Excited-state hydrogen bonding dynamics of methyl isocyanide in methanol solvent: A DFT/TDDFT study

The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method was performed to investigate the hydrogenbonding dynamics of methyl cyanide (MeNC) as hydrogen bond acceptor in hydrogen donating methanol (MeOH) solvent. The ground-state geometry optimizations and electronic transition energies and corresponding oscillation strengths of the low-lying electronically excited states for the isolated MeNC and MeOH monomers, the hydrogen-bonded MeNC-MeOH dimer and MeNC-2MeOH trimer are calculated by the DFT and TDDFT methods, respectively. An intermolecular hydrogen bond N≡C…H-O is formed between MeNC and methanol molecule. According to Zhao’s rule on the excited-state hydrogen bonding dynamics, we find the intermolecular hydrogen bonds N≡C…H-O are strengthened in electronically excited states of the hydrogen-bonded MeNC-MeOH dimer and MeNC-2MeOH trimer, with the excitation energy of a related excited state being lowered and electronic spectral redshifts being induced. Furthermore, the hydrogen bond strengthening in the electronically excited state plays an important role on the photophysics and photochemistry of MeNC in solutions     

A theoretical forecast of the hydrogen bond changes in the electronic excited state for BN and its derivatives

The relationship between electronic spectral shifts and hydrogen-bonding dynamics in electronically excited states of the hydrogen-bonded complex is put forward. Hydrogen bond strengthening will induce a redshift of the corresponding electronic spectra, while hydrogen bond weakening will cause a blueshift. Time-dependent density function theory (TDDFT) was used to study the excitation energies in both singlet and triplet electronically excited states of Benzonitrile (BN), 4-aminobenzonitrile (ABN), and 4-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) in methanol solvents. Only the intermolecular hydrogen bond C≡N...H-O was involved in our system. A fairly accurate forecast of the hydrogen bond changes in lowlying electronically excited states were presented in light of a very thorough consideration of their related electronic spectra. The deduction we used to depict the trend of the hydrogen bond changes in excited states could help others understand hydrogen-bonding dynamics more effectively.     

Fluorescence quenching of betacarboline (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) induced by intermolecular hydrogen bonding with pyridines

The influence of the hydrogen bond acceptor properties of pyridine derivatives on the fluorescence quenching mechanism of the betacarboline (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) (BC) has been investigated. Absorption measurements suggest the sequential formation of two BC-pyridine hydrogen-bonded complexes: a covalent hydrogen-bonded complex (HBC) and its proton transfer tautomer (PTC). Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements reveal that the BC fluorescence quenching has static and dynamic components due to the ground and the excited state formation of the very weakly fluorescent PTC. Since the excited state HBC formation is a diffusion-controlled process, the efficiency of dynamic quenching is mainly determined by the relative magnitudes of the HBC backward reaction and the PTC formation rate constants.     

Formation of fluorescence bands of polyatomic organic molecules in the gaseous phase upon excitation by electrons

Information on paths in absorption and deactivation of energy gained by molecules in their excitation by electron impact to low-lying singlet states has been obtained from an analysis of changes in the fluorescence spectra of these molecules. It is shown that there is a significant difference in the formation of fluorescence spectra when free molecules are excited by optical radiation and by electrons. It contrast to optical excitation, the interaction of an electron with a molecule is nonselective in character. All electronic states have a chance to be excited, which results in ensembles of emitting molecules with a different store of vibrational energy, and these ensembles each contribute to the fluorescence spectrum. Deceased. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 216–223, March–April, 1998.     

Femtosecond time-resolved difference absorption spectroscopy of all-<Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>-β-Apo-8′-carotenal

The femtosecond time-resolved difference absorption spectra of all-trans-β-Apo-8′-carotenal have been recorded and analyzed by the singular-value decomposition (SVD) method followed by global fitting using a sequential model for the excited-state energy relaxation. With this model, we have obtained the excited-state absorption spectra and the lifetimes of the corresponding excited states both in nonpolar solvent n-hexane and polar solvent methanol. Three excited states, namely S₃(170fs), S₂(2.32ps) and S₁(26ps) in n-hexane, and two excited states S₂(190fs) and S₁(9.4ps) in methanol have been observed. The excited-state absorption spectra of all-trans-β-Apo-8′-carotenal in methanol display a red shift and broadeness, while the lifetime of S₁ state becomes shorter. It is proposed that these effects are related to the presence of a carbonyl functional group that leads to the solvent effect on the excited-state energy level. At the same time, it is shown that the SVD method is a useful tool in resolving the time-resolved absorption spectra.     

