可见光响应Gd-N-TiO2纳米光催化剂的溶胶-水热制备及表征

利用溶胶-水热法制备了未掺杂、N掺杂、Gd掺杂和Gd-N共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化剂,以甲基橙(MO)溶液在紫外光和可见光照射下的光催化脱色评价其光活性;采用XRD、XPS、BET、UV-Vis和PL分析技术表征样品的物理化学性能,探讨Gd-N共掺杂对TiO2光活性的影响机制。结果表明,Gd掺杂能有效抑制光生e-/h+的复合,提高光量子效率;抑制TiO2晶粒生长,改善样品表面织构特性,明显提高紫外光活性。N掺杂窄化TiO2带隙,拓宽光吸收范围至可见光区,从而提高了可见光活性。Gd-N共掺杂进一步窄化带隙增加可见光吸收,减小晶粒尺寸,改善样品的表面织构特性,增强织构的热稳定性。与单掺杂样品相比,Gd-N-TiO2在可见光照射下对MO的光催化脱色活性进一步提高,这归因于Gd-N共掺杂的协同效应。     

酸催化水解法制备可见光响应N掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂

 以TiCl4为钛源,采用酸催化水解法合成了TiO2前驱体,在NH3/N2气氛中经程序升温处理制得不同N掺杂量的TiO2可见光响应催化剂. 以苯酚为模型物,考察了催化剂在可见光及紫外光区的催化活性. 采用X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜和低温氮物理吸附对光催化剂的晶相结构、光谱特征和表面结构进行了表征. 结果表明,掺杂N后锐钛矿TiO2的可见光催化活性显著提高,在500 ℃焙烧5 h制得的催化剂在可见光区及紫外光区均表现出最高的光催化活性. N掺杂对TiO2的晶粒大小、比表面积和晶相结构影响不大. 适量N掺杂可在TiO2表面形成Ti-O-N键,形成了新的能级结构,使催化剂的吸收带边红移至490～550 nm; 同时该结构也可有效提高TiO2的紫外光催化活性.     

N-P-TiO2纳米粒子的溶胶-水热制备及太阳光下光催化降解4-氯酚性能

以尿素和磷酸为掺杂剂、冰醋酸为抑制剂,利用溶胶-水热技术制备了介孔锐钛矿型N-P-TiO2片状纳米粒子;以4-氯酚溶液在模拟太阳光照射下的光催化降解评价其光活性;结合XRD,TEM,BET,XPS,DRS,PL和ζ-电位分析,探讨了N和P掺杂对TiO2光活性的影响机制.结果表明,与未掺杂、N或P单掺杂TiO2相比,N-P共掺杂TiO2具有更高的光催化降解4-氯酚活性.N-P共掺杂TiO2的可见光响应是由N 2p,P 3p分别与O 2p轨道杂化导致带隙窄化引起的.N-P共掺杂产生协同作用,进一步改善TiO2的表面织构特性,增加表面羟基,抑制光生e-/h+复合,增强表面酸性提高其水分散性,导致N-P共掺杂TiO2的光活性提高.     

硼硫共掺杂TiO2的光催化性能及掺杂机理

采用水热法制备了硼硫共掺杂的TiO2光催化剂(TiO2-B-S),并用其光催化降解甲基橙.结果表明,在240℃下水热反应12h时制得的TiO2-B-S具有较高的催化活性,紫外光照射50min和太阳光照射230min时对甲基橙的降解率分别达99.8%和81%.X射线粉末衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和X射线光电子能谱等研究表明,TiO2-B-S为锐钛矿晶型,硫硼掺杂能抑制TiO2粒径的生长;TiO2-B-S同时具有较高的紫外光和可见光活性的原因可能是掺杂的硼以B3 进入晶格中,导致TiO2晶格畸变,带隙变窄.掺杂的硼和硫还提高了TiO2的表面酸度和对可见光的吸收.     

