Strategic route extension in transit networks

This study proposes a methodology through which transportation analysts and policy makers can use spatial optimization to support strategic planning, with the goal of extending existing service networks. Based on modeling objectives common to many service industries, an approach is developed for integrating geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial optimization modeling in order to extend an existing transit system through prioritizing route and stop additions. Development of a strategic methodology such as this is vital for agencies interested in extending transit networks to accommodate urban growth and development. This is especially true in public transit applications, such as bus route planning, as the future of bus-based public transportation depends on the success of route expansion and modification. The developed approach is applied to the transit system in Columbus, Ohio.     

An equilibrium model for urban transit assignment based on game theory

The urban public transport system is portrayed as a special commodity market where passenger is consumer, transit operator is producer and the special goods is the service for passenger’s trip. The generalized Nash equilibrium game is applied to describe how passengers adjust their route choices and trip modes. We present a market equilibrium model for urban public transport system as a series of mathematical programmings and equations, which is to describe both the competitions among different transit operators and the interactive influences among passengers. The proposed model can simultaneously predict how passengers choose their optimal routes and trip modes. An algorithm is designed to obtain the equilibrium solution. Finally, a simple numerical example is given and some conclusions are drawn.     

A model for setting services on auxiliary bus lines under congestion

In this paper, a mathematical programming model and a heuristically derived solution is described to assist with the efficient planning of services for a set of auxiliary bus lines (a bus-bridging system) during disruptions of metro and rapid transit lines. The model can be considered static and takes into account the average flows of passengers over a given period of time (i.e., the peak morning traffic hour). Auxiliary bus services must accommodate very high demand levels, and the model presented is able to take into account the operation of a bus-bridging system under congested conditions. A general analysis of the congestion in public transportation lines is presented, and the results are applied to the design of a bus-bridging system. A nonlinear integer mathematical programming model and a suitable approximation of this model are then formulated. This approximated model can be solved by a heuristic procedure that has been shown to be computationally viable. The output of the model is as follows: (a) the number of bus units to assign to each of the candidate lines of the bus-bridging system; (b) the routes to be followed by users passengers of each of the origin–destination pairs; (c) the operational conditions of the components of the bus-bridging system, including the passenger load of each of the line segments, the degree of saturation of the bus stops relative to their bus input flows, the bus service times at bus stops and the passenger waiting times at bus stops. The model is able to take into account bounds with regard to the maximum number of passengers waiting at bus stops and the space available at bus stops for the queueing of bus units. This paper demonstrates the applicability of the model with two realistic test cases: a railway corridor in Madrid and a metro line in Barcelona.     

Generalized First Transit Times with an Illustration in Human Service System Planning

This paper is concerned with extending the notion of first transit time analysis in Markov chains to sets of states rather than individual states. The motivation for the research came as a result of the state structure of a Markov chain model being developed to aid government planners in operating service systems for the elderly. The mathematics of the analysis is presented, followed by numerical results showing the expected transit times from service to service for a country service system for the elderly in Pennsylvania.     

Delay resistant line planning with a view towards passenger transfers

The line planning step, as part of the public transportation planning process, is an elementary problem. When generating public transportation systems in a conventional fashion, the line planning problem is one of the first to solve. Hence, subsequent problems rely on the solution of the line planning problem. Line planning has been studied from various perspectives and is understood very well. Still, the effect of this planning step on to the next ones has only received minor attention. In this paper, we study the effect of transfers on the delay resistance and propose a line planning model which provides a good basis for a delay resistant transportation system. To this end, the concept of preferable paths from the direct travelers line planning model is further extended. The model includes the routing of passengers in order to minimize passenger transfers. A column generation approach is shown to properly solve the proposed model. As such, this is the first line planning model which detailedly routes the passengers and is still tractable on realistically sized instances. Finally, it is shown that minimizing the passenger transfers at the line planning stage contributes to an increasing delay resistance in the public transportation system.     