Strong,polarized Balmer-alpha fluorescence after resonant core excitation of HCl

Visible-UV fluorescence has been analyzed after resonant Cl 2p core excitation of HCl molecules. The dispersed fluorescence spectra are dominated by emissions from atomic fragments. In particular, an intense and polarized Balmer H(alpha) line is observed after photoexcitation of the 2p(-1)nl Rydberg states. The excited hydrogen atoms are efficiently produced in the resonant Auger process and the subsequent dissociation of high lying HCl+ states. The experimental results, complemented by a time-resolved measurement of the H(alpha) decay, point to a universal mechanism for the production of H( n = 3) atoms in the dissociation of innershell excited HCl molecules.     

3发色团激发态分子内质子转移机理的研究

采用密度泛函(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT)方法对一种新合成的发色团(3)在非质子性溶剂DMSO中的激发态分子内质子转移机制进行了理论研究.基于3发色团的基态和激发态优化结构, 计算得到了该发色团中与氢键相关的键长和键角的大小, 以及与氢键相连接的 O-H键红外振动光谱, 发现分子内氢键在激发态下有增强的趋势. 理论计算得到的吸收谱和荧光谱的峰值与实验测得的结果吻合得很好, 证明了所采用的理论方法的正确性与合理性. 最终, 通过对该发色团的分子内电荷转移与电荷分布的分析, 证实了激发态分子内质子转移发生的可能性, 并说明了其转移过程的发生机制.     

3发色团激发态分子内质子转移机理的研究

采用密度泛函(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TDDFT)方法对一种新合成的发色团(3)在非质子性溶剂DMSO中的激发态分子内质子转移机制进行了理论研究.基于3发色团的基态和激发态优化结构,计算得到了该发色团中与氢键相关的键长和键角的大小,以及与氢键相连接的O-H键红外振动光谱,发现分子内氢键在激发态下有增强的趋势.理论计算得到的吸收谱和荧光谱的峰值与实验测得的结果吻合得很好,证明了所采用的理论方法的正确性与合理性.最终,通过对该发色团的分子内电荷转移与电荷分布的分析,证实了激发态分子内质子转移发生的可能性,并说明了其转移过程的发生机制.     

Femtosecond time-resolved difference absorption spectroscopy of all-trans-β-Apo-8′-carotenal

The femtosecond time-resolved difference absorption spectra of all-trans-βApo-8′-carotenal have been recorded and analyzed by the singular-value decomposition (SVD) method followed by global fitting using a sequential model for the excited-state energy relaxation. With this model, we have obtained the excited-state absorption spectra and the lifetimes of the corresponding excited states both in nonpolar solvent n-hexane and polar solvent methanol. Three excited states, namely S3(170fs), S2(2.32ps) and S1(26ps) in n-hexane, and two excited states S2 (190fs) and S1(9.4ps) in methanol have been observed. The excited-state absorption spectra of all-trans-β-Apo-8′-carotenal in methanol display a red shift and broadeness, while the lifetime of S1 state becomes shorter. It is proposed that these effects are related to the presence of a carbonyl functional group that leads to the solvent effect on the excited-state energy level. At the same time, it is shown that the SVD method is a useful tool in resolving the time-resolved absorption spectra.     

The nature of the long-wave bands in the emission spectra of aromatic o-hydroxycarboxylic acids and their derivatives

The reasons for the simultaneous presence of two emission bands, blue and red, in the fluorescence spectra of certain aromatic o-hydroxycarboxylic acids and their derivatives have been examined. It was shown that the unusual luminescence properties of these compounds were determined by the large differences in energy of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the normal and excited electronic states. The long-wave luminescence bands in similar cases are the result of optical transitions in the high frequency sublevels of the ground electronic state (sometimes in the dissociaton region of the hydrogen bond).     

Excited‐state hydrogen bond strengthening of coumarin 153 in ethanol solvent: a TDDFT study

So far, coumarin dyes have been extensively studied with various means to understand their photophysical behaviors and photochemical properties. Here, our performing time‐dependent density functional theory calculation is aimed at exploring the excited‐state hydrogen bonding dynamics of coumarin 153 (C153) in protic ethanol (EtOH) solvent. The calculated results suggest that the excited‐state hydrogen bond C?O?H?O between C?O group and O?H group in the C153‐EtOH complex is strengthened, and the S₀ → S₁ transition of the complex corresponds to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) hopping to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The excited‐state hydrogen bond strengthening has been further confirmed by its larger binding energy in the S₁ state than in the S₀ state. In addition, because of the formation of the hydrogen bond C?O?H?O, a red shift of about 7 nm occurs in the electronic spectra of the C153‐EtOH complex, which is in good accordance with the experiment result. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

激光诱导时间分辨固体表面荧光光谱系统

采用斜射式激发样品光路结构,设计了应用于测试时间分辨固体表面荧光光谱系统。利用该系统研究了氧化锌薄膜在355 nm激光脉冲激发下的时间分辨固体表面荧光光谱。结果表明,该系统能够实现测量时间分辨固体表面荧光光谱,并由此测量了样品的固体表面荧光寿命。该系统结构简单可靠,灵敏度高,响应速度快。     

