5 μm laser source for frequency metrology based on difference frequency generation

A narrow-linewidth cw 5 μm source based on difference frequency generation of a 1.3 μm quantum dot external cavity diode laser and a cw Nd:YAG laser in periodically poled MgO:LiNbO(3) has been developed and evaluated for spectroscopic applications. The source can be tuned to any frequency in the 5.09-5.13 μm range with an output power up to 0.1 mW, and in the 5.42-5.48 μm range with sub-microwatt output. The output frequency is stabilized and its value determined by measuring the frequency of the two lasers with a remotely located frequency comb. A frequency instability of less than 4 kHz for long integration times and a linewidth smaller than 700 kHz were obtained.     

Closely packed dense frequency selective surface

In order to realize wideband filtering properties of frequency selective surface(FSS),FSS of closely packed elements is presented.The Y loop elements are chosen as the graphics elements.Based on the spectral domain method,the frequency response is analyzed for different incident angles and polarizations.The result of the numerical analysis shows that the dense FSS has wide passband with better independence of angle and polarization.     

The frequency resolution of acousto-optical spectrometer

this paper discusses the frequency resolution of an acousto-opticalspectrometer system under influences of deflector‘s spectral resolution,coherent light-beam truncation ratio,and photodiode array‘s response.Thebroadening of the resoluble line-pattern caused by the response of aphotodiode pixel has been computed.According to this discussion theauthors proposed the selecting principles for the design parameters of theacoustooptical spectrometer including light-beam truncation ratio,focallength of Fourier lens,and number of photodiode array elements,i.e.thequantitative criteria for specific observational necessities with anacousto-optical spectrometer considered with resolution,bandwidth,andsidelobes of instrumental profile comprehensively.An experimentalmeasurement of the frequency resolution to verify the above theoreticalcomputations has also been carried out.     

Nonlinear generation and propagation of sum frequency and difference frequency acoustic wares within a two-dimensional rectangular duct

1IntroductionNonlilleargenerationandpropagationofacousticwavswithinatwo-dimensionalrectan-gularducthavedrawnmoreandmoreattention,andhavebeendiscussedilltensivelyinthepastdecades.Yetmuchattentionwasdrawntothecaseinwhichacousticwaveswithintheductwereexcitedbyanexcitationsourcewithasinglefrequency[1-4].Inpracticalissues,however,theexcitationsourcemayincludetwoormorefrequencies,andaseriesofacousticpropagatingmodeswithdifferentfrequencieswillbegenerated.Duetothenonlinearityoffiuidmediumwithintheduc…     

Sample indexed spatial orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

Optical spatial modulation(OSM) is a multiple-transmitter technique that can provide higher data rates with low system complexity as compared with single-input single-output systems. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) is widely implemented to achieve better spectral efficiency in wireless channels. Asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM(O-OFDM) and DC-biased O-OFDM are two well-known O-OFDM techniques suitable for intensity-modulation direct-detection optical systems. In this work, sample indexed spatial OFDM(SIS-OFDM) is proposed to combine OSM and O-OFDM in a novel way and achieve significant performance gain. By assigning time-domain samples of the O-OFDM transmit symbol to different transmitters, SIS-OFDM achieves much better spectral efficiency and reduces computational complexity at the transmitter as compared with previous work that combines OSM with O-OFDM in the frequency domain. We also consider the impact of optical source biasing on overall performance, and the relative performance of imaging receiver(ImR) versus non-imaging receiver(NImR) design for our proposed SIS-OFDM technique. Results indicate that for an Ntx × Nrx multiple-input multiple-output configuration where Ntx = Nrx = 4, SIS-OFDM using ImR can achieve up to 135 dB of signal-to-noise ratio gain over comparable system using a NImR. Also, using Nsc number of O-OFDM subcarriers provides up to Nsc × log2(Ntx) additional bits per symbol of spectral efficiency over techniques that combine OSM and O-OFDM in the frequency domain.     

Optical frequency comb generation based on three parallel Mach–Zehnder modulators with recirculating frequency shifting loop

We theoretically and numerically study an approach for optical frequency comb (OFC) generation, by utilizing recirculating frequency shifting (RFS) loop based on three parallel Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZMs). Our results show that three parallel MZMs can generate a single-side-band (SSB) signal with 36 dB optical carrier suppression (OCS) ratio. Furthermore, the 60-tone OFC signal with 30 dB side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) and 4 dB maximum power fluctuation is achieved, and 20 of the OFC signal possess the power fluctuation of less than 1 dB. Our approach provides a novel way of generating OFC with excellent SMSR and good power fluctuation.     