公交枢纽内始发线路优化配置模型及其模拟退火算法

城市公交枢纽由于用地规模有限、公交线路集中,其内部始发站的设置不同于一般的公交首末站.本文提出了公交枢纽内始发站的布置方法,建立了公交线路和站台间优化配置模型,并提出运用模拟退火算法对模型进行求解.最后通过实例分析了提出的优化模型及解法的有效性.     

Distribution planning in a turbulent environment

This paper looks at planning within the present distribution environment, paying particular attention to recent trends and developments. The idea of a depot as the traditional building block of a distribution network is questioned and the various functions of a regional depot are explored.The concept of a transit point as a simple alternative to a depot is developed and examples are given of its use in practice. Several refinements are available, particularly in the area of trailer technology, and these are discussed. The necessary support system for transit point operation is identified and finally the implications for distribution planning are considered.     

Urban rapid transit network capacity expansion

This paper examines a multi-period capacity expansion problem for rapid transit network design. The capacity expansion is realized through the location of train alignments and stations in an urban traffic context by selecting the time periods. The model maximizes the public transportation demand using a limited budget and designing lines for each period. The location problem incorporates the user decisions about mode and route. The network capacity expansion is a long-term planning problem because the network is built over several periods, in which the data (demand, resource price, etc.) are changing like the real problem changes. This complex problem cannot be solved by branch and bound, and for this reason, a heuristic approach has been defined in order to solve it. Both methods have been experimented in test networks.     

Accessibility as the objective of public transportation planning: an integrated transportation and land use model

The subject of this paper is planning of public transportation in sparsely populated areas.The paper consists of four main parts. In part I an analysis of the system to be planned is carried out. A comparison with a survey on the traffic and transportation models available in the literature, though very voluminous, reveals a lack of a general model-framework for planning public transportation in sparsely populated areas. It is the aim of the present paper to fill this gap.Part II discusses how to evaluate optional plans for the physical and socio-economic structure of a region and concludes that this must be done by means of accessibility. Acessibility is defined in this paragraph.In part III a model is presented which describes the interdependance between on one hand the demand of accessibility of the population and on the other hand the transportation system, both public and private, and the location of facilities and residential areas. The applicability of some standard transportation and traffic models is discussed briefly in this section.Finally part IV describes a case study, in which the models set out in part III are applied. Some results are presented with conclusions.     

基于AHP的轨道交通创新服务平台绩效指标体系研究——以中铁轨道交通高科技产业园为例

轨道交通创新服务平台可以通过产学研结合,有效地整合各种科技创新资源,并围绕企业技术创新活动中的薄弱环节提供服务,以此来提高区域的产业竞争力,实现产业的集群效应.然而,目前国内关于创新服务平台的建设经验明显缺乏,使得平台的运行效率低下,平台的发展背离原来的产业目标.关于创新服务平台绩效提升的研究具有迫切的现实需求.对轨道交通创新服务平台的功能定位进行分析,并以此为基础,利用AHP和德尔菲方法建立了轨道交通创新服务平台绩效指标体系和绩效评估模型.指标体系包括:创新服务能力、技术创新能力、资源整合能力、创新生态环境及平台管理水平等5个一级指标、15个二级指标及36个三级指标.     

电子政务系统中面向公众的个性化信息服务模型

电子政务作为Internet的主要应用领域，已受到世界各国的普遍关注。面对公众各种服务需求日趋个性化，如何打破政府职能机构的条块分割，构建一个一体化的虚拟政府，集成各类信息资源，为公众提供“一站式”的、个性化的服务，是当前电子政务理论和实践的热点课题。本文首先提出一个面向公众的“一站式”服务总体框架；其次，将个性化信息服务的概念引入到电子政务系统中，构建一个个性化信息服务模型；最后，运用数据挖掘技术对模型中的关键技术加以实现。     

Deterministic Mathematical Modelling for the Spatial Allocation of Multi-Categorical Resources: with an Application to Real Health Data

This paper presents some mathematical formulations of deterministic non-linear optimization models for planning the spatial distribution of public service facilities and their utilization. The modelling is performed as a function of multi-categorical resource types and the consumer's zone of residence over a large geographical domain. The mathematical solution to the deterministic model, its parameter estimation by log-linear regression, and some preliminary results of simulation for a Massachusetts hospital database are presented.     