N、F共掺杂可见光响应介孔TiO2光催化剂:纤维素模板剂合成及活性

以纤维素为模板剂,TiCl4为钛源,采用液相水解-沉淀法制备了浅黄色的N、F共掺杂可见光响应介孔TiO2催化剂(TiONF)。以苯酚为模型物,考察了TiONF在紫外光区、可见光区及太阳光下催化活性;采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重/量热扫描(TG/DSC)、透射电镜(TEM)及低温N2物理吸附-脱附等技术对TiONF催化剂的结构进行了表征。结果表明,以纤维素为模板剂合成适量N、F共掺杂的TiONF催化剂在紫外光区、可见光区及太阳光下均表现出较高的活性,且高于无模板剂合成的TiONF催化剂的活性。N、F共掺杂提高了TiO2表面羟基数量和锐钛矿相TiO2向金红石相转变的温度;N掺杂形成新的能级结构,诱发TiO2可见光催化活性;F掺杂促进TiO2粒子表面氧空穴产生,致使TiO2粒子表面酸度和Ti3+增加。另外,纤维素的加入可减小TiONF颗粒平均尺寸,改善催化剂分散性,提高催化剂比表面积。     

原位合成稳定的Ti3+自修饰介孔TiO2光催化剂在环境净化中的应用

半导体光催化剂TiO2因具有绿色环保无污染、化学稳定性好及可实现稳定产氢等优点而广泛应用于光解水、废水处理和空气净化等领域.然而,锐钛矿相TiO2禁带宽度约为3.2 eV,仅对紫外光响应.而在太阳光中,44%左右为可见光,紫外光仅占不到4%.为了提高TiO2对太阳光的利用率和在可见光照射下的光催化活性,近年来人们采用掺杂金属/非金属离子以及与可见光催化剂复合等方法对TiO2进行改性.但是这些离子掺杂的方法会不可避免地在TiO2晶格中形成结构缺陷,这些结构缺陷作为光生电子和空穴的复合中心不利于电子和空穴分离.最近研究表明,通过Ti3+自掺杂可以很好提高TiO2可见光催化活性,但是目前制备Ti3+掺杂TiO2的方法较复杂,形成的Ti3+掺杂易在表面积聚而被进一步氧化,影响其光催化稳定性,不利于实际应用.因此,开发具有良好电子-空穴分离效率的可见光催化剂引起了广泛的研究兴趣.本文通过原位自掺杂Ti3+来提高TiO2可见光光催化活性.以TiCl3为钛源, H2O为溶剂, F127为软模板,采用溶剂挥发诱导自组装的方法制备了蠕虫状Ti3+自掺杂的介孔TiO2.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-vis)、透射电子显微镜和电子顺磁共振(EPR)对所制备样品结构、结晶度和形貌等进行了表征分析.通过控制表面活性剂用量和焙烧温度优化了Ti3+自掺杂介孔TiO2的光催化活性.结果表明,在模拟太阳光照射下,所制样品对气相光催化氧化NO和水相降解有机染料亚甲基蓝表现出优异的催化性能和稳定性. Ti3+自掺杂介孔TiO2有效扩展了催化剂的光吸收范围,提高了光生电子空穴的迁移效率.其优异的光催化活性和稳定性主要归因于掺杂在TiO2骨架中的Ti3+和所合成催化剂多孔性之间的协同效果.固体UV-vis结果表明,所合成的TiO2具有很好的可见光响应,主要归因于在TiO2材料合成过程中,部分Ti3+未被完全氧化, Ti3+掺入可以有效降低TiO2的禁带宽度.通过计算可知合成的TiO2禁带宽度为2.7 eV.通过低温EPR测试进一步证明了Ti3+的存在,而且Ti3+主要掺杂在TiO2体相中. N2物理吸附结果表明,随焙烧温度不断提高,所得产物的比表面积先增加后减少,当焙烧温度在500 oC时,比表面积最大,但至550 oC时,比表面积、孔径和孔体积增大,表明催化剂的孔结构被破坏.表面活性剂F127的用量对样品比表面积和孔径大小也有影响,当其用量为0.54 g时,所得产物的比表面积最大.我们将所合成的TiO2应用于污染气体NO的氧化,考察了焙烧温度和表面活性剂用量对光催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,当表面活性剂用量为0.54 g,焙烧温度为500oC时,所制催化剂在模拟太阳光和可见光照射下都表现出最好的NO去除转化率.将使用过的催化剂离心洗涤后进行连续反应3.5 h,依然保持很高的NO去除转化率.催化剂高活性及稳定性的主要原因是Ti3+的掺杂将TiO2光响应范围拓展到可见光区域,且Ti3+掺杂和介孔结构之间的协同作用有利于促进光生电子和空穴的分离.当催化剂在低于500 oC焙烧时,所得催化剂结晶度较低,不利于光生电子-空穴的分离,而高温焙烧则会导致催化剂介孔结构遭到破坏,不利于NO气体吸附和产物脱附.表面活性剂对催化剂活性影响较小,在可见光照射下催化剂均表现出很好的光催化活性.此外,该Ti3+自掺杂介孔TiO2在液相条件下对有机染料亚甲基蓝也表现出很好的去除效果,可见光照射2 h,亚甲基蓝去除率接近100%.     

