 in the fibre and over 300 after dilution. The repeatability and reproducibility were better than 5% and 10%, respectively. For the first time, 4-isobutylacetophenone was found at free concentrations of 40 ng L(-1) or below in sewage waters, while it could not be quantified in a river downstream from a municipal sewage treatment plant.     

Determination of selected human pharmaceutical compounds in effluent and surface water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A simple method is presented for the analysis of 13 pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical metabolite compounds in sewage effluents and surface waters. The pharmaceutical compounds were extracted using a genetic solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using Phenomenex Strata X as a stationary phase. Extracts were quantitatively analysed by four separate reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) techniques and quantified by comparison with an internal standard ([13C]-phenacetin). Recoveries and limits of detection (LOD) for sulfamethoxazole (120%, 50 ng l(-1)), acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (56%, 50 ng l(-1)), trimethoprim (123%, 10 ng l(-1)), erythromycin (73%, 10 ng l(-1)), paracetamol (75%, 50 ng l(-1)), ibuprofen (117%, 20 ng l(-1)), clofibric acid (83%, 50 ng l(-1)), mefenamic acid (24%, 50 ng l(-1)), diclofenac (62%, 20 ng l(-1)), propranolol (45%, 10 ng l(-1)), dextropropoxyphene (63%, 20 ng l(-1)) and tamoxifen (42%, 10 ng l(-1)) were all acceptable. The recovery of lofepramine (4%) was too low to be of use in a monitoring programme. Application of the method to samples collected from UK sewage effluents and surface waters showed detectable concentrations of mefenamic acid, diclofenac, propranolol, erythromycin, trimethoprim and acetyl-sulfamethoxazole in both matrices. Ibuprofen and dextropropoxyphene were detected in sewage effluents alone. All other pharmaceutical compounds were below the methods limits of detection.