Stability of the (H2O)2 dimer in the ground and lowest-lying excited electronic states

A theoretical study of the (H₂O)₂ dimer has been carried out in which the lowest S₁ and T₁ excited electronic states of the dimer complex, the influence of hydrogen bond formation on the shift in the maximum of the absorption band, and the stability of the dimer complex in the ground and excited states have been examined. It was found that there is only a single global maximum for the system — a nonplanar dimer complex formed by a linear hydrogen bond. Cyclic and bifurcated structures are transition states which do not form stable configurations when electronically excited. For the structure having a minimum in the ground electronic state, two nondissociating S₁ and T₁ states were found with bond energies of 2.0 and 4.4 kcal/mole, respectively. Formation of hydrogen bonds leads to a shift in the absorption maximum to the blue region with respect to the monomer. The hydrogen bond was found to weaken in the excited electronic states of the dimer.V. D. Kuznetsov Siberian Physicotechnical Scientific-Research Institute at the State University, Tomsk, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 11–15, March, 1993.     

Group-12 vdW dimers in free-jet supersonic beams: The legacy of Eugeniusz Czuchaj continues

Laser induced excitation and dispersed fluorescence spectra of group-12 metal homoatomic dimers (Zn₂, Cd₂, Hg₂) recorded at a number of ultraviolet transitions provided information about interatomic potentials of the ground and lower-lying excited electron energy states of the dimers. The experimental studies were associated with calculations performed by Eugeniusz Czuchaj that were related to interatomic potentials as well as dipole moments for transitions between the ground and the excited states of the dimers. In experiments the dimers were produced in free-jet supersonic beams and were excited in a vacuum chamber with dye-laser beams. Isotopically resolved vibrational transitions in low-resolution excitation spectra and high-resolution rotational profiles of several vibrational components as well as Condon internal diffraction patterns in dispersed fluorescence spectra were recorded. Complex analyses of the spectra yielded information about the ground- and excited-state potential bond lengths, well depths as well as shapes of the investigated potentials in limited regions of internuclear separations. The determined potential energy curves were compared with results of Czuchaj providing conclusions related to the accuracy of calculations and/or experiments as well as giving the experimentalist information about planning experimental studies of molecular potentials of the group-12 dimers.     

A Spectroscopic Study of the Interaction of the Fluorescent β-Carboline-3-carboxylic Acid N-methylamide with DNA Constituents: Nucleobases, Nucleosides and Nucleotides

Interaction between beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid N-methylamide, betaCMAM, and nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides is studied in the ground state with UV-visible, (1)H NMR and (31)P NMR spectroscopies and in the first excited state, with steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Job plots show a predominant 1:1 interaction in both electronic states. Association constants are estimated from changes in the absorption spectra, and show that the strongest interaction is produced with the nucleosides: 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) and thymidine (Thd), and with the mononucleotides: 2'-deoxycytidine 5'- monophosphate (5'-dCMP) and uridine 5'- monophosphate (5'-UMP). These results are corroborated by the upfield shifts of two (1)H NMR resonances of the betaCMAM indole group. The (31)P NMR resonance of nucleotides is shifted downfield, suggesting the presence of electrostatic or hydrogen bond interaction with betaCMAM. In the first electronic singlet excited state, static and dynamic quenching of betaCMAM emission is achieved upon addition of nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides. This has been analysed using Stern-Volmer kinetics.     

溶剂对香豆素343染料光谱性质和最低激发态偶极矩的影响

通过对香豆素343(C343)在不同溶剂中的稳态吸收光谱、稳态荧光光谱和时间分辨荧光光谱的分析,研究了溶剂对C343的光谱性质的影响,并获得了光谱特性与溶剂极性之间的依赖关系. 吸收光谱峰值的红移随着溶剂极性的增加而发生较小的变化. 然而,荧光光谱的峰值对溶剂的极性却很敏感,并随着溶剂极性参数f(ε,n)的增加呈线性增长. 这是由于C343激发态电荷分布的变化导致了它在极性溶剂中第一激发单重态能级的变化. 用溶剂效应测量法和量子化学计算方法确定了C343最低激发态的偶极矩,这两方法所得的结果一致. C343在不同溶剂中的时间分辨荧光光谱研究表明荧光寿命随着溶剂极性的增加而增加,即从甲苯溶液的3.09 ns线性地增加到水溶液中4.45 ns;荧光寿命延长的根源可归因于C343与氢键给体溶剂之间的分子间氢键相互作用.     