S掺杂宽光域响应Ti1-xSyO2光催化剂的制备及表征

以TiCl4和硫脲为主要原料, 采用酸催化水解法制得浅黄色S掺杂Ti1-xSyO2光催化剂. 以苯酚为模型物, 考察了Ti1-xSyO2在可见光区、紫外光区及太阳光下的催化活性. 采用XPS、DRS、XRD、FT-IR、SEM、低温氮物理吸附对光催化剂进行表征. 结果表明, 掺杂S以S6+形式置换TiO2晶格中的Ti4+, 适量S 掺杂的Ti1-xSyO2在可见光区、紫外光区及太阳光下均表现出较高的光催化活性.掺杂S 在TiO2表面形成新的能级结构, 使催化剂吸收红移至450-550 nm, 诱发可见光催化活性;紫外光照射下, 新形成的能级结构与体相TiO2形成复合半导体结构, 捕获光生空穴, 提高光生电子鄄空穴分离效率.同时, S掺杂可以改善TiO2的分散性, 增加其比表面积SBET并提高相转变温度.     

稀土掺杂TiO2光催化的研究进展

利用稀土掺杂对TiO2进行改性以实现可见光响应和提高量子效率是提高光催化剂活性的重要方法之一.总结了国内外利用稀土掺杂TiO2催化剂的制备方法及利用稀土掺杂对TiO2进行改性以提高其光催化效率的研究结果,分析了稀土元素种类、掺杂量等因素对光催化活性的影响.     

超临界乙醇干燥法制备高热稳定性Fe-TiO2

以TiCl4和Fe(NO3)3为前体,采用共沉淀法和乙醇超临界干燥技术合成了具有不同Fe3 掺杂量的TiO2,样品织构性质用XRD、TEM、BET、TG和UV-vis等技术表征.研究结果表明,超临界干燥方法可以有效地提高Fe-TiO2样品的热稳定性,样品在500℃焙烧时Fe3 对TiO2的比表面积、晶粒度、晶相等性质影响不大,即使在800℃焙烧还能保持锐钛矿晶型.但Fe3 在掺杂量小于0.5at%时,Fe3 会与TiO2晶格中的Ti4 发生同晶取代,从而使TiO2的锐钛矿晶胞参数和晶胞体积增大,导致晶格应力和表面张力增加;当Fe3 掺杂量大于0.5at%时,Fe3 以氧化物形式在TiO2表面聚集,在800℃热处理中晶粒更易被烧结增大;漫反射UV-vis光谱表征发现,Fe3 掺杂提高了样品对可见光的吸收,随着Fe3 含量和焙烧温度的提高,样品对可见光的吸收也随着增加.但是Fe3 掺杂降低了锐钛矿TiO2在紫外光下降解甲基橙速率,这表明锐钛矿TiO2的光催化活性与样品的晶格缺陷和颗粒尺寸密切相关.     