Auditory place theory and frequency difference limen

It has been a barrier that the place code is far too coarse a mechanism to account for the finest frequency difference limen for place theory of hearing since it was proposed in 19th century. A place correlation model, which takes the energy distribution of a pure tone in neighboring bands of auditory filters into full account, was presented in this paper. The model based on the place theory and some experimental results of the psychophysical tuning curves of hearing can explain the finest difference limen for frequency (about 0.02 or 0.3% at 1000 Hz) easily. Using a standard 1/3 octave filter bank of which the relationship between the frequency of a input pure tone apart from the centre frequency of K-th filter band, Δf, and the output intensity difference between K-th and (K l)-th filters,ΔE, was established in order to show the fine frequency detection ability of the filter bank. This model can also be used to abstract the fundamental frequency of speech and to measure the frequency of pure tone precisely.     

Short-term and long-term frequency characteristics of 2 μm single frequency Tm:YAG laser at room temperature

Placing one 0.1 mm YAG F-P etalon at nearly Brewster angle and combined use 1 mm fused silica in the cavity, a diode-pumped linear-polarized single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) Tm:YAG laser operating at 2 μm is achieved. This paper is focused on the stability of the linear-polarized SLM laser, including power stability, long-term frequency stability and short-term frequency stability. And the factors affecting the frequency characteristics of laser were also analyzed. The instability of the linear-polarization SLM laser is less than 1%. The long-term frequency stability is in the range from 1.16 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.75 × 10⁻⁷ monitored by the wave meter. And the short-term frequency stability is 97 Hz/μs measured with the self-beating heterodyne detection method.     

Frequency-stabilized semimonolithic frequency doubler with high output power

The frequency-doubled Nd:YAP laser with high out- put power is an important pumping source for quan- tum information, quantum optics, and nonlinear optics experiments[1-6]. Intracavity frequency-doubled[7-11] and external frequency-doubled lasers[12-18] are two usual methods to generate continuous second harmonic wave. For the former, the frequency-doubling nonlinear crystal and the active medium of the laser are put in the same resonant cavity, thus the process of frequency doubling possibly…     

Study on resonance frequency of thermoacoustic resonance pipes

For calculating the resonance frequency of practical resonance pipes more precisely, two methods are presented, which are the method of acoustic pressure simulation and the method of minimum point of standing wave. Both methods are based on the theoretical simulation of the acoustic pressure distribution in the pipe and the relation between the minimum point position of the standing wave and the acoustic impedances of the pipe terminations. It is demonstrated that both methods can calculate the resonance frequency of a pipe more precisely by considering the effect of the acoustic resistances of both terminations of the pipe. Therefore both methods presented are more useful in acoustic research fields in which the resonance frequency of a pipe must be controlled strictly. In addition, both methods can get the same calculation results despite of their different ways. The method of the minimum point of standing wave is more convenient, nevertheless the method of acoustic pressure simulation can derive the r     

Resolution beyond classical limits with spatial frequency heterodyning

A technique for coherent imaging based on spatial frequency heterodyning is described. Three images corresponding to three physical measurements are recorded. For the first measurement, a scene is simply illuminated with a coherent beam and for measurements 2 and 3, the scene is projected with cosine and sine fringes, respectively. Due to spatial frequency heterodyning, upper and lower side band information falls in the pass band of the imager. These bands are separated and correct phases and positions are assigned to these bands in the spatial frequency domain. An extension of bandwidth is achieved in the frequency domain and the inverse frequency domain data then give a high resolution coherent image.     

Laser frequency stabilization based on Sagnac interferometric spectroscopy

A simple method based on Sagnac interferometric spectroscopy(SIS)is applied for frequency stabilization of diode lasers.Sagnac interferometric spectra of rubidium vapor are investigated both theoretically and experimentally.The interference signal at the output of the Sagnac interferometer displays a sharp dispersion feature near the atomic resonance.This dispersion curve is used as the feedback error signal to stabilize the laser frequency.Linewidth of a diode laser is stabilized down to 1 MHz by this modulation-free method.     