Solvent Effects on the Spectroscopic Properties of Styrylquinolinium Dyes Series

The study on the relationship between the structure and spectroscopic properties of styrylquinolinium dyes were carried out by measuring the electronic visible absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectra of quinoline based hemicyanine dyes. The influence of the solvent on absorption and emission spectra and the solvatochromic properties, observed for both ground and first excited states, for all the dyes were applied for the evaluation of their excited state dipole moments. The ground state dipole moments of dyes under the study were established by applying ab initio calculations. The measured, using solvatochromic methods, excited state dipole moments of tested hemicyanines are in the range from 5.38 to 18.90 D and the change in the dipole moments caused by excitation were found to differ from 1.88 to 6.64 D. It was observed that for all tested dyes the dipole moments of the excited states were higher than those of a ground states. The fluorescence lifetime measurements with picosecond resolution was performed for entire series of hemicyanine dyes possessing different dialkylamino groups attached to the phenyl ring. The average lifetimes of the dye fluorescence, determined from the measured data by multi-order exponential decay curve fitting, were in the range from about 120 to 1200 ps at the fluorescence peak wavelength. The fluorescence lifetime measurements were performed for dyes in ethyl acetate solutions. The time-resolved fluorescence spectra measurements allowed to propose the mechanism of the dyes excited states deactivation.     

Exciplex liquid-phase thermometer using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence

Pulsed photoexcitation of hydrocarbon fuels doped with organic molecules exhibits a temperature-dependent fluorescence spectrum that is used as the basis for a weakly intrusive optical thermometer. By use of pulsed excitation from a 308-nm 8-ns XeCl excimer laser with gated detection of the fluorescence emissions from doped n -heptane, we demonstrate that time-resolved measurement of the excited monomer and the redshifted excited-state complex (exciplex) fluorescence emissions can yield sub-1 degrees accuracy for temperatures ranging from 440 K to the vicinity of the critical temperature (540 K). The experiments also show that the exciplex fluorescence spectrum is pressure independent below and above supercritical pressure.     

核黄素在不同极性溶剂中的光谱特性研究

实验测得核黄素在水、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和三氯甲烷三种不同极性溶剂中的稳态吸收光谱、荧光光谱和时间分辨荧光光谱,研究了溶剂对核黄素光谱性质的影响。实验结果表明,在不同极性的溶剂中,核黄素的吸收峰位置几乎不变,而荧光光谱峰值随着溶剂极性的增大而出现红移。这是由于溶质分子的电子激发及溶剂化效应引起的电子重新分布导致它在极性溶剂中第一激发单重态能级的变化。在时间分辨荧光光谱实验中,核黄素在水溶液中荧光寿命也高于在其他两种溶剂中,荧光寿命的延长可归因于核黄素与氢键对体溶剂之间的分子间氢键相互作用。应用Gaussian09软件,采用密度泛函理论和含时密度泛函理论,结合基于密度的溶剂化模型,对不同极性溶剂中的核黄素分子进行基态和激发态优化和计算。通过前线分子轨道分析,核黄素的受激跃迁属于苯环和含氮杂环上的π电子向苯环及C N,C O共轭双键的反键轨道π*的跃迁。分子偶极矩的计算结果表明,核黄素分子的第一激发态偶极矩大于基态偶极矩,偶极矩的增大,导致溶质与溶剂分子之间的相互作用的增大。而溶剂分子与溶质分子基态和激发态的相互作用程度不同,使得吸收峰和荧光峰出现不同变化情况。极性越大的溶剂越有利于对激发态的稳定作用,使激发态能量降低,相应的发射波长发生红移。最后,通过分子表面静电势和弱相互作用分析,在水溶剂中考虑氢键作用对核黄素分子光谱的影响。多聚体结构的理论吸收和发射峰值更接近实验结果,说明多聚体结构合理。水分子二聚体与核黄素形成的环状结构,有利于提高核黄素分子的刚性,有利于荧光的发射,减少非辐射跃迁的几率,荧光寿命延长。     

Effect of pH on the fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of indolecarboxylic acids. Evidence for the existence of a singlet excited-state indole acid dianion

Room-temperature electronic absorption, fluorescence, and low-temperature (77 K) phosphorescence spectra of a series of indolecarboxylic acids have been measured in predominantly aqueous solutions at pH 1.2, 7.0, 12.5, and in 5 N NaOH. The ¹L_a and ¹L_b π, π ¹ states have been assigned to the electronic transitions for all the compounds under study. The quenching of fluorescence, the appearance of a new fluorescence emission band, red-shifted by 40 nm, in very alkaline media, and the disappearance of the indole carboxylate short-wavelength band have been attributed to the formation of an excited singlet-state indolate carboxylate (dianion) stabilized by hydrogen bonding with the solvent. The existence of two successive excited singlet-state prototropic equilibria is discussed.