离子液体-水混合介质中合成N、F共掺杂宽光域响应多孔TiO2光催化剂及性能

以TiCl4为钛源,离子液体-水为混合溶剂,采用液相水解-沉淀法制得浅黄色的N、F共掺杂宽光域响应多孔TiO2光催化剂(TiONF).以苯酚为模型物,考察了TiONF在紫外光区、可见光区及太阳光下催化活性.采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱及低温N2吸附-脱附等技术对TiONF的结构进行表征.结果表明,在离子液体-水混合介质中合成适量N、F共掺杂的TiO2在紫外光区、可见光区及太阳光下均表现出较高的活性,且高于纯水介质中合成TiONF的活性.离子液体-水混合介质有利于N、F进入TiO2晶格中;N、F共掺杂后在TiO2表面生成Ti―O―N键,形成新的能级结构,使催化剂的吸收红移至450-530nm,诱发TiO2可见光催化活性;同时,N、F共掺杂提高了TiO2表面羟基数量;还提高了TiO2相转变温度,减缓了相转变速率.另外,在离子液体-水混合介质中合成的TiONF较纯水介质中合成的TiONF粒子小、分散性好、比表面积大.     

A controlled anion exchange strategy to synthesize Bi2S3 nanocrystals/BiOCl hybrid architectures with efficient visible light photoactivity

Bi(2)S(3) nanocrystals/BiOCl hybrid architectures with tunable band gaps were synthesized by a controlled anion exchange approach and they displayed highly efficient visible light photoactivities, which is associated with suitable energetics and structural topotactic relationship that can benefit the interfacial charge transfer.     

NH3热还原处理TiO2的结构与光催化活性研究

Different titanium oxide powders (ATiO2, BTiO2) were pretreated in ammonia (NH3) gas at high temperatures. After the pretreatment, the color of the titanium oxide powders changed from white to yellow or gray depending on the pretreatment temperatures. Morphologies and structures of the treated titanium oxide powders were characterized by physical chemical methods. XRD measurements showed that the crystalline structures were mainly mixture of anatase and rutile for the ATiO2 but only anatase for the BTiO2. Stronger absorption of visible light was observed for both types of samples using UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that doped nitrogen existed on the surface TiO2 after ammonia gas pretreatment. The photocatalytic activities of the treated titanium oxide samples were evaluated via the photodegradation of methyl orange and phenol in aqueous suspensions. No obvious improvement in photocatalytic activity was achieved by ammonia pretreatment although it could enhance the absorption of light. Effects of treatment temperatures on photoactivities were complete different for ATiO2 and BTiO2 (i.e. higher treated temperatures yielded higher activities for BTiO2 but lower for ATiO2). All samples yielded lower activity levels after ammonia pretreatment without regard to pretreatment temperature or the reaction light resource.     

具有不同Bi/Ti摩尔比的BiOI/TiO2 (A)光催化剂的结构与性能

在室温条件下通过沉积法制备了BiOI敏化纳米锐钛矿TiO₂ (A)光催化剂. 用X射线衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS), 光致发光(PL)光谱和紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)等手段对其进行了表征. 通过罗丹明B(RhB)催化降解实验评价了其光催化活性. 随BiOI含量增加, BiOI/TiO₂ (A)在370-630 nm的吸收强度增强, 吸收带边红移增加, 紫外和可见光催化活性先增加, 当BiOI含量约为1.7% (质量分数)时, 各自达到最大值, 然后随BiOI含量的进一步增加而减小. 1.7% BiOI/TiO₂ (A)的可见光活性明显高于P25, 它的紫外光活性也略高于P25. 在BiOI含量相近时, BiOI/TiO₂ (A)比BiOI/P25具有更低的光催化活性. 和TiO₂ (A)相比, 1.7% BiOI/TiO₂ (A)明显具有更高的紫外和可见光催化活性, 这归功于它在370-630 nm的强吸收、吸收带边红移明显以及光生电子和空穴的有效转移, 减少了电子-空穴对的复合.     