Fundamental frequency patterns of Chinesein different speech modes

I.IntroductionTheF,patternsofspeechareimportantnotonlyforthcprosodicfeaturesbuta1soforvoicesourcecharactcristics.Nowmoreandmorespeechscientistsrecognizedthatvoiceexcitationsourceintcxt-to-spccchsystemsp1aysanimportantro1elnbothintclligibilityandnaturalnessorsynthcticspcech.Espccially,forChinese,atone1anguagewithmulti-tonesystem,thetonalpatternswhicharcmainlydcmonstratedintheF,con-tourscarry1exicalmeaning.SomecomparativestudiesoftheF,pattcrnsinbetweentonelanguage(Chinese)andstress1anguage(En…     

High frequency acoustic microscopy with Fresnel zoom lens

The acoustic field distributions and the convergent beams generated by the planar-structure Fresnel zone transducers on solid surface are investigated. Because only 0 and 180 degree phase transducers are used, an imaging system with the Fresnel zoom lens could work at very high frequency, which overcomes the frequency limit of the traditional phased array acoustic imaging system. Simulation results are given to illustrate the acoustic field distributions along the focal axis and the whole plane as well. Based on the principle of scanning of the focus with the change of frequency for the excited signal, an experimental imaging system is also built. Acoustic Fresnel zone transducers are fabricated at center frequency of 400 MHz. Measurements and detections of the known hole flaws at different depths of the fused quartz sample are presented to show that the imaging system with Fresnel zoom lens could move its focus by only changing the frequency of the excited signal.     

Calculation of multi frequency of Helmholtz boundary integral equation

The method using series expansion is presented, and the wavenumber is separated from fundamental solution of Helmholtz boundary element equation, then the system matrices dependent of wavenumber are the matrices series associated with wavenumber, and the astringency of the method is proved. The numerical results show that combined with the CHIEFmethod, the SECHIEF (Series Expansion Combined Helmholtz Integral Equation Formulation) method can not only provide uniqueness of solution and reduce the computational time but also give accurate results under the coarse elements.     

High-precision optical phase-locking based on wideband acousto-optical frequency shifting

We present a high-precision optical phase-locking based on wideband acousto-optical frequency shifting.Increasing the modulating bandwidth stabilizes the loop at a high loop gain,thus improving phase correction capability.An optical phase-locked loop with a wide control bandwidth is constructed.The closed-loop residual phase error is only 0.26°or smaller than λ/1000.The loop exhibits excellent correction capability for high-frequency noises.The correctable frequency range reaches 35 kHz when the noise amplitude is ±λ/2,and becomes even wider for smaller noise amplitudes.     

Optical properties and frequency conversion with AgGaGeS4 crystal

The basic optical property and phase-matching of new mixed AgGaGeS_4 crystal are presented. Frequency conversion, in particular the SHG of 30ns pulses of 9μm emission band of transversely excited atmospheric-pressure (TEA) CO_2 laser, is realized in AgGaGeS_4 for the first time. As high as 0.57% peak power and 0.3% external energy efficiencies, and 0.7mJ harmonic pulse energy are obtained for the 9.55μm emission line at pump intensity of 4% level of the damage threshold.     

μSR frequency spectra using the maximum entropy method

A novel approach to extracting frequency spectra from transverseSR spectra is presented, based on the maximum entropy method. This has the advantages of ensuring positivity of the frequency spectra, and only deviating from a flat default level where there is statistically significant information present in the data. It allows simultaneous analysis of spectra from multiple detectors with different phases to yield a single frequency spectrum.     

Pulse source-system model and its amplitude versus frequency characteristics

I.IntroductionForlongtime,itisoneofveryimportantquestionsinbiomcchanicscirc1estosetupady-namicsmode10fhumancardioscularsystemI'-'1.Peop1ehaveexpectedtostudythecomp1cxcardioscu1arsystemfromtheviewofthesy5temtheoryandtheinformati0ntheory.Wea1sopayattentiontothetheory0fTraditi0nalChinescMedicine(TCM)anditsc1inicalexperience.Thepulseisdrivenbytheheartandtransmittedbyb10odflowthrougharteries.ItgOesa1ongwayfarfromtheheart,andarrivesattheradia1artery.Thusitisaffectedbynoton1ythecon-ditionofthehe…