A multicriteria approach for optimizing bus schedules and school starting times

In many rural counties pupils on their way to school are a large, if not the largest group of customers for public mass transit. Hence an effective optimization of public mass transit in these regions must include the traffic caused by pupils. Besides a change in the schedules of the buses and the starting times of the trips, the school starting time may become an integral part of the planning process. We discuss the legal framework for this optimization problem in German states and counties and present a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming formulation for the simultaneous specification of school and trip starting times. For its solution, we develop a two-stage decomposition heuristic and apply it to practical data sets from three different rural German counties.     

Determining Ambulance Deployment in Santo Domingo,Dominican Republic

In 1983, The Ministry of Health of the Dominican Republic (SESPAS) began planning an emergency medical service (E.M.S.) system for the capital city of Santo Domingo. This paper reports on one component of this effort, the development of options regarding the type of E.M.S. care to be delivered, by whom, via what number of types of equipment, sited at which locations. SESPAS has used the results to develop a plan for a public ‘urgency care’ system quite different from the uncoordinated mix of public, private and voluntary services operating previously. The system has been implemented according to plan with basic life support vehicles staffed by physicians.     

Two‐tier healthcare service systems and cost of waiting for patients

Waiting has been a significant concern for healthcare services. We address this issue in the context of a two‐tier service system in this study. A two‐tier healthcare service system consists of two different service providers, typically one public service provider and one private service provider. In a baseline model, the two service providers are modeled by two queue servers, which charge each patient a common fixed fee for the service. Then, we study a queue model in which one service provider offers a subsidy or charges a premium while the other maintains the fixed service fee. This system provides a mechanism to segment patients along their waiting time cost through price discrimination. We analyze the problem from both the perspective of minimizing total waiting cost for all patients and the perspective of maximizing social gain for the public service provider or profit for the private service provider. We show that this model can significantly alleviate the burden of waiting for patients. The study addresses the design, the efficiency, and the implementation of two‐tier healthcare service systems. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The combined manpower planning and preventive maintenance strategies by aggregate planning for the service division of vending machines

This paper presents a mathematical model of aggregate planning for the service division of vending machines, which determines its workforce size and the preventive maintenance level that may affect the failure rate. The unique aspect of this problem is that it exhibits two types of failures requiring different repair and preventive maintenance. The practice is to divide the service division into two groups, within which there are hierarchies according to these types of failures, and in each group, there are full-time workers with annual contracts and temporary workers hired only during the peak season. A case study based on actual operational data demonstrates how effective the introduced model and the policy are in reducing the total cost and improving the quality of service, and thus enhancing the overall system performance of the service division. We perform sensitivity analysis on key parameters, which helps us change maintenance strategies under diverse operating situations.     

A multi-unit tender award process: The case of Transantiago

The Transantiago public transit services were grouped into five trunk service units and 10 feeder units, and were awarded to private operators through a simultaneous tender. To avoid problems of ownership concentration, limits were placed on the maximum number of units per operator. This paper describes the issues involved in such simultaneous multi-unit tenders where various actors bid for different business units to be awarded in a single tender process. The general problem is formulated as a minimum cost network flow problem (MCNFP). Tie-breaking criteria are discussed and modeled. The problem is then solved for the Transantiago case. There follows a discussion of the utility of handling this tender using the tool developed here.     

基于DEA-BCC模型的南通公交系统绩效评估

公交线路的量化绩效评估对提高公交运营效率、改善运营服务水平具有重要意义.以南通45条常规运营线路作为各决策单元,采用因子分析和主成分分析法,消除投入产出指标中的信息重叠因素后,应用DEA方法建立面向产出(BCC)的数学规划模型,计算比较决策单元之间的相对效率,对南通市公交系统作出客观绩效评价.