Fabrication of WO_3/TiO_2 Heterostructures for Efficiently Photocatalytic Gaseous Hydrocarbons Degradation: Origin of Photoactivity and Revisit the Role of WO_3 Decoration

Efficient oxidation of gaseous small molecular hydrocarbons under mild conditions remains a significant but challenging task to date.Here we report that WO_3 decoration can obviously improve the performance of Ti O_2(P25)toward the photocatalytic oxidation of several small molecular hydrocarbons(C_2H_6,C_3H_8 and C_2H_4)under simulated solar light irradiation.Among the WO_3/Ti O_2 heterostructures,the 10wt%WO_3/Ti O_2 nanocomposite shows the best photoactivities,which can efficiently oxidize C_2H_6,C_3H_8 and C_2H_4 within 15,9 and 8 minutes,respectively under simulated sunlight with a light intensity of 200 m W/cm~2.By strong contrast,a decreased photoactivity of Ti O_2 by coupling with WO_3 is observed when investigating the performance of photocatalysts toward the degradation of methylene blue(MB)in liquid phase.The opposing effect of WO_3 decoration on the performance of Ti O_2 is thoroughly investigated,and it is found that the improved photoactivities for gaseous hydrocarbon degradation is ascribed to the enhanced oxygen adsorption,resulting from WO_3 decoration rather than efficient charge separation within the WO_3/Ti O_2 heterostructures.     

Synthesis, characterization, and visible light activity of new nanoparticle photocatalysts based on silver, carbon, and sulfur-doped TiO2

New nanoparticle photocatalysts based on silver, carbon, and sulfur-doped TiO2 having only the homogeneous anatase crystalline phase and high surface area were successfully synthesized by a modified sol-gel route. The catalysts were characterized by EDX, XRD, BET, UV-vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopy. The effects of the experimental parameters on the visible light reactivity of the catalysts were evaluated for the photodegradation of gaseous acetaldehyde as a model indoor pollutant. The activity results show that the silver(I) ion, Ag(+), doping significantly promotes the visible light reactivities of carbon and sulfur-doped TiO2 catalysts without any phase transformation from anatase to rutile. Moreover, Ag/(C, S)-TiO2 photocatalysts degrade acetaldehyde 10 times faster in visible light and 3 times faster in UV light illuminations than the accredited photocatalyst P25-TiO2. The commendable visible photoactivities of Ag/(C, S)-TiO2 new nanoparticle photocatalysts are predominantly attributable to an improvement in anatase crystallinity, high surface area, low band gap and nature of precursor materials used.     

TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of dimethyl- and diethyl- methylphosphonate, effects of catalyst and environmental factors

Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and diethyl methylphosphonate (DEMP) are readily mineralized by photoexcited titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Intermediate products include low molecular weight organic acids and methylphosphonic acid. Complete mineralization yields phosphate and carbon dioxide. The photoactivities of different types of TiO₂ were investigated. The decomposition kinetics of DMMP and effects of DMMP and catalyst concentration, sonication, solar irradiation, oxygen concentration, temperature, and hydrogen peroxide on the rate of decomposition are reported. The degradation rates increase with simultaneous sonication, addition of hydrogen peroxide, and at higher temperatures.     

Visible light-excited surface plasmon resonance charge transfer significantly improves the photocatalytic activities of ZnO semiconductor for pollutants degradation

To effectively address environmental pollution, we synthesized Au-loaded ZnO nanocomposites and applied for the photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) under visible light irradiation. The as-prepared nanophotocatalysts delivered much improved photocatalytic degradation activities as compared to the bare ZnO nanoparticles and 32% of the pollutant was degraded with 2AuZnO in 1 hr. These improved photoactivities are attributed to the extended visible light absorption due to the surface plasmon resonance property of the loaded Au nanoparticles. Moreover, Au nanoparticles played important role in charge separation by inducting excited electrons to the conduction band of ZnO photocatalyst and surface catalysis as confirmed from photoluminescence spectra and amount of the generated hydroxyl radicals. The trapping experiments confirmed that positive holes were the major degrading species during the photocatalytic degradation of 2-CP. This work provides a feasible way to improve the photocatalysis by introducing a proper amount of noble metals over the surface of semiconductor photocatalysts.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of methyl-orange in aqueous suspension: comparison of the performance of different polycrystalline titanium dioxide

The photocatalytic oxidation of methyl-orange (C14H14N3SO3Na) dye was carried out in aqueous suspensions of polycrystalline TiO2 irradiated with artificial light until its complete mineralization was achieved. The performances of two widely used semiconductor powders were studied for comparison purposes. The dependence of dye photo-oxidation rate on various experimental parameters, including substrate concentration, semiconductor amount, and pH was investigated by using both catalysts. The observed dye degradation rates followed pseudo-first order kinetics with respect to the substrate concentration under the experimental conditions used. The two investigated TiO2 powders (Degussa P25 and Merck) showed different photoactivities. TOC analyses confirmed the complete mineralization achievable using both photocatalysts. Three main transient products still maintaining the chromophoric azo group were identified prior to their transformation into other degradation products which are non-absorbing in the visible region.     

Insights into electrolyte effects on photoactivities of dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting

Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell(DS-PEC) is an especially attractive method to generate hydrogen via visible light driven water splitting. Electrolyte, an essential component of DS-PEC, plays a great role in determining the photoactivities of devices for water splitting. When using phosphate buffer(pH = 6.4)as electrolyte, the DS-PEC displayed much higher photoactivity than using 0.1 M Na_2SO_4(pH = 6.4) as electrolyte. The insight is phosphate anion gathers together to form a negative electrostatic field on TiO_2 surface, which increases the resistance in the TiO_2/catalyst and electrolyte interface and validly reduces the charge recombination from TiO_2 to the oxidized catalyst.     

Characterization of Zr-doped TiO2 nanocrystals prepared by a nonhydrolytic sol-gel method at high temperatures

Highly crystalline and surface-modified Zr-doped TiO(2) nanorods were successfully prepared using a nonhydrolytic sol-gel method that involves the condensation of metal halides with alkoxides in anhydrous trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) at either 320 or 400 degrees C. In addition, the interaction of the cross-condensation between the Ti and Zr species was studied by characterizing the morphologies, crystalline structures, chemical compositions, surface properties, and band gaps of the nanocrystals obtained at different reaction temperatures and Zr-to-Ti stoichiometric ratios. Increases in the concentration of Zr(4+) and in the reaction temperature led to large nanorods and regular shapes, respectively. In addition, only the anatase form was observed in the Zr-doped TiO(2) nanorods. The Zr-to-Ti ratios obtained ranged from 0.01 to 2.05, all of which were far below the stoichiometric ratios used during the preparation of the samples (0.25-4). Moreover, the Zr(4+) units accumulated mainly at the surface of the TiO(2) nanocrystals. The band gaps of the Zr-doped TiO(2) nanorods ranged from 2.8 to 3.8 eV, which are smaller than those of pure TiO(2) (3.7 eV) or ZrO(2) (5.2 eV). The Zr-doped anatase TiO(2) nanorods prepared at 400 degrees C at an initial stoichiometric Zr-to-Ti ratio of 2:3 exhibited the highest photoactivities for the decomposition of rhodamine B because of the presence of trace amounts of Zr(4+) (Zr/Ti = 0.03) in the TiO(2) and the regular shapes of these particles. DSC analysis indicated that the temperatures for forming nanocrystalline TiO(2) and ZrO(2) were 207 and 340 degrees C, respectively. Moreover, the reactivities of condensation between the Ti species were reduced when Zr species were involved in the NHSG reactions. The results obtained in this study clearly demonstrate that the faster kinetics for the generation of TiO(2) controls the material properties as well as the photoactivities of the nonhydrolytic sol-gel-derived nanocrystals.